Compulsory vaccination

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International WHO vaccination card

A vaccination is required (in Switzerland also mandatory vaccination ) if a protective vaccination is required by law as a preventive measure for humans or animals.

Compulsory vaccination in Germany

History of compulsory vaccination in Germany

Vaccination certificate from 1887
(back)
Vaccination certificate for the first vaccination against smallpox in 1965 and re-vaccination in 1976 according to the law of 1874

In 1807, the Kingdom of Baiern was the first German state to introduce compulsory vaccinations, which other states joined in the following decades. In the German Reich in 1874 all Germans were finally obliged by the Reich Vaccination Act to have their children vaccinated against smallpox at the age of one and twelve years (repeat vaccination ) . The vaccination was a state service, even after the introduction of the statutory health insurance in 1883. This vaccination requirement was carefully relaxed in the Weimar Republic and in the early phase of National Socialism . Smallpox vaccinations were suspended during the Second World War .

After the Second World War, there was a statutory vaccination requirement in the GDR from 1953, which was gradually expanded until 1970: In addition to smallpox, anti- tuberculosis (1953), polio (1961), diphtheria (1961), tetanus (1961) and whooping cough were also used (1964, then in the form of the DTP vaccine ) vaccinated, from 1970 vaccination against measles was also provided by law. A vaccination certificate had to be presented for admission to childcare facilities. Compulsory vaccinations that were deliberately or negligently not complied with could be punished with reprimand or fines of between 10 and 500 GDR marks. In the GDR, the compulsory vaccination against smallpox was lifted in 1982, and there were no more initial vaccinations as of 1980.

In the FRG , the federal states were responsible for vaccinations after the Second World War. Therefore, from 1946 to 1954, there was also compulsory vaccination against diphtheria and scarlet fever in Baden-Württemberg . In general, there was a general compulsory vaccination against smallpox from 1949 to the end of 1975. The legal basis of the compulsory smallpox vaccination at that time was still the Reich Vaccination Act of 1874. In the 1950s, this compulsory vaccination was discussed because, in the opinion of individual critics, it violated the personality rights enshrined in the Basic Law. However, the Federal Administrative Court decided in 1959 that the mandatory vaccination was compatible with the Basic Law. The compulsory vaccination against smallpox was gradually lifted: From 1976, the first vaccination was discontinued, there were only repeat vaccinations (except for people at risk). In 1983 the compulsory smallpox vaccination was finally lifted entirely.

Reintroduction of compulsory vaccinations in Germany

Since 2001, the legal basis for mandatory vaccination has been Section 20 (6) and (7) Infection Protection Act , which provides for the introduction of mandatory vaccination through a simple statutory ordinance:

"(6) The Federal Ministry of Health is authorized by ordinance , with the consent of the Federal Council to order that threatened parts of the population of vaccinations or other measures of specific prophylaxis must take part if a communicable disease occurs with clinically severe forms and with its epidemic spread to is to count. The basic right to physical integrity (Article 2, Paragraph 2, Clause 1 of the Basic Law ) can be restricted in this respect. [...]
(7) As long as the Federal Ministry of Health does not make use of the authorization under paragraph 6, the state governments are authorized to issue a statutory ordinance under paragraph 6. The state governments can transfer the authorization to the highest state health authorities by ordinance . "

The introduction of compulsory vaccinations has been called for since the measles flare up again in Germany. The Federal Minister of Health Hermann Gröhe said in 2015 that compulsory vaccination against measles was “no longer a taboo” for him. Also in 2015, the federal party conference of the CDU decided that far-reaching vaccination requirements for children should be introduced. In 2019, the introduction of compulsory measles vaccination was again requested. Health Minister Jens Spahn (CDU) and SPD health expert Karl Lauterbach called for the necessary legal ordinance to be drawn up in view of the increased number of measles in Hildesheim and reports from UNICEF about an increasing number of these diseases worldwide.

On April 11, 2019, the state of Brandenburg decided to be the first federal state to introduce compulsory measles vaccination for children in accordance with Section 20 (7) IfSG. This is subject to review and has not yet been implemented.

On November 14, 2019, the introduction of a nationwide vaccination against was measles for children and staff in community or health care facilities such as day care centers and schools by a corresponding change of § 20 Abs of. 8 Infection Protection Act adopted by the Bundestag ( measles Protection Act ). The AfD parliamentary group voted against, with some abstentions from members of the Greens and Left . The change came into effect on March 1, 2020. The Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) confirmed in the interim legal protection that adequate vaccination protection against measles has priority over the possible exclusion of unvaccinated children from childcare (decision of May 11, 2020, 1 BvR 469/20 , 1 BvR 470/20). Among other things, the BVerfG also aimed to protect those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons.

Since available vaccines against measles are (at least) MMR vaccines , there is de facto mandatory vaccination against mumps and rubella .

Vaccination compulsory in Austria

Vaccinations are recommended even with the mother-child pass, which accompanies the child up to the age of 5. In elementary schools , too, vaccinations are organized by the school management for whole school classes at certain school levels, for example in the school doctor's room. Parents are informed , for example, via a notification booklet and can refuse to vaccinate their child. Each vaccination is documented in the student's personal vaccination pass by stamping or sticking a text label and dating.

The vaccination pass is DIN A6 in size and folded once or twice, i.e. 4 to 6 pages. Sometimes, for example, hospitals issue business card-sized vaccination cards for the tetanus vaccination in the course of treating open accidental injuries, which should be attached to the vaccination record.

There is also an international vaccination certificate for travel abroad.

In June 2018, ELGA GmbH was entrusted with the implementation of the piloting of the electronic vaccination pass (e-vaccination pass). The pilot phase will run in 2020 in three federal states (W, Lower Austria, Styria) with public vaccination centers and 30 doctors. In 2021, the e-vaccination pass is to be introduced gradually across Austria. The vaccination data is stored in a central register, a paper vaccination certificate is then no longer necessary, evaluations and personalized vaccination recommendations are possible.

On November 23, 2019, the President of the Austrian Medical Association, Thomas Szekeres , spoke out in favor of compulsory vaccination for all recommended vaccinations. The vaccination coverage is currently 80%. "According to the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO), this is too low and would have to be 95 percent in order to get closer to the goal of eradicating the infectious disease." In 2019, 146 measles cases were reported by November 13, about twice as many as in the entire year 2018: 77th Szekeres can imagine that social benefits for non-vaccinated people will be reduced.

Vaccination compulsory in Switzerland

There is no general compulsory vaccination in Switzerland. The Epidemics Act stipulates that the cantons promote voluntary vaccinations. The cantons can "make vaccinations mandatory for endangered population groups, particularly exposed persons and persons who carry out certain activities if there is a significant risk."

In June 2020, the Federal Supreme Court ruled that children must be vaccinated in accordance with the official recommendations if the parents disagree about the vaccination and the vaccination is not contraindicated in individual cases .

Compulsory vaccination in a European comparison

Vaccination compulsory for individual population groups

Compulsory vaccination before entry

In Africa , South America and Asia , yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes, so tourists are strongly advised to have a vaccination in risk areas. A list of countries that require yellow fever vaccination is published by the WHO .

Compulsory vaccination for animals

European Union Within the EU, dogs , cats and ferrets must be vaccinated against rabies when they travel across borders . The same applies to crossing the border between Switzerland and Norway and the EU countries in both directions. For entry from third countries, a rabies vaccination is also required, in many cases an additional determination of the rabies antibody titer .
Germany In Germany, cattle , sheep and goats must be vaccinated against bluetongue . Chickens and turkeys are required to be vaccinated against Newcastle disease .
Israel In Israel, cattle must be vaccinated against botulism .

See also

Web links

Wiktionary: Compulsory vaccination  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ernst T. Mader: Why Bavaria introduced compulsory vaccinations as early as 1807. Retrieved June 2, 2020 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g S. Klein, Irene Schöneberg, Gérard Krause: From compulsion to smallpox vaccination to the national vaccination plan . In: Federal Health Gazette . tape 55 , October 21, 2012, p. 1512-1523 , doi : 10.25646 / 1620 .
  3. ↑ Bärbel-Jutta Hess: Epidemic legislation in the German states and in the Empire from the late 18th century to the Reich Epidemic Act 1900 . 2009, p. 262-263 ( d-nb.info ).
  4. ↑ Malte Thießen: From the immunized national body to the preventive self. Vaccinations as biopolitics and social practice from the German Empire to the Federal Republic . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 61 , 2013, p. 35-64 ( degruyter.com ).
  5. ↑ Stephan Liskowsky: "Socialism is the best prophylaxis". In: MDR.de. February 28, 2020, accessed May 20, 2020 .
  6. ↑ Rafaela von Bredow, Lukas Eberle, Jan Friedmann, Michael Fröhlingsdorf, Annette Großbongardt, Veronika Hackenbroch, Julia Amalia Heyer, Dietmar Hipp, Julia Koch, Dirk Kurbjuweit , Cornelia Schmergal: Stich fürs Leben . In: Der Spiegel . No. 14 , 2019, pp. 12-19 ( online - March 30, 2019 ).
  7. ↑ Malte Thießen: Provision as a social order. Vaccinations in the Federal Republic and the GDR . In: Contemporary historical research . tape 10 , no. 3 , 2013.
  8. ↑ BVerwGE : The mandatory vaccination ordered by the Vaccination Act of April 8, 1874 is compatible with the Basic Law . In: New legal weekly . tape 9 , Az.BVerwG IC 170.56, July 14, 1959, p. 78-83 ( wolterskluwer-online.de ).
  9. ↑ Hermann Gröhe: Vaccination protects against measles . Federal Ministry of Health, Berlin February 15, 2015 ( bund.de [accessed December 21, 2015]).
  10. ↑ dpa / jr: CDU calls for mandatory vaccination for children. In: The time. December 15, 2015, accessed December 21, 2015 .
  11. ^ Benjamin Bidder: Government is examining compulsory measles vaccination for children . In: Der Spiegel . March 24, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed April 14, 2019]).
  12. ↑ Landtag decides to have vaccinations: daycare children in Brandenburg must be vaccinated against measles , rbb24.de, April 12, 2019
  13. ↑ For daycare children: Brandenburg wants to introduce compulsory measles vaccination , Spiegel Online, April 12, 2019
  14. ↑ Bundestag decides to be vaccinated against measles , rnd.de, November 14, 2019
  15. ↑ Bundestag passes measles protection law. www.aerzteblatt.de, November 14, 2019
  16. ↑ BVerfG, decision of May 11, 2020, file number 1 BvR 469/20, 1 BvR 470/20. Recital 15. Accessed on June 24, 2020 : "In this way, people could also be protected who cannot be vaccinated themselves for medical reasons, but who are at risk of severe clinical courses in the event of an infection."
  17. ^ Paul Ehrlich Institute : Measles Vaccines. Retrieved April 2, 2020 .
  18. ^ Vaccination pass health.gv.at , accessed November 24, 2019.
  19. ↑ International vaccination certificate Sozialministerium.at, accessed November 24, 2019.
  20. ↑ Information on the e-vaccination pass pilot project elga.gv.at, accessed November 24, 2019.
  21. ↑ Vienna: In 2020 the electronic vaccination certificate will be available at presse.at, November 21, 2018, accessed November 24, 2019.
  22. ↑ SR 818.101 Federal Act of 28 September 2012 on Combating Communicable Diseases in Humans (Epidemics Act, EpG). Art. 20 ff. Accessed on July 15, 2020 .
  23. ↑ Swiss Federal Court: BGer 5A_789 / 2019 of June 16, 2020. (intended for publication). Retrieved July 15, 2020 .
  24. ↑ Irene Berres: Where the vaccination requirement applies - and how it works . In: Der Spiegel . April 3, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed April 13, 2019]).
  25. ↑ a b In these European countries vaccination is compulsory . In: www.t-online.de . ( t-online.de [accessed on November 28, 2018]).
  26. ↑ 11 vaccins obligatoires à partir du 1er janvier. In: Le Figaro. August 31, 2017, accessed August 31, 2017 (French).
  27. ↑ From 2018, children will be vaccinated in France. In: NetMoms. Retrieved January 3, 2018 .
  28. ↑ Italy decides to have vaccinations against ten diseases. In: Spiegel Online. July 28, 2017, accessed August 31, 2017 .
  29. ↑ Vaccination practice in Germany and other European countries. (PDF) In: Scientific Services; WD 9 - 3000 - 038/14. German Bundestag, July 3, 2014, accessed on November 28, 2018 .
  30. ↑ Nadine Cibu and Côme Peguet: Duty against doubts: France's children must be vaccinated. ARTE, accessed on November 28, 2018 .
  31. ↑ Vaccinations save lives. Bundeswehr , October 2, 2019, accessed on February 5, 2020 .
  32. ↑ Vaccination regulations upon entry. In: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine. Retrieved April 14, 2019 .
  33. ↑ Stephanie Gebhardt: Cattle vaccination against bluetongue is legal. June 30, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2018 .
  34. ↑ Compulsory vaccination is legal. July 31, 2009, accessed November 28, 2018 .
  35. ↑ https://tierseucheninfo.niedersachsen.de/anzeigepflichtige_tierseuchen/gefluegelseuchen/newcastle_krankheit/newcastle-disease-21656.html
  36. ↑ Hubert Brentrup: Botulism in cattle - a disease with typical and atypical symptoms. Agriculture Chamber of North Rhine-Westphalia, February 26, 1999.