Duchcov Castle
Duchcov Castle (German Dux ) is located on the town square of the city of the same name Duchcov . It belongs to the Okres Teplice district in the Ústecký kraj region in the north of the Czech Republic .
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history
The Lords of Hrabischitz built a castle in their market settlement of Hrabišin, from which Dux developed, in the 13th century, which later passed on to their relatives from Ossegg ( z Oseka ) and Riesenburg ( Rýzmburk ).
After 1570, Wenzel Popel von Lobkowitz had a renaissance castle built on the site of the castle according to plans by the builder Ulrico Aostalli . In 1642 the Counts von Waldstein acquired the castle and rebuilt it in the Baroque style from 1675 to 1685 according to plans by the architect Jean Baptiste Mathey .
By 1707 the castle was expanded to include the two side wings. After 1720 further building changes were made according to plans by the architect František Maximilian Kaňka . The sculptures and vases in front of the courtyard, based on antique models, were created by Matthias Bernhard Braun , who - together with Ferdinand Maximilian Brokoff - was involved in the sculptural interior decoration. Wenzel Lorenz Reiner created the ceiling painting in the large hall. In 1812–1818 the palace facade was rebuilt in a classicist manner. The castle was the seat of the manorial economic office for the Fideikommissherrschaft Dux with Ober-Leitensdorf including the allodial property Maltheuer.
hospital
Archbishop Johann Friedrich von Waldstein founded a hospital in the manorial castle district in 1694. For his maintenance he insured a capital of 27,780 guilders as well as other payments in kind on the allodial property Maltheuer. This was expanded in 1716 under Johann Josef von Waldstein , so that it offered space for twelve men and women as well as six orphaned boys and girls. The hospital church dedicated to St. Cross.
In 1775, Emanuel Philibert von Waldstein-Wartenberg relocated the twelve orphanage places to the orphanage he had set up at the cloth factory in Ober-Leitensdorf. At the beginning of the 19th century, the changed financial situation made it necessary to reduce the number of beneficiaries to eight men and women.
The hospital, 400 m west of the castle, on the edge of the castle park, fell victim to lignite mining. The fresco created by Wenzel Lorenz Reiner for the hospital church is now in a newly built pavilion in the palace garden that opened in 1983.
Reign of Dux
The origins of the rule lie in the old Wosek Castle of the Lords of Osek and the new Wosek or Riesenburg Castle built by the Lords of Riesenburg in the middle of the 13th century . In 1491, Prince Paul Kaplirz de Sulewicz moved the seat of power from the giant castle to the Dux fortress. In 1523 Diepolt von Lobkowicz bought the Riesenburg estate as a pledge from Kaplirz de Sulewicz. King Ferdinand I left the rule of Dux to Diepolt's sons with the huge desert castle as hereditary property in 1530. In 1589, Wenzel von Lobkowicz bought the dominion of Oberleutensdorf from the Knights of Jahn . The estate Wschechlab was added to the rule in 1592. The widow and heir of Franz Joseph von Lobkowicz, Polyxena Marie von Talmberg , married Maximilian von Waldstein , who inherited her extensive estates in 1642. In 1655 the rule fell to his underage son Johann Friedrich . This raised the lordships of Dux and Oberleutensdorf in 1680 to the family fideikommiss , thereby granting freedom to the submissive city of Dux. The other owners were from 1694 Ernst Josef von Waldstein, from 1707 Johann Josef von Waldstein, from 1731 Franz Josef von Waldstein (from 1758 von Waldstein-Wartenberg), from 1760 Emanuel Philibert von Waldstein-Wartenberg , from 1774 Josef Karl Emanuel von Waldstein- Wartenberg, from 1814 Franz Adam von Waldstein-Wartenberg , from 1823 Georg Josef von Waldstein-Wartenberg and from 1824 Anton von Waldstein-Wartenberg.
In the area of the Fideikommissherrschaft Dux with Ober-Leitensdorf including the Allodialgut Maltheuer acquired in 1713, 10,349 German-speaking people lived in 1830, all of whom were Catholic, with the exception of a few Protestants in Dux and a Jewish family in Ober-Leitensdorf. The main sources of income were agriculture, manufacturing and trade as well as trade. In 1831 the Fideikommissherrschaft Dux with Ober-Leitensdorf including the allodial property Maltheuer (but without the free protective town Dux) comprised an agricultural area of 24,962 yoke 1495 1/2 square fathom ; Of this, 24,196 yokes, 329 1/2 square fathoms, belonged to the Dux rule and 766 yokes, 1,166 square fathoms belonged to the Maltheuer estate. The lordship managed ten farms in Dux, Liptitz, Schellenken, Sobrusan, Wschechlab, Ober-Leitensdorf, Nieder-Leitensdorf, Wiesa, Maltheuer and Nieder-Georgenthal. The manorial forests, which are predominantly in the Ore Mountains , were divided into ten forest districts in 1825 - the Duxer Revier with 137 yokes, the Oberleitensdorfer Revier with 293 yokes, the Riesenberger Revier with 952 yokes, the Adelsgrunder Revier with 883 yokes, the Langewiesner Revier with 1395 yokes, the Willersdorfer Revier with 1446 yoke, the Flöher Revier with 2932 yoke, the Lichtenwalder Revier with 1792 yoke, the Schönbacher Revier with 2165 yoke and the Göhraer Revier with 1566 yoke - managed. The annual timber yield was 9,000 fathoms, the majority of which was sold to the Kingdom of Saxony via the new ditch rafts . The largest commercial enterprise was the cloth, Casimir and Circas factory in Ober-Leitensdorf , founded in 1715 by Johann Josef von Waldstein, with 200 employees; it was headed by Ferdinand Römheld, who at the same time joined the rulership as a Compagnon. In 1832, 1376 people were employed in handicrafts, industry and trade in the rule (excluding the free protective town of Dux).
The rulers included the market towns of Ober-Leitensdorf and Nieder-Georgenthal , the villages of Liptitz , Ladowitz , Schelenken , Sobrusan , Wschechlab , Sterbina , Straka , Loosch , Strahl , Riesenberg , Langewiese , Fley , Motzdorf , Georgensdorf , Rascha , Zettel , Schönbach , Rauschengrund , Oberdorf , Sandel , Bettelgrüna , Nieder-Leitensdorf , Wiese , Lindau , Maltheuer , Nieder-Georgenthal as well as parts of Dux (the castle district with the castle including 12 houses with 143 inhabitants), Ober-Georgenthal , Hammer , Göhre , Willersdorf and cargo .
Guests
Among the personalities who were closely related to the castle and its owners, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Schiller , Chopin and Ludwig van Beethoven , who here in 1812 concerted and Count Ferdinand Ernst of Wallenstein it as "Waldstein Sonata" known Dedicated piano work.
In 1813 the Russian Tsar Alexander I , King Friedrich Wilhelm III met. of Prussia and Emperor Franz I of Austria for political talks at Dux Castle.
In 1784 Casanova met Count Joseph Karl von Waldstein in Vienna, who made him an offer in 1785 to work as a librarian at Dux Castle. Casanova spent the last years of his life there, which were marked by monotony and constant arguments with the other castle residents, during which he also wrote his extensive memoirs. He died in 1798 and was buried in Dux. The place of the grave was forgotten and is no longer known today.
investment
In the middle of the 19th century, the castle, consisting of two departments with two courtyards, contained three halls and 60 rooms. In the middle of the second courtyard was a metal basin, which Albrecht von Waldstein had poured from captured Swedish cannons in Nuremberg in 1630 and which originally stood in the Prague Waldstein garden. The large family hall was decorated with portraits of personalities from the Waldstein family as well as with historical paintings by Wenzel Lorenz Reiner depicting scenes from the life of the Counts von Waldstein. Heinrich Waldstein depicted the ceiling painting when his 24 sons and their 24 miners were introduced to King Přemysl Ottokar II in 1254. In addition, the castle housed an extensive collection of paintings and sculptures, a natural and art cabinet and a collection of weapons. The palace library contained over 12,000 volumes.
Castle garden
The baroque garden , which was laid out from 1716 to 1728, was transformed into an English landscape park at the beginning of the 19th century . It fell victim to open-cast lignite mining in the 1950s. Some parts were reconstructed in the 1960s using old plans.
museum
The castle houses a museum with a historical furniture collection. You can also see the Waldsteiner's painting and ancestral gallery, including a portrait of the Duke of Friedland by Anthony van Dyck . One room is dedicated to Giacomo Casanova, who was employed here as a librarian from 1785 to 1798 and who wrote his memoir " Histoire de ma vie " and who died here in 1798.
literature
- Joachim Bahlcke , Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of historical places . Volume: Bohemia and Moravia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 329). Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-32901-8 .
- Knaur's Cultural Guide Czech Republic, ISBN 3-426-26609-1
- DuMont Art Guide Czech Republic, ISBN 3-7701-2844-3
Individual evidence
- ^ Johann Gottfried Sommer The Kingdom of Bohemia, Vol. 1 Leitmeritzer Kreis, 1833, p. 138
- ^ Pavilion with the Reiner fresco
- ^ Pavilion for Reiner's fresco
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer The Kingdom of Bohemia, Vol. 1 Leitmeritzer Kreis, 1833, pp. 132-145
- ^ Johann Gottfried Sommer The Kingdom of Bohemia, Vol. 1 Leitmeritzer Kreis, 1833, p. 140
Web links
Coordinates: 50 ° 36 ′ 7.7 ″ N , 13 ° 44 ′ 39.1 ″ E