Litvínov

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Litvínov
Litvínov coat of arms
Litvínov (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Ústecký kraj
District : Must
Area : 4069.6577 ha
Geographic location : 50 ° 36 '  N , 13 ° 37'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 35 '59 "  N , 13 ° 36' 42"  E
Height: 338  m nm
Residents : 23,884 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 436 01
License plate : U
structure
Status: city
Districts: 12
administration
Mayor : Kamila Bláhová (as of 2014)
Address: náměstí Míru 11
436 91 Horní Litvínov
Municipality number: 567256
Website : www.mulitvinov.cz
Location of Litvínov in the Most district
map

Litvínov , until 1949 Horní Litvínov ( German  Ober Leutensdorf , formerly also Oberleutensdorf and Ober Leitensdorf ) is a town in Okres Most in Ústecký kraj in the Czech Republic .

geography

location

The city is located in northern Bohemia at the foot of the southern slope of the Ore Mountains .

City structure

The town of Litvínov consists of the districts Chudeřín (Bergesgrün) , Dolní Litvínov (Niederleutensdorf) , Hamr (Hammer) , Horní Litvínov (Oberleutensdorf) , Horní Ves (Oberdorf) , Janov (Johnsdorf) , Křížatky (Way of the Cross) , Lounice (Launitz) , Písečná (Sandl) , Růžodol (Rosenthal) , Šumná (Rauschengrund) and Záluží (Maltheuern) . Basic settlement units are Chudeřín, Dolní Litvínov, Důl Pavel, Hamr, Hamr-sídliště, Horní Ves, Janov, Janov-sídliště, Janovské polesí, Koldům, Korda I, Korda II, Křížatky, Litvínovion údolí, Na ladech, Osada-jih, Osada-sever, Písečná, Pod Chudeřínem, Růžodol, Šumná, Tylova, U Bílého potoka-jih, U Bílého potoka-sever, U nádraží, Zahrádkové osady Pavel and Záluží. The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Chudeřín u Litvínova, Dolní Litvínov, Hamr u Litvínova, Horní Litvínov, Janov u Litvínova, Křížatky, Lounice, Růžodol, Šumná u Litvínova and Záluží u Litvínova.

Neighboring places

Nová Ves v Horách (Mountain New Village) Klíny (Göhren) Meziboří (Schönbach)
Horní Jiřetín (Obergeorgenthal) Neighboring communities Lom (fraction)
Most (Brüx) Louka (meadow), Mariánské Radčice (Maria Ratschitz)

history

Náměstí Míru pedestrian zone with St. Michael

The name is probably due to the settlers Lutvín or Litvín. As a village with a church, the place was first mentioned in 1352 in the papal tax bulletin Registrum decimarum . In it and in further entries from 1369, 1384, 1399 and 1405 Lutwini villa, Lutwinow, Luthvinuivilla and Litwinow are mentioned. 1398 sold the masters of Riesenburg the rule Riesenburg at the Meissen Margrave Wilhelm I. In the property list will appear for the first time the two names for Litvínov used again later. To a Leutmannsdorf and Nedir Leutnnansdorf . Both names were also mentioned in the document from 1459, when the Bohemian crown under King Georg von Podiebrad bought back the property from the Meissners and the Giant Burgers' property became a royal fief. At the end of the 15th century, Vladislav II sold these goods again on the country table . Since 1505 Ober- and Unterleutensdorf have been consistently differentiated in the documents. In 1589 the Ober Leutensdorf estate was sold to Wenzel von Lobkowicz , who united it with Ober Georgenthal . At the same time, the mining of copper, molybdenum and zinc ores began in the Rauschengrund .

Around the middle of the 17th century, the village of Ober Leutensdorf, along with Dux and other localities, came into the possession of the Waldstein family through the marriage of the widowed Polyxena von Talnberg with the imperial count Maximilian . The village, which at the beginning of the 18th century comprised only 28 houses, was founded on May 7, 1715 by Emperor Charles VI. At the request of Count Joseph von Waldstein, who began to set up the first cloth factory in Bohemia , raised to a market town with the right to hold a fair every year on Michaelmas day (29 September).

The market in Ober Leutensdorf was elevated to a town on August 5, 1852. From January 4, 1905, Ober Leutensdorf was the seat of a district court and a tax office. After the First World War , Ober Leutensdorf was added to the newly created Czechoslovakia in 1919 . Due to the Munich Agreement Upper Leutensdorf in 1938 with the Sudetenland to the German Reich built and was until 1945 part of the district Brüx in the administrative district of Usti nad Labem .

After the Second World War , the German population was largely expropriated and expelled from May 1945, referring to the Beneš decrees . Many new citizens from Central Bohemia, Slovakia, repatriants and Roma settled in the post-war period. In 1947 Dolní Litvínov was again incorporated into Horní Litvínov. In 1949 the city was named Litvínov . Between 1948 and 1960 Litvínov was the district town of the Okres Litvínov; since its abolition the city has belonged to the Okres Most.

Demographics

Until 1945 Ober Leutensdorf was predominantly populated by German Bohemia , which were expelled.

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1830 2.146 in 260 houses
1850 approx. 2,800
1900 12,928 German residents
1930 9,810 thereof 2302 Czechs
1939 8,284
Population since the end of the Second World War
year 1950 1 1961 2 1970 2 1980 3 1991 4 2001 4 2011 4
Residents 20,081 20,239 22,727 22,624 29.096 27,397 24,905
1 Litvínov with Dolní Litvínov, Lipětín, Horní Ves, Chudeřín, Písečná, Růžodol and Šumná
2 Litvínov with Dolní Litvínov, Lipětín, Horní Ves, Chudeřín, Písečná, Růžodol, Šumná and Lounice
3 Litvínov with Dolní Litvínov, Lipětín, Horní Ves, Chudeřín, Písečná, Růžodol, Šumná, Lounice and Záluží
4th Litvínov with Dolní Litvínov, Lipětín, Horní Ves, Chudeřín, Písečná, Růžodol, Šumná, Lounice, Záluží, Hamr, Janov and Křížatky

economy

Early modern age

After 1642 Polyxena Marie von Lobkowicz, b. von Talmberg , married Maximilian von Waldstein, the place came into the possession of the von Waldstein family for several centuries . Oberleutensdorf experienced economic growth after Johann Josef von Waldstein founded the first cloth weaving mill . He was considered a representative of the economically oriented nobility. He tried to find new ways to get out of the crisis of the Thirty Years War. He tried to revive the ore mining that was lying on the ground; under his reign the lignite mining was increasingly started. In addition, he founded the first textile factories in Oberleutensdorf. There was no shortage of labor as agriculture and livestock farming in the surrounding mountains did not produce enough income. There was also no shortage of skilled workers. These mostly came from the factories of the Ossegg monastery . The factories were already exporting fine woolen cloth abroad in 1715. In the same year Oberleutensdorf was due to its growing economic importance by Emperor Charles VI. raised to the market with the privilege for a fair. A year later the place received a seal and a coat of arms; In 1721 a second fair was added, at which mostly cloth was offered. More guilds settled there. In 1717 it was the building guild, in 1726 the blacksmiths, Wagner and weavers. In 1737 the millers separated from the Dux guild and founded their own in Oberleutensdorf. 1746 joiners, locksmiths and gunsmiths were added; In 1748 the bakers guild was constituted.

From 1757 further weaving mills , stocking factories and knitwear factories were added, which were initially formed by 22 masters, the number of which grew to 300 by 1819. The products were sold all over Europe until the beginning of the 19th century. Toy manufacturers were added at the beginning of the 19th century . In 1829, the first textile factory was built in the Rauschengrund district, using machines to manufacture it.

industrialization

Franz Adam von Waldstein installed the first steam engines in the textile factories together with the Reichenberg entrepreneurs Ferdinand Römheld Johann Ferdinand Römheld and Josef Heutig. However, the development came too late and also suffered from the increasing competition between companies in Reichenberg and the economic crisis in 1847/48. Eventually it had to be closed. In 1860 the nuns of the Order of the Cross tried to revive the business, but had to file for bankruptcy even after eight years.

The toy industry grew in importance from the 1820s. CG Krause from Heidelberg in Saxony set up the first manufactory. Eight years later, the former manager of the Waldsteiner cloth manufacture, Johann Franz Teibler , also joined the business . The company continued to grow under the next managing director, Carl Anton Müller from Magdeburg, who later took it over, renamed it C. A. Müller and had a new factory built in Oberleutensdorf. The company existed until 1910.

Another important company in the 19th century was the paper maché manufacture of Johann Georg Höhnlein from Eisfeld , which began production in 1834 and was continued by his daughter, who made animal figures and fruits. Bernhard Rothe opened a similar company , who also created models made of clay , plaster and sulfur , for which he received the gold three-emperor merit medal at the world exhibition in London in 1851 .

During the 19th century the first mines for the extraction of brown coal were established in the North Bohemian Basin . An industrial boom set in; In 1872 Oberleutensdorf got a railway connection through the Dux-Bodenbacher Railway .

Since September 15, 1879, the toy school, which had been founded in Katharinaberg five years earlier and was nationalized in 1882, resided in the city . The school became known throughout Austria-Hungary for original ideas and successful projects and received several awards. In 1890 it was expanded and renamed the Imperial and Royal College for Ceramics and Trades . Due to poor pay in wood and toy production and the growth of the textile industry and mining, the number of pupils fell in the following years, and the school was finally closed in 1916.

In the second half of the 19th century, the population increased sharply due to immigration. The reason was the increasingly strong position of textile production at the end of the 1820s. In the city itself and in the Rauschengrund valley, Augustin Wilhelm Marbach from Chemnitz built the first textile industry between 1828 and 1831. Later Konrad Riecken joined the company Marbach & Riecken, which was active until 1945 . In 1846 the partners Gulder and Halisch, M. Schick & Co. , added a spinning mill, and in 1890 the E. G. Pick & Co spinning mill . In 1879 the Keller family from Lennep bought parts of the A. Müller company, including water rights, and opened a felt hat factory.

Open pit lignite mining

Mining was another strong industry that had an impact on people and the environment for centuries. The first open pit mining began in 1922. For the transport of the extracted lignite, but also the industrial products, the place was connected to the North Bohemian railway network. The station, which is also an important railway junction, went into operation on November 24, 1894.

Záluží industrial complex with the "Eternal Flame"

From 1937 the Sudetenländische Treibstoffwerke AG (STW) built a hydrogenation plant for the production of synthetic gasoline from lignite in the municipalities of Maltheuern , Rosenthal and Kopitz . The lignite mines were managed by Sudetenländische Bergbau AG (SUBAG), both part of the Hermann-Göring-Werke . The workers needed at that time were prisoners and forced laborers. After the Second World War the plant was continued under the name SK Stalinovy ​​Zavody ( Stalinwerk ), later as the Chemical Works of the Czechoslovak-Soviet Friendship ( Chemické závody československo-sovětského přátelství ) and have been called Chemopetrol since 1991 . The company is now part of the Polish PKN Orlen group . The district Dolní Litvínov was liquidated by the brown coal mining except for six houses.

On the other hand, the textile industry began to decline more and more at the beginning of the 20th century. The manufacture of toys was also discontinued. The decline of industry eventually led to an unemployment rate of just under 25%.

present

Today the largest oil refinery in the Czech Republic is located in Litvínov-Záluží . Since the friendship pipeline was opened in 1965, Russian crude oil has been refined, and in 1972 carbohydrate hydrogenation was discontinued.

Transportation

Since 1901 there has been a tram line connecting Litvínov with the neighboring town of Most .

Town twinning

Attractions

Parish Church of St. Michael

sons and daughters of the town

Sports

The Extraliga club HC Litvínov was founded in 1945 and plays its home games in the Zimní stadium Ivana Hlinky .

literature

  • Ludwig Schlesinger : To the history of the industry in Oberleutensdorf . In: Communications from the Association for the History of Germans in Bohemia . Volume 3, Prague 1865, pp. 87-92 and pp. 133-148 .

Web links

Commons : Litvínov  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. uir.cz
  2. Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. uir.cz
  4. uir.cz
  5. uir.cz
  6. ^ A b Ludwig Schlesinger: On the history of the industry of Oberleutensdorf . In: Communications from the Association for the History of Germans in Bohemia . Volume 3, Prague 1865, pp. 87-92 and pp. 133-147 , especially p. 87.
  7. Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 1: Leitmeritzer Kreis , Prague 1833, pp. 143–144, paragraph 23.
  8. Yearbooks of the Bohemian Museum of Natural and Regional Studies, History, Art and Literature . Volume 2, Prague 1831, p. 197, paragraph 10.
  9. Topographic Lexicon of Bohemia . Prague 1852, p. 206, bottom left column
  10. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 14, Leipzig / Vienna 1908, p. 866.
  11. ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. District of Brüx (Czech. Most). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  12. Historický lexikon obcí České republiky - 1869–2015. (PDF) Český statistický úřad, December 18, 2015, accessed on February 18, 2016 (Czech).
  13. Loan from STW AG from 1942 ( Memento of the original dated January 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.militaria321.com
  14. Refinery Litvínov ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ceskarafinerska.cz