Israelite Religious Community Württemberg
The Israelite Religious Community Württemberg Kdö.R. (IRGW) is a Jewish regional association based in Stuttgart for the Württemberg part of Baden-Württemberg . The IRGW Stuttgart is still the only large municipality responsible for the entire administrative region of Stuttgart and Tübingen and thus ties in with the situation of 1939 when all Jewish communities in Württemberg were converted into the Reich Association of Jews in Germany were combined to form the Stuttgart community. As early as 1832, the IRG Stuttgart included the Jewish communities of Esslingen , Aldingen and Hochberg am Neckar in addition to the Israelite community of Stuttgart .
Jewish community of Württemberg
While there are 84 (independent) Jewish communities nationwide and 10 communities in the Baden part of the state ( Mannheim , Heidelberg , Karlsruhe , Pforzheim , Baden-Baden , Emmendingen , Freiburg im Breisgau , Lörrach , Rottweil and Konstanz ), the IRG Stuttgart is the only large one Municipality for the entire area of the former administrative districts of North-Württemberg and South-Württemberg / Hohenzollern (according to the statutes, the territorial status as of November 23, 1966 is decisive). From the beginning of the 1990s, with the onset of the immigration of so-called Jewish quota refugees, the number of IRGW members quadrupled to over 3000 members. The IRGW currently has around 3300 members (as of January 2008) with the seat of the community in Stuttgart in the synagogue and community center Hospitalstrasse . In order to provide comprehensive support for its members, the IRGW maintains branch communities or branches in a number of cities, for example in Ulm , Heilbronn , Esslingen am Neckar, Reutlingen , Tuttlingen , Heidenheim an der Brenz , Hechingen , Schwäbisch Hall , Bad Mergentheim and Weingarten . The prayer room in the IRGW branch in Ulm was inaugurated in 2002, and on December 2, 2012 the new synagogue at Weinhof was inaugurated. In 2003 prayer rooms followed in two further branches. On March 18, 2012 - 24th Adar 5772, the building of the former Esslingen synagogue was handed over to the IRGW for use.
The main synagogue of the IRGW is located in Stuttgart at Hospitalstrasse 36. This is also where the seat of the regional rabbinate and the community and administrative center of the IRGW can be found.
Netanel Wurmser has been the state rabbi of Württemberg since October 2002 . Shneur Trebnik is the local rabbi responsible for Ulm. In 2011, another rabbi was hired to look after the parishioners who lived all over Württemberg.
The congregation is headed by representatives elected for three years, the so-called representatives. Three of these representatives are elected by the representative office as the executive board. In December 2009 the board of directors was formed by Barbara Traub MA, Susanne Jakubowski and Michael Kashi.
Jewish primary school Stuttgart
The Jewish primary school was inaugurated in September 2008 as a private all-day school. It is open to 60 children of all denominations. As a result, the Jewish community in Württemberg now maintains its own elementary school in addition to a supervised senior citizens' home in the community center (1999), a kindergarten and after-school care center. It follows the tradition of the Chaim Nachman Bialik elementary school , which existed in Stuttgart from 1945 to 1949, as well as the elementary schools that existed in 16 places in Württemberg before the Shoah (including Esslingen, Jebenhausen, Buttenhausen, Lauchheim). This school is also linked to the Jewish school that had existed in a reception camp in the west of Stuttgart until 1949. The Jewish culture, religion and the Hebrew language are taught here , with the country rabbi Netanel Wurmser also being the headmaster.
Since the school opened in September, the number of pupils has been growing steadily, so that pupils from the first to fourth year of school learn together in each of the two school classes and the teachers teach children of different ages in parallel and look after all age groups together in one class. There are already computer lessons in the first year of school.
The aim of the Jewish elementary school in Stuttgart is to offer Jewish education and individual support and to actively involve the parents.
Jewish culture weeks
Every year, the Jewish Community of Württemberg (IRGW), in cooperation with the cultural office of the city of Stuttgart, the Volkshochschule Stuttgart and other cultural institutions, offers Jewish culture weeks, with concerts, dance and film, exhibitions and discussions.
Israelite Councilor
In 1924 the Jewish people of Württemberg gave the Israelite Religious Community of Württemberg a new constitution that separated state and religion . The legislative organ of the religious community was the Israelite National Assembly . This elected the so-called Israelite Upper Council as the executive body . The presidents of the Israelite Upper Council were Carl Nördlinger (1924 to 1929) and Otto Hirsch (since 1929).
history
Jews in Württemberg
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The first Jew is mentioned in Stuttgart in 1343. At that time there was a Judengasse and a Jewish school ( synagogue ). This first Jewish community came to an end in 1348 in the course of the general persecution of the Jews.
The Stuttgart Chronicle mentioned again in 1434, a synagogue and a ritual bath ( mikveh ) in the Judengasse 12, 1498 was carried out in accordance with the will of Count Eberhard the Bearded , the exclusion of all Jews from Württemberg. With the exception of "imperial knightly villages" such as Freudental , Aldingen or Hochberg, for which the exclusion of Jews did not apply, until the beginning of the 19th century Jews could only settle in Württemberg as " protective Jews ". These protective Jews were under the special protection of the respective sovereign, e.g. B. Joseph Süß Oppenheimer (1698–1738) or the court factor Karoline Kaulla (1739–1809), one of the co-founders of the Württembergische Hofbank .
Resettlements and expulsions followed in the following centuries. In individual villages and towns there were permanent communities due to exceptional regulations, for example in Freudental in what is now the Ludwigsburg district .
There are still several dozen Jewish cemeteries in Württemberg today , often the last evidence of the Jewish communities that once existed there.
In the period from 1804 to 1837, Jewish services were regularly held in Stuttgart in private Jewish apartments. In 1808 a Jewish community was formally founded in Stuttgart.
Public status of the Jewish religious community from 1828
Jewish communities were always autonomous until 1828 and regulated their financial and institutional affairs themselves. This related to worship, Torah school, community facilities of a religious character and the application of civil law among Jews, which was shaped by the provisions of the Talmud.
In 1828 the law regulated the practice of religion, the administration of the communities and the cult in Württemberg with regard to the public relations of the Israelite co- religionists. On the basis of this law, the Israelite Upper Church Authority was established in 1832 as a mixed state and church authority. Under the chairmanship of a non-Jewish government commissioner, it included a rabbi - with the title of Council of Churches -, three secular church leaders and a secretary as a legal member and - at times - a clerk. All members of the upper church authority were appointed by the government.
The Jewish religion was recognized by the state, but at the same time subjected to the strict regulations that also existed for the Christian denominations. According to the ordinance of October 27, 1831, the administrative and religious affairs of the Wuerttemberg Jews, including the administration of the Israelite Central Church Treasury, which was established at the same time, belonged to the business area of the Upper Church Authority .
The Upper Church Authority was subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior until 1848, then to the Ministry of Churches and Schools. Subordinate to the higher church authority were initially 41 Israelite church council offices. In 1834 all rabbis who had not been certified by the state and had no academic training had to give up their office. That affected 45 rabbis. The number of rabbinates was reduced to 13 in order to make the rabbinical profession the main occupation and to exclude secondary occupations, which had previously been common. The rabbis salaries were partly paid with state subsidies from the senior consistory, not directly from the municipalities, but the municipal taxes were also collected for the purpose of remuneration.
The state church imposed on the Israelite religious community by the law of 1828 and thus the original competence of the Israelite higher church authority remained unchanged until the early 20th century.
It was not until the law of July 8, 1912 and the new church constitution of September 16, 1912, that the state church was replaced by so-called church sovereignty: the Israelite religious community thus became a corporation under public law , the Israelite higher church authority received the right of self-administration and the right to legislate in matters of Israelites Religious community, the ministry of church and school systems were restricted to the rights of a supervisory authority.
After the November Revolution of 1918, the remaining state restrictions on the Israelite religious community were lifted. The term "church", alien to Judaism, was also dropped. In 1924 the activity of the Israelite Higher Church Authority ended. In their place came the Israelite Council as a nationwide institution, i. H. Executing non-governmental authority of the Israelite religious community Württemberg. Through the law on the legal relationships of Jewish religious associations of March 28, 1938, the Reich government revoked the status of the IRGW as a corporation under public law, like all Jewish German religious communities.
In 1948 the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde Wuerttemberg (today: Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft Wuerttemberg) was recognized as a corporation under public law. On May 13, 1952, the new synagogue was inaugurated on the site of the old synagogue.
In 2010, a state treaty was signed between the state of Baden-Württemberg and the two Israelite religious communities, the IRGW and the IRG Baden, with which the Israelite religious communities were legally equated with the major Christian churches in the state.
Stuttgart: Israelite religious community from 1832
The Israelite Religious Community Stuttgart was founded on August 3, 1832. At that time, Stuttgart was already the seat of the Israelite Higher Church Authority and the center of the Israelite religious community of the kingdom. This gave her the status of an Israelite church community. She also received a rabbinate. In addition to the Israelite community of Stuttgart, the IRG Stuttgart also included the Jewish communities of Esslingen am Neckar , Aldingen and Hochberg am Neckar .
The prayer room at Langgasse 16 in Stuttgart was inaugurated in October 1837 . In the years that followed, numerous clubs and associations were set up that show what life was like in the community. In 1856 the community acquired the property on Hospitalstrasse in Stuttgart and on May 3, 1861, the old synagogue , built in the Moorish style, was inaugurated. The synagogue and community center Hospitalstrasse, rebuilt in 1952, is still located on this site today .
Jews only had equal legal rights from 1864 onwards, and when the Imperial Constitution came into force in 1871, mixed marriages were also prohibited.
Around 2,700 Jews lived in Stuttgart alone at the turn of the 20th century. By 1925, their number rose to 4,500. There were 51 Israelite communities across Württemberg, of which Stuttgart was by far the largest. After Stuttgart followed Heilbronn with approx. 900 members and Ulm with approx. 566 members.
In 1934 the community inaugurated its own Jewish school in Stuttgart . It was created on the site of the community in the hospital district in Stuttgart-Mitte in the course of the reprisals against Jewish students at the state schools and prepared, among other things, for the forced emigration. It lasted until 1941, when the ban on teaching Jewish students was issued.
On November 9, 1938, the Stuttgart synagogue was also set on fire and destroyed during the November pogroms . In 1939, as part of the transformation of the Reich Representation of German Jews into the Reich Association of Jews in Germany, all Jewish communities in Württemberg were amalgamated to form the Greater Stuttgart Community. On December 1, 1941, the first deportation train with almost 1,000 Jews left the Stuttgart North Station in the direction of “Jungfernhof” near Riga. Before that, the Jews, who came from more than 50 communities in Württemberg, had to go to the assembly camp on Stuttgart's Killesberg. 774 Jews remained in Stuttgart until 1942. With the last deportations , Stuttgart was “ Jew-free ” from 1943 onwards . By February 1945, almost 2,800 Jews from Württemberg and Hohenzollern were deported in twelve transports, only a few of whom survived.
After the end of the Shoah , the Stuttgart congregation quickly grew to over 1,000 members due to the influx of Displaced Persons (DP). For the majority of these DPs, however, Stuttgart was only a stopover before leaving for Palestine or the USA. The number of members fell to around 700 in all of Württemberg.
Current
On March 17, 2011, 11 Adar II 5771 according to the Jewish era, the groundbreaking ceremony for the new construction of a community center (client is the IRGW) took place at the Weinhof in Ulm . The Weinhof, where the Ulm synagogue , which was destroyed during the Night of the Pogroms in 1938 , was also made available to the IRGW for the new building by the Ulm City Council in 2009. The subsequent architectural competition was won by Professor Susanne Gross from the Cologne office of Kister, Scheithauer, Gross. The topping-out ceremony was at the end of June 2012 or the beginning / middle of Tammuz 5772 according to the Jewish calendar. Ulm has been the seat of the rabbinate again since 2000. The community center, which was inaugurated on December 2, 2012, houses the synagogue as well as a mikvah , kindergarten, youth center, library and community hall.
On December 19, 2015, the new statutes of the IRGW came into force, strengthening the character of the community as a unified community in which all ordinations of Judaism find a roof.
literature
- Israelitisches Kirchenvorsteheramt Stuttgart (Ed.): Festschrift for the 50th anniversary of the synagogue in Stuttgart. Stuttgart 1911.
- Joachim Hahn: Synagogues in Baden-Württemberg. With a foreword by Dietmar Schlee Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 1987.
- Paul Sauer, Sonja Hosseinzadeh: Jewish life through the ages . 170 years of the Israelite religious community - 50 years of the new synagogue in Stuttgart. Bleicher Verlag, Gerlingen, 2002.
- Paul Sauer: The Jewish communities in Württemberg and Hohenzollern, Stuttgart 1966 (Publications of the State Archives Administration Baden-Württemberg, Vol. 18)
- Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft Württembergs (Ed.): Community newspaper. Issue August / September 2008, Tamus / Aw / Elul / Tischri, No. 08/09
- Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft Württembergs (Ed.): Community newspaper. Edition December 2008 / January 2009, Kislew / Tewet / Schwat, No. 12/01
- Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft Württembergs (Ed.): Community newspaper. Edition February / March 2009, Schwat / Adar / Nissan, No. 02/03
- Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft Württembergs (Ed.): Community newspaper. Edition April / May 2009, Nissan / Ijar / Siwan, No. 04/05
- IRGW, City of Ulm (Hrsg.): Documentation of the expert opinion procedure Neue Synagoge Ulm , Ulm, 2010
Individual evidence
- ↑ PDF at www.landtag-bw.de ( Memento of the original from November 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Stuttgart Official Gazette No. 31 of August 2, 2007
- ↑ [1] ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ A b Nicole Bickhoff-Böttcher, Gertrud Bolay, Eduard Theiner: 200 years of Jewish life in Hochberg and Aldingen 1730 - 1930 . In: Heinz Pfizenmayer (Hrsg.): Local history series of publications of the municipality of Remseck am Neckar . tape 10 , 1990.
- ^ Heilbronn Voice of September 8, 2008: Signs of Revival (article by Rudi Wais)
- ↑ [2] Future, year 8 (2008) No. 9: Jewish elementary school opened
- ↑ https://www2.landesarchiv-bw.de/ofs21/olf/einfueh.php?Stock=17569
- ↑ https://www2.landesarchiv-bw.de/ofs21/olf/einfueh.php?Stock=17569
- ↑ https://www2.landesarchiv-bw.de/ofs21/olf/einfueh.php?Stock=17569
- ↑ https://www2.landesarchiv-bw.de/ofs21/olf/einfueh.php?Stock=17569
- ↑ https://www2.landesarchiv-bw.de/ofs21/olf/einfueh.php?Stock=17569
- ^ [3] State Ministry of Baden-Württemberg, October 19, 2009: Initialing the text of the state treaty with the Israelite religious communities
- ↑ PDF at www.irgw.de ( Memento of the original from July 3, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Stuttgart Official Gazette No. 31 of August 2, 2007
- ^ Isidore Singer, Theodor Kroner: Stuttgart
