Katyn International Medical Commission

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François Naville, Helge Tramsen, Ferenc Orsós, Arno Saxén and a helper in Katyn (from left)
Vincenzo Palmieri with an assistant in Katyn
The commission back in Berlin, 1943
Signatures of the commission members on April 30, 1943

The Katyn International Medical Commission was a group of physicians from twelve countries who, at the invitation of the Reich Health Leader Leonardo Conti , examined the corpses of the Polish officers shot in the Katyn massacre at the end of April 1943 , the soldiers of the Wehrmacht after indications from the population in a forest not far from the Russian one Katyn village in mass graves. The commission concluded that the mass executions had taken place in the spring of 1940. This period spoke in favor of the Soviet secret police NKVD .

prehistory

In February 1943, Wehrmacht soldiers found mass graves with several thousand bodies of Polish officers in a forest not far from the Russian village of Katyn near Smolensk . When Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels found out about this at the beginning of April 1943, he suggested the formation of the medical commission, which should play the central role in the Katyn campaign he had ordered. In this way a wedge was to be driven in the alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union under Stalin . The foreign doctors invited by Reich Health Leader Conti were supposed to confirm that the Soviet secret police NKVD had committed the mass murders.

The Federal Foreign Office was given the task of attracting medical professors mainly from neutral countries for the trip to Katyn. The efforts of the German embassies in Stockholm , Lisbon and Ankara in this regard were unsuccessful, however. But in Madrid the medicine professor Antonio Piga accepted the invitation. After his arrival in Berlin, however, the Spanish embassy there instructed him not to continue the journey. He gave the German hosts the reason for his cancellation because he was suddenly ill and he returned to Spain. Reich Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop did not believe this justification and instructed the German embassy in Madrid to express its disconcertment to the Spanish leadership about Piga's departure from the delegation. When questioned by American diplomats in 1952, Piga took the view that the Allies had put pressure on the Spanish government in the spring of 1943 to withdraw him from the commission.

Members

The delegation, which was initially quartered and briefed in the Hotel Adlon in Berlin , had twelve members. Only one did not come from an allied or occupied country, namely Switzerland. Eleven of them were professors, nine of them specialists in forensic medicine :

  • The Dane Helge Tramsen (1910–1979) was the youngest member of the delegation at the age of 32, and was the only one who had no professor title. He was a member of a Danish resistance group.

The French government in Vichy sent the chief inspector of the military medical service , the medical professor André Costedoat, as an observer. He traveled to Katyn with the medical commission, but did not take part in their work. Prime Minister Pierre Laval had to personally order the trip, as Costedoat had initially resisted it. Laval had previously asked the prominent medical examiner Charles Paul, in vain, to take part in the investigations in the Katyn Forest. The Ministry of Justice sent a message to the German embassy in Paris that Paul had refused without giving any reason.

Stay in Smolensk and Katyn

The twelve experts chose the Hungarian Orsós as their spokesman because he not only spoke very good German, but also Russian. In Smolensk, where the delegation stayed from April 28th to 30th, 1943, it was looked after by Lieutenant Colonel Rudolf-Christoph von Gersdorff , who belonged to the Smolensk group of opponents of Hitler around Colonel Henning von, on behalf of the staff of the Army Group Center stationed there Tresckow belonged.

In the forest of Katyn, the forensic scientist of Army Group Center, the Wroclaw professor Gerhard Buhtz , explained the exhumation work to the foreign doctors . He asked each of the coroners to choose a body for an autopsy. The Swiss Naville and the Finn Saxén did not take part, but only observed the investigations.

Naville and the Bulgarian Markow said to Lieutenant Colonel von Gersdorff, who was in charge of the service supervision, that they had no doubts about the Soviet perpetrators. The Slovak Šubík told the Krakow medical examiner Marian Wodziński , who headed a Polish expert group in Katyn, that he was well informed about German war crimes, but in this case the perpetrators were undoubtedly to be found on the Soviet side.

Orsós also used a microscope to examine samples from the young pine trees that had been planted on top of the mass graves to camouflage themselves. Using the growth rings, he came to the conclusion that they were five years old. According to Orsós, a discoloration between the second and third annual rings showed that they were replanted in 1940. Orsós was quoted by the German press as saying that Soviet planes tried to disrupt the work of the commission by air strikes, but German fighter pilots repulsed them.

After the examinations were completed, the Dane Tramsen was allowed to take the skull of the victim he had autopsied with him to Copenhagen for demonstration purposes. Miloslavich also got permission to examine a skull from the mass graves in his institute in Zagreb.

Final report

The final report of the commission, which was still written in Smolensk under the leadership of Orsós, contained no direct reference to the perpetrators. He only cited shots in the neck as the cause of death. The state of decay of the corpses shows that they had lain in the ground for at least three years, their winter clothing and the absence of mosquito bites and insect larvae led to the conclusion that the mass graves were dug during the cold season. All of the documents found among the dead came from the winter of 1939/40. Taken together, all the evidence suggests that the executions took place in the spring of 1940.

The twelve members of the commission signed the report in Smolensk. A photographer photographed the page with the signatures separately. Later every member of the commission received a copy of the report, a photo with the signatures was attached to the text. The delegation members agreed not to comment on this. After returning to Berlin, Orsós submitted the report to Reich Health Leader Conti on May 4, 1943. Excerpts from it were published in the party organ Völkischer Beobachter . The Foreign Office suggested holding a press conference with the doctors, but Goebbels intervened. In his diary he wrote: “I do not consider it expedient to use internationally recognized scholars as the showpiece of our propaganda.” The report became part of it the "Official Material on the Katyn Mass Murder" published by the Foreign Office in June 1943.

In the US and UK, the Medical Commission report was officially ignored. In internal reports (summarized in the Butler Memorandum penned by the officially appointed historian Rohan D'Olier Butler ), experts from the Foreign Office in London pointed out that Orsós was pro-German and, moreover, anti-Semitic , so that he was not credible.

After the recapture of the Smolensk region in September 1943, Moscow reacted by sending its own investigative commission, the Burdenko commission , to propagate the German perpetrators.

Consequences for the members

After returning to their home countries

Helge Tramsen met a contact from the Danish resistance in Berlin, who gave him photos of the Möhne and Edertalsperre . From Denmark they were forwarded to London via Sweden. The Royal Air Force bombed the two dams two weeks later. The German occupation authorities asked Tramsen to give lectures on Katyn for a fee, but he refused. A little later, Tramsen took part in the attack by a resistance group on a German arsenal, but a Danish police officer brought him in. The Gestapo tortured him during interrogation, but left him alive on instructions from Berlin because he had belonged to the Katyn Commission. He remained in German custody until the end of the war. The skull of the Polish officer he had brought with him to Copenhagen ended up in the Forensic Institute's magazine. In 2005 he was rediscovered there and finally buried in Poland.

Arno Saxén declined the invitation from the German embassy in Helsinki to give lectures on Katyn. The same was true of François Naville in Geneva, whom the German embassy in Bern was harassing. However, both the Swiss government and the ICRC received his report.

Ferenc Orsós also declined the request from the German embassy in Budapest to comment on Katyn in the press. He was ready to give a lecture to forensic doctors. Two months later he was part of the medical commission which, again invited by the Germans, examined mass graves of NKVD victims in Vinnytsia , Ukraine . The Romanian Alexandru Birkle from the Katyn group was also present.

The newspaper “ České slovo ”, which appears in Prague under German control, gave František Hájek a detailed chance to speak with his Katyn report. In Bratislava the press quoted František Šubík with his allegations to the address of the Soviet secret police NKVD .

Herman Maximilien de Burlet accused the Soviet secret police of perpetration on Dutch radio. His Belgian colleague Reimond Speleers gave lectures on Katyn in six cities.

Vincenzo Palmieri made no public statement about Katyn, but he published the report of the medical commission in the magazine "La Vita Italiana".

In the post-war years

The members of the commission living in the Soviet sphere of influence were wanted by the Soviet secret police NKVD , campaigns against the organized communist parties from Western Europe:

  • Alexandru Birkle was wanted by the NKVD after the Red Army marched into Bucharest . He could hide with friends. In 1946 a military court sentenced him in absentia for collaboration with the Germans to 20 years in a labor camp. The Romanian communist authorities had his wife and daughter arrested for a month, but they did not provide any information about their hiding place. For ten gold coins, his relatives bought him a forged passport, which he used to travel to Austria via Hungary. From there he first moved to Peru . In 1952 he testified anonymously before the Madden Commission of the US Congress, which investigated the Katyn cause. A little later he was seriously injured in a traffic accident, the course of the accident remained unclear. His wife and daughter, who remained in Romania, were also sentenced in 1952 "for collaboration with the public enemy" to five years of forced labor each.
  • After the war, Herman Maxilien de Burlet first sought refuge in Switzerland and then moved to West Germany. A Dutch court sentenced him in absentia to four years in prison and ten years' loss of civil rights for collaborating with the German occupiers.
  • František Hájek was arrested by the NKVD in Prague in June 1945. After three weeks in detention, he signed a statement accusing the Germans of perpetration in Katyn. He was released and was able to take over the chair of forensic medicine in Prague. He published a 22-page report on the medical commission. In it he described that their members in Katyn had been put under pressure by the Germans to attest the Soviet perpetrators. As part of the Soviet campaign against the Madden Commission, the party organ " Pravda " printed a statement on March 12, 1952, in which Hájek described the 1944 report of the Soviet Burdenko Commission, which accused the Germans of perpetration, as correct. Before the Madden Commission, however, François Naville, Vincenzo Palmieri and Helge Tramsen confirmed that Hájek had not expressed any doubts about the Soviet perpetrators in discussions with them.
  • Marko Markov was arrested by the NKVD in Sofia at the end of 1944 . He was threatened with the death penalty for collaborating with the Germans. But after he had declared in writing that the Germans had forced him to sign the report of the medical commission in Katyn, the People's Court acquitted him in February 1945. A brochure entitled “ Shot in the Neck ” ( Изстрел в тила ) was published in Bulgarian and German under his name , which confirmed the version of the Burdenko Commission. Markov appeared in July 1946 as a witness to the Soviet system at the trial of the main war criminals before the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg .
  • Eduard Miloslavich was sentenced to death in absentia by a Yugoslav court in 1945. But he fled Croatia in time and returned to the USA. In 1952 he testified before the Madden Commission. During his questioning he caused a sensation when he demonstrated the execution technique of the NKVD to a member of the commission. A few months later, Miloslavich died of a heart attack at a medical congress in Madrid.
  • François Naville was attacked in Geneva by the communist faction on the city council, which occupied 36 of the 100 seats there. In a report that he read to the Geneva Grand Council, he rejected the allegation of collaboration with the Germans. The majority of the council supported him. He declined an invitation to testify before the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg as a witness of the German defense in the Katyn case. He told the German lawyer Otto Stahmer , who was defending Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , that he had nothing to add to the investigation report of April 1943. In 1952, at his hearing by the Madden Commission in Frankfurt , he confirmed that he had by no means been put under pressure by the Germans when he traveled to Katyn in 1943. The Swiss authorities had previously advised him not to make himself available to the Commission. Posthumously in 2007, Naville was awarded the Commander's Cross for Services to the Republic of Poland by the Polish President Lech Kaczyński .
  • Ferenc Orsós was able to flee Budapest in time for the Red Army to invade. He experienced the end of the war in Halle an der Saale. From there he made his way to West Germany. In 1952 he testified before the Madden Commission in Frankfurt.
  • Vincenzo Palmieri was heavily attacked by the Italian communists in the first post-war years for his trip to Katyn. The party organ L'Unità led a campaign against him. The communists in the city council demanded his expulsion from the university. But they did not find a majority in favor. When he received death threats too, he buried his photo documentation from Katyn in his garden. In 1962, as a candidate for the Democrazia Cristiana , he defeated the highly-favored socialist Achille Lauro in the mayoral elections in Naples, but had to resign after only ten months.
  • Arno Saxén fled Finland to Sweden in 1945, but returned to Helsinki after just six months. There he had to justify himself to a commission about his trip to Katyn. Representatives of the Soviet embassy urged him to withdraw his signature on the report of the medical commission, but Saxén did not give in to the pressure. The case against him has been dropped. Shortly before the already agreed questioning by the Madden Commission, he suffered a heart attack at a conference in Zurich in 1952 and died. Having previously been in excellent health, his death gave rise to speculation that it was not natural, but the authorities did not investigate.
  • Reimund Speleers was arrested by the Belgian authorities in 1945. Members of a communist group found his Katyn documentation in his home and immediately burned it. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison for collaborating with the Germans. He died in Aalst prison in 1951 .
  • In the summer of 1945, František Šubík and his family managed to escape from Bratislava via Austria to Bavaria. But the American occupation authorities handed him over to Czechoslovakia, where he was immediately taken into custody. He was accused not only of collaboration with the Germans, but also of removing Jewish doctors from the health system in Slovakia. But the medical college relieved him. He lost his professorship, was sentenced to two years in prison and then had to work as a country doctor. He was also no longer allowed to publish, his works were removed from the libraries. In 1952 he made a second escape attempt with his family, which this time succeeded. At the US embassy in Vienna, he wrote a report for the Madden Commission and then received a US visa.
  • In 1945, Helge Tramsen was accused of collaborating with the Germans on the part of the Danish communists. But members of the resistance group to which he had belonged exonerated him. In 1970 his daughter, who was in a relationship with a Polish musician, died in Warsaw . According to the authorities, she fell victim to smoke inhalation. But Tramsen suspected an act of revenge by the Polish secret police SB or the KGB , because he had refused to withdraw his signature from the report of the medical commission.

Research and documentation

Of the members of the medical commission, only the Finn Saxén and the Dane Tramsen left autobiographical reports about the trip to Katyn; excerpts of both of them were only published posthumously. In 2007 the University of Geneva organized a scientific conference on the Medical Commission. Lectures were dedicated to Birkle, Hájek, Naville, Palmieri and Tramsen.

The Danish documentary filmmaker Anna Elisabeth Jessen made a film (2006) dedicated to Tramsen for the broadcaster Arte . Polish documentary filmmaker Grażyna Czermińska interviewed historians as well as relatives and acquaintances Birkles, Markows, Navilles, Palmieris and Šubíks for her film “Dedicating a Life to Truth” (2014).

literature

  • Katyn et la Suisse. Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. Delphine Debons, Antoine Fleury, Jean-François Pitteloud. Geneva 2009, ISBN 978-2-8257-0959-7 .
  • Josef Mackiewicz : Katyn - Unatoned Crime. Munich 1949, pp. 89-97.
  • Krystyna Piórkowska: English-speaking Witnesses to Katyn / Angielskojęzyczni świadkowie Katynia. Warszawa 2012, ISBN 978-3-86854-286-8 , pp. 27-34.
  • Claudia Weber : War of the perpetrators. The Katyn mass shootings. Hamburg 2015, ISBN 978-3-86854-286-8 , pp. 209-217.
  • Zbrodnia katyńska w świetle dokumentów. Z przedmową Władysława Andersa. London 1948, pp. 183-197.

Web links

Commons : Katyn Commission  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ John P. Fox, The Katyn case and the Nazi propaganda, in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 3 (1982), p. 486 ( PDF ).
  2. ^ Henri de Montfort: Le Massacre de Katyn. Crime russian ou crime allemand? Paris 1966, pp. 62-64.
  3. ^ Antonio Piga Rivero / Teresa Alfonso Galán: La masacre de Katyn y la ética pericial , in: Actualidades del derecho sanitario , No. 170, April 2010, pp. 247-248.
  4. ↑ The Katyn Forest Massacre. US Government Printing Office. Washington 1952, vol. V, pp. 1414, 1416.
  5. ↑ Despatches Concerning Statements on the Katyn Massacre, with Enclosures (Images 17-20)
  6. ↑ John P. Fox, The Katyn Case and the Nazi Propaganda, in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 3 (1982), p. 487 ( PDF ).
  7. ↑ Florian Stanescu, Le médecin légiste Alexandre Bircle: devoir, sacrifices et souffrances sur la vérité sur Katyn, in: Katyn et la Suisse. Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, p. 172.
  8. ^ Professors University of Groningen
  9. ↑ Mecislav Borák, Zlocin v Katyni a jeho ceské a slovenské souvislosti, in: Evropa mezi Nemeckem a Ruskem. Sborník prací k sedmdesátinám Jaroslava Valenty. Ed. M. Šesták and E. Vorácek. Prague 2000, p. 509.
  10. ↑ Janusz Zawodny: Katyn. Paris 1989, p. 63.
  11. ↑ Krystyna Piórkowska: English-speaking Witnesses to Katyn / Angielskojęzyczni świadkowie Katynia. Warsaw 2012, pp. 32–33.
  12. ^ Vincent Monnet: François Naville, un savant face à l'histoire , at Université de Genève
  13. ↑ Claudia Weber : War of the perpetrators. The Katyn mass shootings. Hamburg 2015, p. 212.
  14. ↑ Luigia Melillo: La figura di Vincenzo Palmieri (1899-1994), in: Katyn. Una verità storica negata. La perizia di VM Palmieri. Ed. Luigia Melillo. Naples 2009, p. 20.
  15. ↑ Zdzisław Mackiewicz, Prof. Arno Saxén w sprawie polskiej, in: Polonia-Finlandia , 3.2008, p. 3.
  16. ↑ Joris Dedeurwaerder: Professor Speleers. A biography. Antwerp / Gent 2002, p. 756.
  17. ^ Report - Information on the Katyn Forest Incident US National Archives NARA.
  18. ^ Andrej Žarnov Encyclopedia PWN
  19. ↑ Nils Rosdahl, Helge Tramsen (1910-1979), in: Katyn et la Suisse, Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, p. 182.
  20. ↑ Józef Mackiewicz , Katyń - zbrodnie bez sądu i kary, in: Zeszyty Katyńskie , 7 (1997), p. 97.
  21. ^ Henri de Montfort: Massacre de Katyn: Crime Russe Ou Crime Allemand? Paris 1959, p. 64.
  22. ↑ Le décès du docteur Paul, in: France-Soir , January 28, 1960, p. 6.
  23. ^ Document of April 22, 1943 under Promenade dans la forêt de Compiègne. Page 17: une personnalité de Vieux-Moulin: le docteur Paul
  24. ↑ The Katyn Forest Massacre . US Government Printing Office. Washington 1952, vol. V, 1422.
  25. ^ Paul Stauffer: Switzerland and Katyn, in: Poland - Jews - Swiss. Ed. Paul Stauffer. Zurich 2004, p. 196.
  26. ↑ Rudolf-Christoph Frhr. von Gersdorff: Soldier in decline . Frankfurt / M. 1977, p. 142.
  27. ↑ Zbrodnia katyńska w świetle dokumentów. Z przedmową Władysława Andersa . London 1948, p. 205.
  28. ↑ Rudolf-Christoph Frhr. von Gersdorff: Soldier in decline . Frankfurt / M. 1977, p. 142.
  29. ↑ Zbrodnia katyńska w świetle dokumentów. London 1948, p. 205.
  30. ↑ The Katyn Forest Massacre. US Government Printing Office. Washington 1952, vol. V, pp. 1488-1489.
  31. ↑ Poland demands retaliation for Katyn, in: Deutsche Ukraine-Zeitung , May 7, 1943, p. 1.
  32. ↑ Nils Rosdahl, Helge Tramsen (1910-1979), in: Katyn et la Suisse, Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, p. 182.
  33. ↑ Andrzej Przewoźnik / Jolanta Adamska: Katyń. Zbrodnia prawda pamięć. Warsaw 2010, p. 422.
  34. ↑ Official material on the Katyn mass murder. Berlin 1943, pp. 114-117.
  35. ↑ John P. Fox, The Katyn Case and the Nazi Propaganda, in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 3 (1982), p. 487 ( PDF ).
  36. ↑ Claudia Weber: War of the perpetrators. The Katyn mass shootings. Hamburg 2015, p. 216.
  37. ↑ Mediziner-Protocol on the Jewish-Bolshevik mass murder, in: Völkischer Beobachter , May 4, 1943, p. 3.
  38. ^ The diaries of Joseph Goebbels. Ed. E. Fröhlich. T. II, Vol. 8. Munich 1993, p. 201.
  39. ↑ Official material on the Katyn mass murder. Compiled, processed and published by the German Information Center on behalf of the Foreign Office on the basis of documentary evidence. Berlin 1943 pp. 114–117.
  40. ^ George Sandford: Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940. Truth, justice and memory. London / New York 2005. p. 174.
  41. ↑ Natalia S. Lebiediewa, Komisja Specjalna i jej przewodniczący Burdenko, in: Zeszyty Katyńskie , 23 (2008), p. 58.
  42. ↑ Nils Rosdahl, Helge Tramsen (1910-1979), in: Katyn et la Suisse, Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, p. 183.
  43. ↑ Louis Fitz Gibbon : Unpitied and Unknown. London 1975, pp. 267-268.
  44. ↑ Nils Rosdahl, Helge Tramsen (1910-1979), in: Katyn et la Suisse, Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, pp. 184-185.
  45. ↑ Czaszka z Katynia , polskieradio.pl, March 3, 2010.
  46. ↑ Zdzisław Mackiewicz, Prof. Arno Saxén w sprawie polskiej, in: Polonia-Finlandia , 3.2008, p. 7.
  47. ↑ 60 years ago Kazimierz Karbowski, A Swiss forensic doctor in Katyn, in: Schweizer Ärztezeitung , 47.2003 pp. 2510-2513.
  48. ^ John P. Fox, The Katyn Case and the Nazi Propaganda, in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 3 (1982), pp. 487-488 ( PDF ).
  49. ↑ Vinnytsia, 1943 ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Memorial Kiev.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / memorial.kiev.ua
  50. ↑ Mecislav Borák: Zločin v Katyni a jeho ceské a slovenské souvislosti. In: Evropa mezi Nemeckem a Ruskem. Sborník prací k sedmdesátinám Jaroslava Valenty. Ed. M. Šesták and E. Vorácek. Prague 2000, pp. 509-514.
  51. ^ De massamoord bij Katyn , audio document from May 28, 1943 in the radio archive.
  52. ↑ Joris Dedeurwaerder: Professor Speleers. A biography. Antwerp / Gent 2002, p. 761.
  53. ↑ Vincenzo Maria Palmieri: Risultati dell'inchiesta nella foresta di Katyn. In: La Vita Italiana , No. 364, Luglio 1943, XXI (reprinted in: Katyn. Una verià storica negata. La perizia di VM Palmieri. Ed. Luigia Melillo. Naples 2009, pp. 33–41.)
  54. ↑ Florian Stanescu, Le médecin légiste Alexandre Bircle: devoir, sacrifices et souffrances sur la vérité sur Katyn, in: Katyn et la Suisse. Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Genève 2009, pp. 172-176.
  55. ↑ Despatch - Dr. Hermann de BURLET, 05/07/1952
  56. ↑ Petr Svobodný, František Hájek: A Czech professor of forensic medicine in Katyn, in: Katyn et la Suisse, Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, pp. 161-164.
  57. ↑ Zajavlenii čechoslovackogo professora sudebnoj mediciny F. Gaeka po povodu tak nazywaemogo "katnyskogo dela", in: Pravda , March 12, 1952, p. 3.
  58. ↑ The Katyn Forest Massacre. US Government Printing Office. Washington 1952, vol. V, pp. 1020, 1412, 1482.
  59. ↑ Natalia S. Lebiediewa, Komisja Specjalna i jej przewodniczący Burdenko, in: Zeszyty Katyńskie , 23 (2008), p. 91.
  60. ↑ Ani Zlateva, Zagol't Katin i bălgarskata sleda v nego, in: Istoričesko bădešče, 1-2 / 2004, p. 218.
  61. ^ The Nuremberg Trial , July 1, 1946, afternoon session.
  62. ↑ Tko per tko u NDH: Hrvatska 1941-1945. Zagreb 1997, pp. 275-276.
  63. ↑ Krystyna Piórkowska: English-speaking Witnesses to Katyn / Angielskojęzyczni świadkowie Katynia. Warsaw 2012, p. 111.
  64. ↑ Tko per tko u NDH: Hrvatska 1941-1945. Zagreb 1997, p. 276.
  65. ↑ Michel Caillat, "L'affaire Naville": enjeux politiques genevois, in: Katyn et la Suisse, Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, pp. 77-92.
  66. ^ Paul Stauffer: Switzerland and Katyn, in: Poland - Jews - Swiss. Ed. Paul Stauffer. Zurich 2004, pp. 197–198.
  67. ↑ Kazimierz Karbowski, Professor François Naville (1883-1968), in: Katyn et la Suisse, Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, pp. 52-53.
  68. ^ François Naville Association Polonaise de Genève
  69. ↑ The Katyn Forest Massacre. US Government Printing Office. Washington 1952, vol. V, pp. 1597-1602.
  70. ^ Antonio Di Fiori, Vincenzo Mario Palmieri et les polémiques à Naples autour des expertises médico-légales de Katyn, in: Katyn et la Suisse, Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, pp. 127–154.
  71. ↑ Luigia Melillo: La figura di Vincenzo Palmieri (1899-1994), in: Katyn. Una verità storica negata. La perizia di VM Palmieri. Ed. Luigia Melillo. Naples 2009, pp. 55-57.
  72. ↑ Zdzisław Mackiewicz, Prof. Arno Saxén w sprawie polskiej, in: Polonia-Finlandia , 3.2008, pp. 5-8.
  73. ↑ Joris Dedeurwaerder: Professor Speleers. A biography. Antwerp / Gent 2002, p. 792.
  74. ↑ Mecislav Borák, Zlocin v Katyni a jeho ceské a slovenské souvislosti, in: Evropa mezi Nemeckem a Ruskem. Sborník prací k sedmdesátinám Jaroslava Valenty. Ed. M. Šesták and E. Vorácek. Prague 2000, pp. 513-515.
  75. ↑ Nils Rosdahl, Helge Tramsen (1910-1979), in: Katyn et la Suisse, Experts et expertises médicales dans les crises humanitaires. Ed. D. Debons et al. Geneva 2009, p. 183.
  76. ↑ Zdzisław Mackiewicz, Prof. Arno Saxén w sprawie polskiej, in: Polonia-Finlandia , 3.2008, pp. 5-8.
  77. ↑ Anna Elisabeth Jessen: Kraniet fra Katyn. Beretning om massakren i 1940. Copenhagen: Høst & Søn, 2008. ISBN 978-87-638-0703-6 .
  78. ↑ Katyn et la Suisse Colloque International, Université de Genève, 18.-21. April 2007.
  79. ↑ Kraniet fra Katyn in the Internet Movie Database (English) 2006, 58 min; Film on Youtube
  80. ↑ Poświęcając życie prawdzie , filmpolski.pl ( Lodz Film School )