Helonias bullata

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Helonias bullata
Helonias bullata

Helonias bullata

Systematics
Monocots
Order : Lily-like (Liliales)
Family : Germer family (Melanthiaceae)
Tribe : Heloniadeae
Genre : Helonias
Type : Helonias bullata
Scientific name of the  genus
Helonias
L.
Scientific name of the  species
Helonias bullata
L.

Helonias bullata is the only species of the plant genus Helonias withinthe Germer family (Melanthiaceae). It is common in North America and is called "Swamp Pink" there. Helonias bullata is used as an ornamental plant.

Description and synecology

At the beginning of the growing season with reddish leaves, a very short inflorescence stem and budding inflorescence
Illustration from Les Liliacées , Volume 1, 1805
inflorescence

Appearance and leaf

Helonias bullata grows as an evergreen , perennial herbaceous plant . As a hemicryptophyte , it forms an underground, compact, nodular rhizome as a persistence organ . The rhizomes cause vegetative reproduction and in some locations dense, individual-rich stands are formed. The fibrous roots can hold the rhizome underground at the most favorable height by contraction . The above-ground parts of the plant are bare.

The durable, bare leaves stand together in a basal rosette. The simple, dark green leaf blade is 9 to 35 cm long and 1.5 to 4 cm wide and is oblong-spatulate to inverted-lanceolate with a pointed upper end and a smooth leaf margin. There is a parallel nerve. During winter, the leaves often turn reddish-brown in color and are often flat or slightly erect, sometimes under fallen leaves , and are therefore often difficult to see. When the leaves are newly formed in spring and during the flowering period, they are light green and relatively small and only enlarge afterwards.

Inflorescence, flowering and pollination

In North America, the flowering period is late spring to early summer, mainly between March and May; it is one of the earliest flowering species native to eastern North America. The bare, durable, simple, erect and hollow inflorescence stems have bract-like leaves that are triangular with a length of 1 to 2 cm. The inflorescence shafts stretch to the point of fruit ripeness, so that the plants have a stature height of 10 to 20 cm during the flowering period and up to 60 cm during the fruit ripeness. The terminal, racemose inflorescences contain 30 to 70 flowers, but no bracts . During the flowering period, the inflorescences are egg-shaped with a length of 2.5 to 10 cm and stretch to a length of 10 to 17.5 cm until the fruit is ripe. The flower stalks are initially very short and stretch to a length of 5 to 8 mm.

The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry , funnel-shaped and threefold with a diameter of about 1 cm. The six identical, durable bracts are free to slightly fused at their base and with a length of 4 to 9 mm spatulate to oblong. The bracts are initially purple-pink and later turn green. The bracts are spread out and 3 to 4 mm long. Nectaries are present at the base of the bracts . There are two circles with three durable stamens each, which are about the same length as the bracts. Of the free, thread-like, 5 to 6 mm long stamens , the inner three in the lower area are fused with the ovary. The basifix, freely movable, blue anthers are 0.75 to 1 mm long and point outwards. The three carpels are a top permanent ovary adherent, which is dreikammerig in the lower region and single chamber in the upper region. There are no septal nectaries. The three free, 1.4 to 2.5 mm long stylus are recessed into the upper end of the ovary and the resulting sitting acting three free scars are ascending to upwardly arching and along the entire top surface not papillate .

Helonias bullata is highly self-compatible . Many species of insects have been observed as flower visitors. A large number of seeds are also produced with self-pollination.

Fruit, seeds and spread of the diaspores

The loculicidal, triple-lobed capsule fruit is 3 to 8 mm long and 8 to 10 mm in diameter, deep three-lobed and thus inverted heart-shaped. The pericarp is parchment-like.

Each fruit compartment can hold about 16 seeds. The whitish-brown seeds are linear-spindle-shaped with a length of 4 to 6 mm and have a tail-shaped, fatty appendage ( elaiosome ) at both ends , which are eaten by ants . The seeds can only germinate for a short time.

The seeds are also spread by ants ( myrmecochory ). It is reported that the seeds are also spread by the wind.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is x = 17. There is diploidy with 2n = 34.

Occurrence and endangerment

Helonias bullata is common in eastern North America . Locations are available for the US states of New Jersey , southeastern New York (occurrence extinct), Delaware (occurrence extinct), northwestern Georgia , Maryland (occurrence extinct), western North Carolina , South Carolina and Virginia . In Pennsylvania she is a neophyte .

The home of Helonias bullata is the Blue Ridge Mountains and the northern coastal plains. Helonias bullata thrives in bogs , swamps and pocosins at altitudes between 0 and 1100 meters.

The stocks are endangered by drainage of the wetlands, water pollution, habitat loss through urbanization as well as agriculture and forestry, habitat degradation (e.g. sedimentation ), damage caused by footsteps and the collection of beautiful inflorescences or whole plants.

New Jersey is the state with the most extant populations . In 1990 over 65 populations with 1 to 5000 leaf rosettes were detected there. The populations along the east coast are relatively extensive, all other populations are poorer in specimens and more endangered. Of the original eight US states, stocks have now expired in three. The remaining five states combined have about 122 populations. The largest populations in Delaware contain 10,000 to 25,000 and North Carolina contain 100,000 leaf rosettes. There is only one location left in Georgia.

Overall, Helonias bullata is rated as “globally vulnerable” = “endangered”.

Systematics

This species was the mid-18th century by the Swedish naturalist Peter Kalm first with a place of origin "near Philadelphia " herbarium ; the site is probably in New Jersey . The genus Helonias was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1st edition, p. 342 with the type species Helonias bullata ; for this purpose Linnaeus used the herbarium from Kalm. The lectotype was 1993 Kalm sn; (LINN-471.1) by James Lauritz Reveal in Regnum Veg. 127, p. 53 selected. The generic name Helonias is derived from the Greek word helos for swamp; which relates to the habitat . The specific epithet bullata means blistered or bumpy.

Synonyms for Helonias bullata (L.) A. Gray are: Veratrum americanum Mill. , Helonias latifolia Michx. , Helonias lanceolata Sims , Helonias scapigera Stokes , Helonias striata Raf.

Helonias bullata is the only species of the genus Helonias in the tribe Heloniadeae within the family Melanthiaceae . The tribe Heloniadeae previously had the rank of a family Heloniadaceae or was classified in the family of the Liliaceae . The tribe Heloniadeae contains three genera, which are all elements of the Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora. Helonias occurs in eastern North America and Ypsilandra (western China to the Himalaya) and Heloniopsis (Korea, Taiwan and Japan) occur in eastern Asia (N. Tanaka 1997).

use

Helonias bullata is used as an ornamental plant on ponds.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Frederick H. Utech: Genus Helonias and Art Helonias bullata , pp. 69-70 - same text online as the printed work , Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 26 - Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
  2. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Helonias. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Helonias bullata at CPC National Collection Plant Profile - Center for Plant Conservation . ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. last accessed on April 6, 2013  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.centerforplantconservation.org
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Helonias bullata (Swamp Pink) to be a Threatened Species at United States Fish and Wildlife Service - Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior , Volume 53, Number 175, September 9, 1988 (PDF; 1.5 MB)
  5. ^ A b Helonias in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  6. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  7. ↑ a b Helonias at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 5, 2013.
  8. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (pages 438).

Web links

Commons : Helonias bullata  - Collection of images, videos and audio files