Hamr (Litvínov)
| Hamr | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Ústecký kraj | ||||
| District : | Must | ||||
| Municipality : | Litvínov | ||||
| Area : | 186.3891 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 36 ' N , 13 ° 35' E | ||||
| Height: | 310 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 1,913 (2011) | ||||
| Postal code : | 435 41 | ||||
| License plate : | U | ||||
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| Street: | Horní Litvínov - Horní Jiřetín | ||||
Hamr ( German hammer ) is a district of Litvínov in the Czech Republic .
geography
Hamr is two and a half kilometers west of Horní Litvínov and forms with this, Chudeřín and Janov a closed settlement area. The location extends between the brooks Loupnice ( Frauenbach , also Hammerbach ) and Zálužský potok ( Launitzbach ) at the southern foot of the Ore Mountains in the North Bohemian Basin . The Lounický kopec (442 m) and the Lounický vrch (535 m) rise to the north, the Kapucínský vrch (743 m) to the southwest, the Kopřivník (699 m) to the west and the Jeřabina (788 m) and the Hřeben (688 m) to the northwest m). To the northwest lies the Janov dam in the Loupnice valley .
Neighboring towns are Lounice , Horní Ves and Písečná in the north, Chudeřín in the northeast, Horní Litvínov in the east, Záluží in the southeast, Dolní Jiřetín in the south, Horní Jiřetín in the southwest, Janov in the west and Křížatky in the northwest. On the southern edge of the village are the ponds Málek I and Málek II, which are fed by underground mine water, as well as the ponds Rudý Sever and Nová Chudeřínská ( spindle pond ).
history
The first written mention of the Hammer settlement at the lower exit of the Hammergrund was made in 1583. The name of the place probably derives from an iron hammer in which the Göhrener iron ores were processed. After the Thirty Years' War, the settlement expanded and was located on both sides of the Hammerbach, partly on the Dux estate and the Jahnsdorf estate . Accordingly, the 17th century was between the second half Johann Friedrich von Waldstein belonging Duxer Hammer and Martin Michna of Waitzenau associated Michna Hammer distinguished. In 1715, Duxer Hammer consisted of six properties. Quarrying of quartz sand began in the area at the beginning of the 18th century , and a glassworks was operated in Hammergrund . In 1726, the city of Brüx acquired the Jahnsdorf estate and united it with their rule in Kopitz . In 1737, the citizen of Brüx, Christoph Tschinky, sold the glassworks and mirror grinding shop in Hammergrund to the town of Brüx. Later, the mirror glass works was stopped and a paper mill was set up in its place . When the house numbers were introduced in 1787, 26 houses were counted in the place.
In 1831 Hammer consisted of 36 houses with 220 German-speaking residents. Of these, 20 houses with 120 inhabitants belonged to the Dux estate and 16 houses with 100 inhabitants to the Kopitz estate . On the Dux side there was a Dominikalgut , a sheep farm, a tavern, a washing mill and a grinding mill . In the Brüxer part there was also an inn, apart in the Hammergrund there was a paper mill and a board mill . Parish was Ober-Georgenthal . In 1837, the miller Anton Griesbach began mining lignite on the Christianen shaft in the Brüxer Teil, and mining was carried out by hand. Until the middle of the 19th century, Hammer remained partially subordinate to the Counts of Waldstein Fideikommissherrschaft Dux and the city of Brüx.
After the abolition of patrimonial Hammer formed from 1850 a district of the market community, from 1852 the municipality of Oberleutensdorf in the Leitmeritz district and judicial district of Dux. In 1860, 284 people lived in Hammer's 49 houses, and there were two brickworks and a mill in the village. From 1868 the village belonged to the Brüx district . Around the middle of the 19th century, some of the residents of the village earned their living from wage labor in the Oberleutensdorf textile factories. Between Hammer and Bettelgrüna , the “Morgenstern” underground lignite mine went into operation in 1870. In 1871 the paper mill burned down and in 1875 the water mill. A steam mill was built in place of the burnt down mill. In 1880 the Stoll brothers acquired the fire site of the paper factory and built a starch factory, which, however, did not last long. In 1884 Kajetan Kohler from Neudorf acquired the property and set up a toy factory in it.
In 1873, the "Antonia" mine operated by Count Waldstein started mining lignite, but it always had to deal with a strong influx of water from the Ore Mountains. The "Antonia" and "Christiane" mines were later consolidated and the "Christiane" was then sold from the bankruptcy estate to Max Witte, who ran the company under the new name "St. Magdalena ”and began pumping steam. Shortly afterwards, the Dresden- based Duxer Kohlenverein AG acquired the “St. Magdalena ”and merged it with the“ Saxonia ”mine near Ober-Georgenthal. Because of a seam fire in 1893, operations on the “St. Magdalena ”.
In the years 1871 to 1872, the Dux-Bodenbacher Eisenbahn extended the Bodenbach-Dux railway to Komotau . In the course of the construction of the new railway line, which ran south of Hammer , the first Czech workers came to the village. The industrial boom and the start of intensive lignite mining in the North Bohemian Basin at the end of the 19th century led to a population explosion. In 1906, the Brucher Coal Works Union acquired all other coal mining rights from Hammer in addition to the Antonia shaft and opened the new “Himmelfürst” ( Kníže nebes ) lignite mine in 1907 , from which a siding led to the Bodenbach-Komotau railway line. Czech miners who had found work in the shafts of the Brucher Coal Works Union settled with their families. On August 5, 1901, the Brüxer Strassenbahn- und Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft AG started operating on the electric regional tram from Brüx to Johnsdorf .
In 1905 Hammer broke away from Oberleutensdorf and formed its own community. In the same year the community was assigned to the newly formed judicial district of Oberleutensdorf. At the local border with Bergesgrün a common cemetery with a basilica-like chapel was built in 1909. On November 10, 1925, three miners died in a mine accident at the “Himmelsfürst” colliery. As a result of the Munich Agreement , Hammer was added to the German Reich in 1938 and belonged to the district of Brüx until 1945 . In 1939, 886 people lived in Hammer. In the mine fire of March 4, 1943, ten miners died at the Himmelfürst mine. After the end of World War II, Hamr returned to Czechoslovakia and the German-Bohemian population was expelled . During this time, the construction of a housing estate began, which initially served primarily to create replacement living space for the villages that were destroyed by the air raids on the Maltheuern hydrogenation plant . In 1950 the first part of the settlement was completed, so the population of Hamr rose to 1024. The Kníže nebes mine was renamed Partyzán Slánský in 1948 . Since 1949, lignite has also been mined in open-cast mining. From 1951 the mine was operated exclusively in open-cast mining under the name důl Rudý sever . In 1955 a new opencast mine was set up due to uncontrollable side slides, but it had to be closed again in 1962 because an old seam fire had been reached. In 1965 the důl Rudý sever mine was completely closed .
A new elementary school was built behind the cemetery in 1959. Because of the construction of a new road and the vocational school in Hamr, the cemetery was devastated in the 1960s, and later a block of flats was built on the former cemetery site. A natural swimming pool was built between Hamr and Písečná in the 1960s. In 1963 Janov, Křížatky and Lounice were incorporated. By building more residential complexes, Hamr grew together with Janov, Chudeřín and Horní Litvínov in the 1970s and 1980s to form the Litvínov metropolitan area. In 1984 the community of Hamr reached its highest population with 9753. Two years later, Hamr, including its districts Janov and Křížatky, was incorporated into Litvínov.
After the city of Litvínov decided in 2003 for financial reasons to close the natural pool at Hamr in favor of the outdoor pool at Koldům, the pool was razed and the area of the pool was designated as a home location. This decision was repealed in 2008, as the area in a spring meadow in the Zálužský potok valley had proven to be undeveloped due to its wetness. The remaining hole in the Rudý Sever pit is now used as a retention basin for flood protection on the Bílý potok and Zálužský potok.
Development of the population
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Attractions
- Hamerský důl (Hammergrund) with the Janov dam
- Memorial stone for tortured and executed communists from Hamr; it contains the names of 23 KSČ members, mostly of German nationality. The time of construction is not recorded.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi/637050/Hamr-u-Litvinova
- ↑ a b Historický lexikon obcí České republiky - 1869-2015. Český statistický úřad, December 18, 2015, accessed on February 17, 2016 (Czech).
- ^ A b Johann Gottfried Sommer The Kingdom of Bohemia , Vol. 1 Leitmeritzer Kreis , 1833, pp. 144–145.
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer The Kingdom of Bohemia , Vol. 14 Saatzer Kreis , 1846, p. 114.
- ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. District of Brüx (Czech. Most). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
