Henning von Tresckow

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Major General Henning von Tresckow (1944)

Henning Hermann Robert Karl von Tresckow (born January 10, 1901 in Magdeburg , German Reich ; † July 21, 1944 near Ostrów Mazowiecka , Bialystok district , Poland ) was a German officer , most recently major general of the Wehrmacht . He was one of the most determined members and, alongside Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, the central figure in the military resistance against National Socialism .

Life

Origin and youth

Von Tresckow came from a strictly Protestant (his Christian socialization would later also play a role in his conscientious decision regarding the resistance) and dutifully shaped old Prussian- Brandenburg aristocratic family who could look back on a long line of officers in various armies. His father, Colonel Hermann (1849–1933), brigade commander in Magdeburg, was a lieutenant at the imperial coronation in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles (1871). He had finally made it to the position of general of the cavalry in the Prussian army . He was retired from the army in 1908 and ostensibly managed the Wartenberg estate in Neumark, bequeathed to him in 1900, until the end of his life . His mother Marie-Agnes (1869–1926) was the daughter of Count Robert von Zedlitz-Trützschler (1837–1914), former Prussian minister of culture under Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi and later chief president of Posen, Hessen-Nassau and Silesia.

Henning von Tresckow grew up in this militarist environment with two sisters and two brothers. His father's Wartenberg estate, which he took over in 1924, was an important source of support for him until the Second World War . First he attended elementary school in Stettin and then was taught by a private teacher in Wartenberg with his brother Gerd , from 1913 in the Realgymnasium of the alumni of the Protestant monastery Loccum , which was housed in Goslar from 1890 to 1923 . After graduating from high school , he joined the German Army .

First World War

In June 1917, at the age of sixteen, Tresckow volunteered for the traditional Potsdamer 1st Guard Regiment on foot . After training as a flag boy near Reims and Döberitz , he was transferred to the Western Front in spring 1918 and was a platoon leader of a machine gun company operating "on the Maas, Oise and Aisne , near Ziers and Attingny, in the Argonne and on the Champagne Front" was used.

As one of the youngest lieutenants (June 5, 1918) of the troops, he received the Iron Cross 2nd class in July . After the armistice , he returned with the regiment to the Potsdam garrison, where it was disbanded on December 11, 1918.

Weimar Republic

Post-war years

Tresckow initially remained an officer and was accepted into the Reichswehr in 1919 . In January 1919, as a member of the “Potsdam” regiment under Major von Stephani, he was involved in the suppression of the Spartacus uprising . A text from his estate suggests the influences of Oswald Spengler and Werner Sombart . In 1920 he said goodbye to the military for the time being.

But now began a remarkable episode in his life that would later set him apart from most officers on the General Staff : In the winter semester of 1920/21 he began studying law at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin . There he also attended lectures on modern state theory as well as money and stock exchange; a year later he continued his studies in Kiel . However, it remained without a degree, since he joined the Potsdam bank Wilhelm Kann in January 1923 and worked as a banker on the stock exchange. Hans Mommsen later attested him a “remarkable cosmopolitanism”.

From July to December 1924 Tresckow went on a world tour with Lieutenant Kurt Hesse , which took him via Amsterdam, London, Paris and Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile. However, he had to end the trip prematurely in order to save the family estate with his fortune. He became the manager of a small factory.

Re-entry into the Reichswehr

Promotions

On February 1, 1926, he rejoined the Reichswehr with the intercession of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg , Field Marshal General of the First World War . He became platoon leader in the 1st Company of the 9th (Prussian) Infantry Regiment , which was also stationed in Potsdam and carried on the tradition of the 1st Guard Regiment on foot. On February 1, 1928, he was promoted to first lieutenant and took over the position of adjutant of the 1st battalion. At the end of the 1920s, hoping for renewal, he appeared in officers' messes in Potsdam to advertise the National Socialist movement. In 1933 the officer and his regiment, deployed in a parade, took part in the “ Day of Potsdam ”. Many later resistance fighters served in this regiment, at the time of Tresckows including Hasso von Boehmer , Alexis von Roenne and Hans-Alexander von Voss .

Von Tresckow was, like other later conspirators before 1933, a supporter of the "national [n] movement", which is not to be understood ideologically. Rather, he advocated a parliamentary monarchy based on the British model. Tresckow saw the Treaty of Versailles as a disgrace and therefore initially viewed the rise of the National Socialists in the Weimar Republic with goodwill. In particular, the Great Depression (1929) was for him a kind of “receipt” for too “short-sighted politics”. According to his own statements, he voted for Hitler in the Reichstag election in November 1932 . Ultimately, he welcomed the “ seizure of power ”.

Alienation from National Socialism

On May 1, 1934 Tresckow was promoted to captain . The first concerns about National Socialism arose in the aftermath of the Röhm murders (June / July 1934), which he condemned as a breach of any legal principle. From July 1934 to September 1936 Tresckow graduated from the War Academy in Berlin-Moabit and was by far the best of his class. For the 125th anniversary of the War Academy (1935), Tresckow acted as the "escort officer" of the future resistance fighter Ludwig Beck , head of the troop office, whom he "admired". In the same year he passed an interpreting exam for English.

In 1934 he was sworn in on the Führer despite domestic political concerns about church politics . On September 28, 1936 - after a trip to England - he took up his new position in the 1st Department of the General Staff (Operations Department) in the Ministry of Defense . His direct superior at the time was Major i. G. Adolf Heusinger . Later, in June 1943, Tresckow was to initiate Heusinger into the conspiracy, which did not result in any official consequences. The instruction of June 24, 1937 stopped Tresckow to process the deployment 23 (Green) against Czechoslovakia . An assumed two-front war with France and Czechoslovakia served as the basis . In this position he recognized Germany's military forces in the east and west as inadequate, which, in his view, obliged the empire to pursue a policy of peace. A supplementary directive of December 21, 1937 required him to revise the plan more aggressively. For the first time he got to at least partially insight into Hitler's foreign policy goals and recognized it as an extremely dangerous for the kingdom gamble because obvious counter-moves of the powerful neighboring countries were simply ignored in the planning. At the latest during the Sudeten crisis (1938) he wanted the Wehrmacht to position itself against the Nazi instruments of power, the SS and Gestapo .

The next occasion that further removed him internally from the Nazi regime was the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis in February 1938. As a result, he had first contact with opposition military and civilian circles in the vicinity of the later Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben . Together with Wolf von Baudissin , turning away from the army, he sought a conversation with Witzleben, commander in military district III. This convinced von Tresckow to stay in the army. Klaus-Jürgen Müller later identified the crisis as a decisive turning point towards the opposition; according to Helmut Krausnick , this interpretation falls short.

After the November pogroms in 1938 , he sided with the "determined opponents of the regime". In 1938/39 Tresckow was opposed to war for reasons of power politics. In the real experience of the Third Reich , like other conspirators, he resigned from positions previously shared with the National Socialists for various reasons.

Second World War

Western campaign

In January 1939 Tresckow was transferred to Elbing to the 21st Infantry Division ( Chief of the 10th Company, 3rd Battalion, Infantry Regiment 45). On March 1, he was promoted to major . In mid-August 1939 von Tresckow Ia was in the 228th Infantry Division . With this he took part in the attack on Poland and received for the successful operation of the division, first the clasp for the Iron Cross, 2nd class and, at the beginning of October, 1st class. At that time, the officer Tresckow was in "contradiction" between the military successes in Poland and his criticism of the regime. He later announced his rejection of Nazi crimes in Poland.

On October 23, 1939 Tresckow was transferred to the command department of Army Group A ( Gerd von Rundstedt ) at the instigation of Lieutenant General Erich von Manstein , who still knew him from the operations department of the Army General Staff . There the major i. G. initially appointed assistant to the 1st General Staff Officer (Ia / op), and from March 1, 1940, now Lieutenant Colonel i. G., First General Staff Officer (Ia). Here he was given direct insight into the clashes between the army command and Hitler over the latter-ordered campaign in the west in autumn / winter 1939. During this time, the military opposition also began to be interested in him; He had first contacts with Hans Oster . In 1942 he succeeded in hiring first lieutenant d. R. Alexander Stahlberg to install at von Manstein in order to win him over to the resistance. While he was still impressed by the success of the French campaign, his mood changed noticeably when he was transferred to the Eastern Front in June 1941. Tresckow, who denied Hitler any ability to become a general, spoke of "military madness" and a " Amateur strategy ".

Army Group Center

On December 10, 1940 he became First General Staff Officer (Ia) of Army Group B , which was renamed Army Group Center in April 1941 ; Tresckow stayed in this position - Chief of the General Staff was Major General Hans von Greiffenberg - for 30 months. Tresckow was initially indifferent about the military feasibility of the plans, but initial concerns were expressed about a possible underestimation of the Red Army. Relatively late, he admitted that Belarus was less about “Hitler's general greed for conquest” and more about economic interests. As the commanding officer of the Army Group, on June 20, 1941, he ordered the Reichsführer SS command staff to be subordinated to XXXXII. Army corps; however, on June 27th the units were withdrawn. In addition, there were “logistical agreements and tactical cooperation” with the SD and SS, although they were independent in their execution. He protested against the selective intervention of the SS leadership in the organization of his unit. He was also reluctant to have the armed forces involved in crimes. At Tresckow, the war of extermination and excessive strategic warfare were particularly rejected . Nevertheless, the Army Group allowed Jews, women, children and old people alike to be affected by the partisan fight. Von Tresckow was aware of this, even though, according to witness statements, he did not expressly consent to it or take part in it. He couldn't have ended her in his position anyway. In autumn 1941 he and the field intelligence officer von Gersdorff received from Fedor von Bock the approval to set up an army of 200,000 Russian liberation fighters (later the " Vlasov Army "). On June 7, 1942 von Tresckow traveled to the OKH Mauerwald , where he discussed the personal details with von Roenne a day later. Von Tresckow recognized how by recruiting Russian volunteers the "devastating Ostpolitik Hitler [...] could be undermined". This is one of the reasons why he hated the regime's “extensive murder” after the attack on the Soviet Union began.

Von Tresckow tried repeatedly in vain to persuade his uncle, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army Group, Field Marshal Fedor von Bock , to withdraw the martial law decree, which was contrary to international law . The “ Commissar Order ”, which was signed by Colonel General Alfred Jodl , Chief of the Wehrmacht Command Staff at the Wehrmacht High Command , was initially accepted and later also criticized. Von Bock let it be known in confidence that he and General Hans von Salmuth were looking for ways and means of convincing their division commanders to ignore this order. Attempts were made in the Army Group to weaken such orders or to change other Army groups, although the success of these efforts is still controversial today. The orders accepted by the Army High Command also "reinforced" his rejection of Hitler's policy. Knowledge of certain crimes - the Borisov massacre (October 20/21, 1941) occurred in the immediate vicinity - has also "strengthened" his opposition since the summer. Later (November 1942) von Tresckow called the SS's actions in a documented letter, dismayed as a “planned extermination of people”. After von Bock's and later General Field Marshal Günther von Kluge's attempts to change Hitler's mind, von Tresckow specifically installed confidants such as Rudolf-Christoph von Gersdorff , Carl-Hans Graf von Hardenberg , Berndt von Kleist , Friedhelm Graf von Matuschka , Fabian von Schlabrendorff and Georg Schulze-Büttger in the Army Group. The conspirators were to later include general staff officers , a number of reserve officers , but above all officers from the 9th Infantry Regiment. Arthur Nebe , on the other hand, is problematic . On the one hand, he was in contact with the military resistance, but on the other hand, as commander of SS Einsatzgruppe B, he became an exposed representative of Nazi extermination policy.

Conspiracy and attempted attacks

Since autumn 1941 von Tresckow advanced to become one of the key players in the military resistance. He, who had previously only had loose contacts with Ludwig Beck and Hans Oster , sent his cousin, the Ordonnanzoffizier Oberleutnant d. R. von Schlabrendorff, to Berlin to make real contacts with the civil resistance (to which Carl Friedrich Goerdeler belonged as a central figure). By early 1942 at the latest, von Tresckow actively dealt with the assassination option due to the setbacks in the Battle of Moscow (1941). On April 1, 1942, Tresckow, awarded the German Cross in Gold on January 2, 1943 , was appointed Colonel in the General Staff. On January 25, 1943, he met with Goerdeler and Olbricht in Berlin to coordinate the coup. He also wanted von Kluge - with the support of the former Mayor of Leipzig Goerdeler - to persuade the field marshals to harass Hitler. Von Tresckow became the most important figure behind various assassination plans on Hitler . In his position, he initially designed variants with the pistol - as an assassin or execution peletons - and with explosives, completely independently of Stauffenberg. "We mustn't torch or stumble," he justified the project. Liberating “Germany and the world from the greatest criminal in world history” “is worth the death of a few innocent people”. And he feared far more than ignorance the shame of not having acted at all.

In the summer of 1942, he commissioned von Gersdorff to obtain suitable explosives for an assassination attempt on Hitler. After testing the suitability on the Dnieper , he decided on a British mine, a "clam", about the size of a book and easy to hide. Together with von Schlabrendorff, Tresckow smuggled a box disguised as two bottles of Cointreau on March 13, 1943 , filled with explosives with a chemical time fuse, into Hitler's aircraft Focke-Wulf Fw 200 "Condor" - Lieutenant Colonel Heinz Brandt , a companion of Hitler, had unsuspectingly consented, to transport the liqueur with a sharp acid igniter for Colonel Hellmuth Stieff (whom von Tresckow had approached in February 1943 regarding his resistance). But the initiated co-conspirators in Berlin waited in vain for the report of the crash of the plane on the way to Rastenburg . The package with the explosives was transported in the hold of the aircraft, where it most likely iced up and the ignition mechanism failed. A few days later a second opportunity arose. After a long conversation, Tresckow had succeeded in convincing von Gersdorff to commit a suicide bombing. Gersdorff agreed to blow himself up with Hitler at the opening of an exhibition of Russian captured weapons on March 21, 1943 in the Berlin armory. The attempt failed.

Transferred to the Führerreserve in Berlin from July 25 to October 9, 1943 , he asked Margarethe von Oven to be his secretary. Von Tresckow manipulated the orders of " Operation Valkyrie " through the contact between Olbricht and Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg , whom he already knew and with whom he shared the rejection of the mass murder of the Russians and Jews, so that the "replacement army" in the Sense the conspirator acted. The coup was supposed to be officially ordered through official channels. The chances of a successful takeover of state power had now increased significantly. However, there was still no determined assassin to carry it out. Tresckow himself had no post that would have given him unhindered access to Hitler. In September 1943 he procured British plastic explosives from Army Group Center , which he took to Berlin. First, in October 1943, he was commander of the 442 Grenadier Regiment of the 168th Infantry Division ( 8th Army , Army Group South ) deployed on the southern section of the Eastern Front . On November 20, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the 2nd Army (Army Group Center) under Colonel General Walter Weiß . In this position he was rather isolated from the events in Berlin, as the army was in difficult defensive battles with insufficient strength, and Stauffenberg became the new center of the conspirators .

On June 1, 1944, von Tresckow was appointed major general at the age of 43. At the beginning of 1944 he was able to recruit Rittmeister Eberhard von Breitenbuch as a Hitler assassin; execution failed. Besides Stauffenberg, von Tresckow was the driving force behind the overturn plan of July 20, 1944 . Out of an unconditional will he further developed a plan that was to be implemented with General Friedrich Olbricht , head of the General Army Office . The Valkyrie company initially planned to establish a military dictatorship , whereby the medium-term political views of the opposition participants diverged; Von Tresckow, for example, rejected an authoritarian state like the one Goerdeler wanted. He has also been described as an Anglophile. The resistance was nationally conservative and in part (among others von Stauffenberg and von Tresckow) were morally indignant about the crimes committed; for the military, the reputation of the army and averting defeat were the focus. The war in the east is wrong if it is directed against the Russian people; all he had to do was fight the Soviet system in an anti-Bolshevik manner. Von Tresckow was in close contact with the circles around Ludwig Beck , Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, Helmuth James Graf von Moltke and Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg , whereby the resistance always had a political component. It is also thanks to him that the opposition contacts were able to expand to Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel (Paris) and Alexander von Falkenhausen (Brussels). Further contacts existed, for example, with Friedrich von Rabenau , who did not take part in the assassination, but acted as an intermediary. With his plans for a coup, von Tresckow contributed significantly to the leadership role of the military resistance within the opposition. However, shortly before the attack was carried out, he was assigned to the eastern front and so could not actively participate in the coup.

At the end of June 1944, Tresckow signed an order calling for "boys and girls aged between 10 and 13 who had been taken from the gangs to be deported to the Reich". The order was given as part of the " hay action ", during which tens of thousands of Belarusian children were deported to Germany for forced labor in the area of ​​Army Group Center. This abduction of the civilian population was classified as a crime against humanity in the Nuremberg trials under Article 6 of the Trial Statute. Winfried Heinemann (1998/2000) stated that von Tresckow - who had only limited "room for maneuver" - now "had" to deal with children due to the changed kidnapping policy of the National Socialists. In addition to a "political insight", it was probably the "knowledge of his own guilt that urged him to act" against Hitler.

Recent research debates

Christian Gerlach , who had already written a critical article on the resistance on the occasion of the Wehrmacht exhibition of the Hamburg Institute for Social Research in 1995 , advocated the thesis in 1999 that “even oppositionists up to v. Tresckow and v. Gersdorff apparently actively participated in the German extermination policy on his own initiative. Gerlach argued that Tresckow was involved in planning retaliatory measures against partisans for an attack on the Slavnoe train station in August 1942. In 2000, Gerlach met his critics from politics ( Klaus von Dohnanyi , son of the resistance fighter Hans von Dohnanyi ) and journalism ( Günther Gillessen ) with a chronological preparation of the "criminal orders". Hans Mommsen therefore felt it was necessary to examine the extent to which the July 20th conspirators had been “directly” involved in crimes on the Eastern Front. As for von Tresckow, he said, perhaps from 1941 onwards, due to the military situation, he was increasingly disillusioned and “not sufficiently clear” what he was actually responsible for under the pretext of “fighting partisans”. Klaus Jochen Arnold, on the other hand, considers Gerlach's analysis to be “simplifying”. It is based "essentially on the fact that the process nature of the developments is overlooked and the complex background is not taken into account". Winfried Heinemann (2004) assessed the chapter “Gang Fight” in the complete work Das Deutsche Reich und die Second World War in such a way that Tresckow did not draw the “individualistic-moral consequences”, for example allowed himself to be transferred from the Eastern front, but acted “ethically and politically”: "It was more important than to remain free of guilt yourself to overthrow the system". Gerlach's "mere listing of 'occupation crimes' without a concrete analysis of the respective connections between military necessities, the political horizon of values ​​and the compulsion to conspiratorial action does not do justice to the complex situation in which General Staff officers found themselves who were planning the coup in the middle of the war." Hermann Wentker remarked at an academic conference in 2007: "Whether [Tresckow in the above context] actively participated in the planning of reprisal measures against partisans or only passed on an order from Hitler is not clear [...] from Gerlach's statements". Wentker summed up: "The conspirators of Army Group Center rejected [...] the indiscriminate shooting of the Jews and an overly rigorous approach against the civilian population." At the same time, they were "unable to evade the increasing brutalization of warfare in the East." The fight against partisans should be mentioned here in particular.

From 2004 to 2006 a " histographic dispute about the reassessment of the resistance in the Army Group Center" was fought out in the quarterly journal for contemporary history : Johannes Hürter joined Gerlach's research and showed based on new documents from the central archive of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi documents - including a signed document from Einsatzgruppe B (1941) - that the military resistance around Tresckow "was informed very early and to an unknown extent about the mass murders of the SS and police in their area of ​​command". In Gerhard Ringshausen's reply it was said: “The assumption that Tresckow and Gersdorff have 'read' the texts alongside their superiors' after all, says nothing about their perception, let alone about their approval.” Hermann Graml attested Hürter a “ historical-political intention ”. His “false conclusions” could only be explained “only by excluding the overall personality of Tresckow and other officers, ie solely by a dangerous punctual judgment”. Hürter countered this in his reply, written together with Felix Römer , that “Graml ignores the development processes that only gradually created the willingness for a coup d'état”. In the “Hürter-Graml controversy” - as was the case with Ulrike Jureit at the “XXI. Königswinterer Tagung ”of the research community July 20, 1944 from 2008 - on the one hand represented that the failed Blitzkrieg in autumn 1941 was decisive for the resistance (Hürter), and on the other hand held on to the turning point of the massacre of Borissow (Graml). In addition, the motives of the officers around Tresckow for resistance and the “source value of autobiographical memories” were discussed. Due to discrepancies in a final consideration, Peter Hoffmann demanded that "science has to redeem a legacy and more carefully evaluate the extensively preserved sources in the German and Russian archives", "not only with the aim of finding suitable evidence for a preconceived thesis" .

In 2007, Peter Hoffmann presented documents from the archives of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB), which show how far the military conspirators, especially Tresckow, had advanced with their coup plans in 1943 and that their support within the Wehrmacht - if you can Except for top staff - larger than previously known. Peter Broucek interpreted the find as possibly revolutionary in relation to the "'European' connections of the conspirators and probably also to Austria, which then disappeared from the map from the point of view of the conspirators".

July 20, 1944

Von Tresckow and other opponents of the Nazi regime often met conspiratorially, for example at Schloss Neuhardenberg owned by Carl-Hans Graf von Hardenberg. They hoped that by assassinating Hitler they would be able to found a different, more civilized Germany.

“The assassination must take place, coûte que coûte. Should it not succeed, action must nevertheless be taken in Berlin. For it no longer depends on the practical purpose, but on the fact that the German resistance movement dared to make the decisive throw before the world and before history at the stake of life. Everything else is irrelevant. "

- Henning von Tresckow : Letters to Stauffenberg, July 1944

In May 1944, before his transfer, he brought the variant of the Führer Headquarters implemented by Stauffenberg into play. If the assassination attempt was successful, he was supposed to become “Chief of the German Police”. In June and July 1944, however, Tresckow had his hands full at his post on the Eastern Front (→ Operation Bagration ). The 2nd Army , of which Tresckow was Chief of Staff, was the only unit of Army Group Center to survive the beginning of the Soviet summer offensive intact and now had to bear the brunt of Field Marshal Walter Model's attempts to re-establish a coherent German defensive front. The extremely critical situation in which the entire German Eastern Front found itself from June 22, 1944 onwards was probably one of the main reasons for Tresckow's determination as described by Schlabrendorff. As Chief of Staff of the 2nd Army, like Stauffenberg, he had a sufficiently deep insight into the overall military situation to know that it would not be long before the final defeat of the Third Reich. From his position he was only able to cover the removal of a cavalry battalion by the brothers Philipp and Georg Freiherr von Boeselager , which was intended to secure the coup in Berlin.

Tresckow only found out on the afternoon of July 20, 1944 that von Stauffenberg had carried out the assassination attempt and that it had apparently failed. However, he only gained certainty about the unsuccessful outcome of the coup attempt around midnight when he was informed of Hitler's speech on the radio. According to Tresckow, the conspirators had put on a blood-soaked " Nessos shirt ". They decided "for a life in truth and at the same time for an existence on the verge of death" ( Peter Steinbach ).

death

Memorial stone, Bornstedter Friedhof

In order not to have to divulge the names of other parties involved in the expected torture-related investigation - he did not want to go over to the Russians - Tresckow decided to commit suicide . On the morning of July 21, he drove to the front near Ostrów Mazowiecki (Bialystok district) and committed suicide with a rifle grenade in a forest area, thus simulating a partisan attack. On July 24th, the Wehrmacht report reported that the major general had "found the hero's death in the front line". His body was transferred to Gut Wartenberg , where he was buried - without military honors - on July 27th.

The involvement of Tresckow was partially uncovered by the first rumors of a suicide and investigations by the army judge Wilken von Ramdohr as well as the Gestapo and interrogations of other conspirators of July 20, 1944, such as Erich Fellgiebel . On August 4, 1944, he was expelled from the Wehrmacht by the " Ehrenhof " of the German Army.

Detective Inspector Habeker ( RSHA ) described him to his wife - who secretly wrote the plans for Inner Unrest together with the secretary Margarethe von Oven - as the " spiritus rector " of the conspirators. In August 1944, the Gestapo had the coffin with the body exhumed and burned in the crematorium of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Oranienburg near Berlin in front of the eyes of von Schlabrendorff, who had previously been severely abused and who gave a partial testimony.

Tresckow writes in anticipation of his imminent death and looking back at the plans to assassinate Hitler: “Now the whole world will attack us and insult us. But I am still absolutely convinced that we did the right thing. I consider Hitler not only to be the archenemy of Germany, but the archenemy of the world. "

family

On January 18, 1926, the devout Protestant Christian married Erika von Falkenhayn (1904–1974), who lived at Lindstedt Castle , daughter of the former Prussian infantry general, Prussian war minister and chief of the great general staff Erich von Falkenhayn (1861–1922), in the Bornstedter Church ; they spent their honeymoon on the Mediterranean Riviera . With her he had four children (two sons and two daughters each). Tresckow lived in Berlin-Westend and in various addresses in Potsdam such as the Stadtkanal and in the summer of 1943 with his sister, married to the governor of the Brandenburg province Dietloff von Arnim (1876–1945), in the Villa von Arnim in Neubabelsberg am Griebnitzsee in Potsdam -Babelsberg .

His wife was arrested on August 15, 1944 for seven weeks and their two daughters were taken to a home ( kin detention ). The eldest son died at the front when he was seventeen in 1945, while his son Rüdiger (1928–2012) became the owner of the BHF Bank . One daughter was married to the Darmstadt historian Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1923-2014), who met Stauffenberg in 1943.

Honors and honors

The Bundeswehr's understanding of tradition

Inscription on the main gate of the Henning von Tresckow barracks in Oldenburg

In Oldenburg , the 1st Panzer Division's headquarters (formerly the headquarters of Luftlandebrigade 31 “Oldenburg” and parts of Airborne Support Battalion 272) have been stationed in the Henning von Tresckow barracks , which was named in 1961 after the resistance fighter Tresckow. An inscription on the main gate reads: "The moral value of a person only begins where he is ready to give his life for his convictions" (traditional quote from Tresckow).

The command and control command of the German Armed Forces (EinsFüKdoBw) has been located in the Henning von Tresckow barracks in Geltow near Potsdam since 2002 . The name of the barracks took place in 1992. Since 1992 there has been a memorial event with prayer and wreath-laying in the presence of guests of honor; the celebratory speech was given in recent years by high-ranking personalities such as Reinhold Robbe (2008), Winfried Heinemann (2009), Jörg Schönbohm (2010), Antje Vollmer (2011), Jutta Limbach (2012), Hans-Dietrich Genscher (2013), Klaus Naumann (2014) and Matthias Weber (2015).

In 2004, the refurbished Henning von Tresckow building was inaugurated at the Bundeswehr Leadership Academy (FüAkBw) in Hamburg . Together with Major General Hans-Christian Beck and the resistance fighter Philipp Freiherr von Boeselager , Tresckow's bronze bust (designed by the Kreuzberg sculptor Rudolf P. Schneider ) was also unveiled.

Communal naming

There are streets or paths named after Tresckow in Frankfurt am Main , Kiel , Magdeburg (1991), Potsdam (1990), Soltau and Stade, among others . On Potsdamer Henning-von-Tresckow-Strasse is a former barracks, which was the location of the 1st Guards Regiment on foot . In this listed building is now (next to the Ministry of Infrastructure and State Planning of the State of Brandenburg) the memorial "Potsdam and July 20, 1944", which commemorates the resistance of July 20.

In Hanover there has been a Henning von Tresckow primary school in the Wettbergen district since 1995 .

Reception in the fine arts

On his 100th birthday (2001) he was remembered in his hometown Magdeburg: a stele was erected near the house where he was born in the Nordpark Magdeburg, which was destroyed in the Second World War, and a bust by the sculptor Rudolf P. Schneider was set up in Magdeburg town hall .

In 2005 the Potsdam Museum received the permanent loan (acquired by Mittelbrandenburgische Sparkasse ) of the photomontage "Henning von Tresckow" from the picture cycle "People in Responsibility" by the artist Angelika von Stocki , which was first published on the 60th anniversary of the assassination (2004) in Potsdam was shown.

Further honors

Berlin memorial plaque , Federal Palace

In 1987, the was in the cemetery Part 1 Bornstedter cemetery in Potsdam a memorial stone ( "In Memory of Henning and Erika von Tresckow, born of Falkenhayn and the resistance movement on 20 July 1944") on the burial place of General Erich von Falkenhayn , the Tresckow's father-in-law, seated.

On the 46th anniversary of the assassination attempt on July 20, 1944 (1990), a Berlin memorial plaque made of KPM porcelain was unveiled by the Berlin Senate for Colonel General Erich Hoepner and Major General Henning von Tresckow at the former administration building of the Royal Prussian Artillery Examination Commission (today: Bundeshaus ) in Wilmersdorf .

On the occasion of the 90th birthday (1990) , a memorial plaque for the couple Erika and Henning von Tresckow was placed at the pillar entrance of Lindstedt Palace in Potsdam, where the family of the woman, von Falkenhayn, previously lived.

Repeatedly found to resistance fighters memorial services , including 2001 Tresckow, in Bornstedter Church instead.

In 2011, the field and military lodge "Henning von Tresckow", a subsidiary of the Grand National Mother Lodge "To the three world balls", was founded in the officers' mess of the Bundeswehr Command and Service Command in Geltow .

In 2014, the Clausewitz Society , together with the German Atlantic Society and the Representation of the State of Saxony-Anhalt at the federal government, held their 5th Clausewitz strategy discussion on the subject of "Henning von Tresckow - His development as a personality, his actions as a soldier and his role in the resistance Hitler ”in Berlin.

In 2014, his daughter gave the Stauffenberg Memorial Lecture organized by the House of History Baden-Württemberg and the Stauffenberg Society in the White Hall of the New Palace in Stuttgart, in which she traced her father's career: "Freedom and Responsibility" (published in 2015 by Wallstein Verlag in Göttingen).

Cinematic reception

Documentaries:

Feature films:

See also

literature

Biographical

monograph

  • Bodo Scheurig : Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Unchanged new edition with a foreword, Propylaen, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-549-07212-0 .

Contributions to edited volumes

Memorial lecture

  • Uta von Aretin: Freedom and Responsibility. Henning von Tresckow in the Resistance (= Stuttgart Stauffenberg Memorial Lecture . 2014). Wallstein, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8353-1694-2 .

Short biographies / reference works

  • Günter Brakelmann : Henning von Tresckow. In: Harald Schultze , Andreas Kurschat (Ed.): "Your end looks at ...". Evangelical martyrs of the 20th century. 2nd Edition. Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 2008, ISBN 978-3-374-02370-7 , pp. 493–494 (“Biographical-documentary part”).
  • Joachim Fest : Coup. The long way to July 20th. 5th edition. Siedler, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-88680-810-6 , 399-400 (short biography).
  • Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the Military History Research Office and the Potsdam Museum . 3rd revised edition. Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, ISBN 3-7930-0697-2 , pp. 93-95 (“Profiles in Resistance”).
  • Peter Steinbach , Johannes Tuchel (eds.): Lexicon of Resistance 1933-1945 (= Beck'sche series . 1061). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-43861-X , pp. 203-204 (encyclopedia entry).

Individual considerations

Web links

Commons : Henning von Tresckow  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Henning von Tresckow  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Winfried Heinemann : The resistance against the Nazi regime and the war on the Eastern Front. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 393-409, here: p. 395.
  2. ^ Günter Brakelmann : Christian officers in the resistance. The example of Henning von Tresckow. In: Magdeburg Science Journal. 2/2004, pp. 66-73, here: pp. 67 f.
  3. ↑ a b c Gerd R. Ueberschär : Major General Henning von Tresckow. In the S. (Ed.): Hitler's military elite. 68 CVs . Darmstadt 2015, pp. 527–533, here: p. 527.
  4. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 11.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism . Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 93.
  6. ↑ Peter Steinbach , Johannes Tuchel (ed.): Lexicon of Resistance 1933–1945 (= Beck'sche series . 1061). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-43861-X , p. 203.
  7. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 15.
  8. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 16.
  9. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 17.
  10. ↑ a b Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 18.
  11. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 19.
  12. ↑ a b Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 20.
  13. ^ A b Hans Mommsen : Alternative to Hitler. Studies on the history of the German resistance (= Beck'sche series . 1373). Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-45913-7 , p. 403.
  14. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 22.
  15. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 23.
  16. ↑ a b c d e Gerd R. Ueberschär : Major General Henning von Tresckow. In the S. (Ed.): Hitler's military elite. 68 CVs . Darmstadt 2015, pp. 527-533, here: p. 528.
  17. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 25 ff.
  18. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 29.
  19. ↑ a b c d Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism . Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 94.
  20. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 35.
  21. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 42.
  22. ↑ Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 42.
  23. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism . Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 25.
  24. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism . Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 31.
  25. ^ Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 113.
  26. ↑ a b c Klemens von Klemperer : Resistance in the Age of Extremes. In: Manuel Becker , Holger Löttel, Christoph Studt (Hrsg.): The military resistance against Hitler in the light of new controversies . Berlin 2010, pp. 9–21, here: p. 14.
  27. ^ A b Karl Otmar von Aretin : Henning von Tresckow and the military resistance. In: Sigrid Grabner , Hendrik Röder (eds.): Henning von Tresckow, I am who I was. Texts and documents . Berlin 2005, pp. 121–136, here: p. 122.
  28. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 53.
  29. ↑ Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 58.
  30. ↑ deutschlandarchiv.info
  31. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 57.
  32. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 59.
  33. ^ Günter Brakelmann : Christian officers in the resistance. The example of Henning von Tresckow. In: Magdeburg Science Journal. 2/2004, pp. 66–73, here: p. 68.
  34. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 60.
  35. ^ A b c Klaus-Jürgen Müller : Structure and development of the national-conservative opposition. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 89-133, here: p. 97.
  36. ↑ a b c Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 64.
  37. ↑ a b Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 65.
  38. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The military resistance and the war. In: Jörg Echternkamp (ed.): The German Reich and the Second World War (= contributions to military and war history ). Volume 9: The German War Society 1939 to 1945 . Half Volume 1: Politicization, Annihilation, Survival . On behalf of the Military History Research Office , DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-06236-6 , pp. 743-892, here: p. 760.
  39. ↑ a b c Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 66.
  40. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The military resistance and the war. In: Jörg Echternkamp (ed.): The German Reich and the Second World War (= contributions to military and war history ). Volume 9: The German War Society 1939 to 1945 . Half Volume 1: Politicization, Annihilation, Survival . Commissioned by the Military History Research Office , DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-06236-6 , pp. 743-892, here: p. 796.
  41. ↑ a b c Gerd R. Ueberschär : Major General Henning von Tresckow. In the S. (Ed.): Hitler's military elite. 68 CVs . Darmstadt 2015, pp. 527–533, here: p. 529.
  42. ↑ Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 72.
  43. ↑ a b Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 68.
  44. ↑ Helmut Krausnick: On the military resistance against Hitler, 1933 to 1938. Possibilities, approaches, limits and controversies. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 135-185, here: p. 158.
  45. ^ A b Peter Steinbach , Johannes Tuchel (ed.): Lexicon of Resistance 1933–1945 (= Beck'sche series . 1061). 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-43861-X , p. 204.
  46. ↑ Peter Steinbach: July 20, 1944: Faces of Resistance . Siedler, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-88680-155-1 , p. 327.
  47. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 78.
  48. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 81.
  49. ↑ Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 116 f.
  50. ↑ a b Thomas Vogel : The military opposition to the Nazi regime on the eve of the Second World War and during the first years of the war (1939 to 1941). In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 187–222, here: p. 204.
  51. ^ A b Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 209.
  52. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 84.
  53. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 89.
  54. ^ Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 277.
  55. ^ Klaus-Jürgen Müller : Structure and development of the national-conservative opposition. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 89-133, here: p. 98.
  56. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The military resistance and the war. In: Jörg Echternkamp (ed.): The German Reich and the Second World War (= contributions to military and war history ). Volume 9: The German War Society 1939 to 1945 . Half Volume 1: Politicization, Annihilation, Survival . Commissioned by the Military History Research Office , DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-06236-6 , pp. 743-892, here: p. 763.
  57. ↑ a b c d e Hans Mommsen : The position of the military opposition in the context of the German resistance movement against Hitler. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 33–47, here: p. 35.
  58. ^ Christian Gerlach : Calculated murders: The German economic and annihilation policy in Belarus 1941 to 1944 . Hamburg 1999, p. 64.
  59. ^ Christian Gerlach: Calculated murders: The German economic and annihilation policy in Belarus 1941 to 1944 . Hamburg 1999, p. 86 f.
  60. ↑ a b c d Gerd R. Ueberschär : Major General Henning von Tresckow. In the S. (Ed.): Hitler's military elite. 68 CVs . Darmstadt 2015, pp. 527-533, here: p. 530.
  61. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The resistance against the Nazi regime and the war on the Eastern Front. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 393-409, here: p. 399.
  62. ^ Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 261.
  63. ^ Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 262.
  64. ↑ Rolf-Dieter Müller : “In the East, hardship is mild for the future” - The “Barbarossa” company. In: Manuel Becker , Holger Löttel, Christoph Studt (Hrsg.): The military resistance against Hitler in the light of new controversies . Berlin 2010, pp. 81–93, here: pp. 92 f.
  65. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The military resistance and the war. In: Jörg Echternkamp (ed.): The German Reich and the Second World War (= contributions to military and war history ). Volume 9: The German War Society 1939 to 1945 . Half Volume 1: Politicization, Annihilation, Survival . On behalf of the Military History Research Office , DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-06236-6 , pp. 743-892, here: p. 778.
  66. ↑ a b Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 179.
  67. ↑ a b c d Hans Mommsen : The position of the military opposition in the context of the German resistance movement against Hitler. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 33–47, here: p. 36.
  68. ↑ Ian Kershaw: Hitler. 1936-1945. DVA, Stuttgart 2000, p. 476.
  69. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The military resistance and the war. In: Jörg Echternkamp (ed.): The German Reich and the Second World War (= contributions to military and war history ). Volume 9: The German War Society 1939 to 1945 . Half Volume 1: Politicization, Annihilation, Survival . Commissioned by the Military History Research Office , DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-06236-6 , pp. 743-892, here: p. 782.
  70. ↑ a b Hans Mommsen : The position of the military opposition in the context of the German resistance movement against Hitler. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 33–47, here: p. 39.
  71. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The military resistance and the war. In: Jörg Echternkamp (ed.): The German Reich and the Second World War (= contributions to military and war history ). Volume 9: The German War Society 1939 to 1945 . Half Volume 1: Politicization, Annihilation, Survival . On behalf of the Military History Research Office , DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-06236-6 , pp. 743-892, here: p. 816.
  72. ↑ Hans Mommsen : Alternative to Hitler. Studies on the history of the German resistance (= Beck'sche series . 1373). Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-45913-7 , p. 405.
  73. ↑ Peter Hoffmann: Colonel i. G. Henning von Tresckow and the coup d'etat plans in 1943. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 55 (2007) 2, pp. 331–364, here: p. 333.
  74. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 76.
  75. ↑ a b Hans Mommsen : The position of the military opposition in the context of the German resistance movement against Hitler. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 33–47, here: p. 38.
  76. ↑ Peter Hoffmann: Colonel i. G. Henning von Tresckow and the coup plans in 1943. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 55 (2007) 2, pp. 331–364, here: p. 334.
  77. ^ A b Hans Mommsen : Alternative to Hitler. Studies on the history of the German resistance (= Beck'sche series . 1373). Beck, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-406-45913-7 , p. 372.
  78. ^ Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 276.
  79. ^ Karl-Volker Neugebauer : Megalomania and Downfall - The Second World War, 1939 to 1945. In: Ders. (Ed.): Basic course in German military history. Three volumes with interactive DVD . Volume 2: The Age of World Wars, 1914 to 1945. Peoples in Arms . On behalf of the Military History Research Office, 2nd, reviewed and revised edition. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-59010-4 , pp. 298-427, here: p. 336.
  80. ↑ a b c Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 194.
  81. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A biography. Stalling, Oldenburg 1973, p. 128f.
  82. ↑ Ian Kershaw: Hitler. 1936-1945. DVA, Stuttgart 2000, p. 868 f.
  83. ↑ Horst Mühleisen : Hellmuth Stieff and the German resistance. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 39 (1991) 3, pp. 339–377, here: p. 346 [1] (PDF).
  84. ↑ Peter Hoffmann: The military resistance in the second half of the war 1942 to 1944/45. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 223–247, here: p. 237.
  85. ^ Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 283.
  86. ↑ Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 197.
  87. ↑ Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 198.
  88. ↑ Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 199.
  89. ↑ Peter Hoffmann: Colonel i. G. Henning von Tresckow and the coup d'état plans in 1943. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 55 (2007) 2, pp. 331–364, here: p. 337.
  90. ↑ Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 399.
  91. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The resistance against the Nazi regime and the war on the Eastern Front. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 393-409, here: p. 401.
  92. ^ A b Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 238.
  93. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The resistance against the Nazi regime and the war on the Eastern Front. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 393-409, here: p. 402.
  94. ^ Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 392.
  95. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 195.
  96. ↑ a b c Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 196.
  97. ↑ Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 226.
  98. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 209.
  99. ^ Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 402.
  100. ↑ a b c d e Hans Mommsen : The position of the military opposition in the context of the German resistance movement against Hitler. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 33–47, here: p. 37.
  101. ↑ a b c Gerd R. Ueberschär : Major General Henning von Tresckow. In the S. (Ed.): Hitler's military elite. 68 CVs . Darmstadt 2015, pp. 527–533, here: p. 531.
  102. ↑ a b Peter Steinbach : The military resistance and its relations to the civil groups of the resistance. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 49-87, here: p. 67; ders .: July 20, 1944: Faces of resistance . Siedler, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-88680-155-1 , p. 41.
  103. ↑ Hans Mommsen : The position of the military opposition in the context of the German resistance movement against Hitler. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 33–47, here: p. 40.
  104. ↑ Peter Steinbach : July 20, 1944: Faces of Resistance . Siedler, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-88680-155-1 , p. 42.
  105. ^ Klaus-Jürgen Müller : Structure and development of the national-conservative opposition. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 89-133, here: p. 120.
  106. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism . Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 88.
  107. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism . Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 44.
  108. ↑ Christian Gerlach: Men of July 20 and the war against the Soviet Union. In: Hannes Heer, Klaus Naumann (ed.): War of destruction. Crimes of the Wehrmacht 1941–1944. Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-930908-04-2 , pp. 439-440.
  109. ↑ 217th Day of the Nuremberg Trials (September 30, 1946) on zeno.org
  110. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The resistance against the Nazi regime and the war on the Eastern Front. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 393-409, here: p. 404.
  111. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The resistance against the Nazi regime and the war on the Eastern Front. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 393-409, here: p. 405.
  112. ^ Christian Gerlach : Calculated murders: The German economic and annihilation policy in Belarus 1941 to 1944 . Hamburg 1999, p. 1126.
  113. ^ Christian Gerlach: Calculated murders: The German economic and annihilation policy in Belarus 1941 to 1944 . Hamburg 1999, p. 1109.
  114. ↑ Christian Gerlach : Hitler's opponents in Army Group Center and the “criminal orders”. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Hrsg.): Nazi crimes and the military resistance against Hitler (= series of publications of the Fritz Bauer Institute, Frankfurt am Main . Volume 18). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2000, pp. 62–76, here: p. 69.
  115. ↑ a b Hans Mommsen : The position of the military opposition in the context of the German resistance movement against Hitler. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 33–47, here: p. 41.
  116. ^ Klaus Jochen Arnold : Criminals on their own initiative? July 20, 1944 and Christian Gerlach's theses. In: History in Science and Education 53 (2002) 1, pp. 20–31, here: p. 31.
  117. ↑ Winfried Heinemann : The military resistance and the war. In: Jörg Echternkamp (ed.): The German Reich and the Second World War (= contributions to military and war history ). Volume 9: The German War Society 1939 to 1945 . Half Volume 1: Politicization, Annihilation, Survival . Commissioned by the Military History Research Office , DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-06236-6 , pp. 743-892, here: 789.
  118. ↑ Hermann Wentker : The resistance against Hitler and the war. Or: what remains of the “revolt of conscience”? In: Stephen Schröder , Christoph Studt (ed.): July 20, 1944 - Profiles, Motives, Desiderata . Berlin 2008, pp. 9–32, here: 29.
  119. ↑ Hermann Wentker : The resistance against Hitler and the war. Or: what remains of the “revolt of conscience”? In: Stephen Schröder , Christoph Studt (ed.): July 20, 1944 - Profiles, Motives, Desiderata . Berlin 2008, pp. 9–32, here: 30.
  120. ↑ Manuel Becker , Holger Löttel, Christoph Studt : Introduction. In the S. (Ed.): The military resistance against Hitler in the light of new controversies . Berlin 2010, pp. 3–8, here: p. 3.
  121. ↑ Johannes Hürter : On the way to the military opposition. Tresckow, Gersdorff, the extermination war and the murder of Jews New documents on the relationship between Army Group Center and Einsatzgruppe B in 1941. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 52 (2004) 3, pp. 527–562, here: p. 541. [2] (PDF); see. Klaus Jochen Arnold : Officers of the Army Group Center and the murder of the Jews in 1941 - a necessary debate? In: Manuel Becker , Holger Löttel, Christoph Studt (Hrsg.): The military resistance against Hitler in the light of new controversies . Berlin 2010, pp. 161–181, here: p. 161.
  122. ^ Gerhard Ringshausen : The informative value of paraphs and the scope of action of military resistance. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 53 (2005) 1, pp. 141–147, pp. 141 f. [3] (PDF)
  123. ^ Hermann Graml : mass murder and military opposition. To the latest discussion about the resistance in the staff of Army Group Center. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 54 (2006) 1, pp. 1–24, here: p. 7 [4] (PDF); see. Klaus Jochen Arnold : Officers of the Army Group Center and the murder of the Jews in 1941 - a necessary debate? In: Manuel Becker , Holger Löttel, Christoph Studt (Hrsg.): The military resistance against Hitler in the light of new controversies . Berlin 2010, pp. 161–181, here: p. 163.
  124. ^ Hermann Graml : mass murder and military opposition. To the latest discussion about the resistance in the staff of Army Group Center. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 54 (2006) 1, pp. 1–24, here: p. 11 [5] (PDF); see. Klaus Jochen Arnold : Officers of the Army Group Center and the murder of the Jews in 1941 - a necessary debate? In: Manuel Becker , Holger Löttel, Christoph Studt (Hrsg.): The military resistance against Hitler in the light of new controversies . Berlin 2010, pp. 161–181, here: p. 163.
  125. ↑ Johannes Hürter , Felix Römer : Old and New Historical Images of Resistance and Eastern War. On Hermann Graml's contribution “Mass Murder and Military Opposition”. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 54 (2006) 2, pp. 301–322, here: p. 320 [6] (PDF).
  126. ↑ a b Ulrike Jureit : Speculative matters from the Eastern Front. On the controversy over military opposition and the war of annihilation. In: Manuel Becker , Holger Löttel, Christoph Studt (Hrsg.): The military resistance against Hitler in the light of new controversies . Berlin 2010, pp. 183–198, here: pp. 185 f.
  127. ↑ : From concrete failure to symbolic victory? The legacy of the resistance against the "Third Reich". In: Manuel Becker , Holger Löttel, Christoph Studt (Hrsg.): The military resistance against Hitler in the light of new controversies . Berlin 2010, pp. 235–249, here: p. 244.
  128. ↑ : Colonel i. G. Henning von Tresckow and the coup d'état plans in 1943. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 55 (2007) 2, pp. 331–364, here: p. 331.
  129. ↑ Peter Broucek : Military Resistance: Studies on the Austrian state sentiment and National Socialist defense . Böhlau, Vienna et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-205-77728-1 , p. 345, fn. 1.
  130. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism . Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 77.
  131. ^ Peter Steinbach : Lecture at the opening of the newly designed exhibition. "Uprising of conscience" on February 24, 1999 in Munich, Gasteig cultural center. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 13–31, here: p. 28.
  132. ↑ Quoted from: Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A biography. Oldenburg 1973, p. 184; Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism . Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 13; Peter Hoffmann: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg. The biography. Pantheon, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-570-55046-5 , p. 412 f .; Joachim Fest: Coup. The long way to July 20th . Berlin 2004, p. 176; Winfried Heinemann : The military resistance and the war. In: Jörg Echternkamp (ed.): The German Reich and the Second World War (= contributions to military and war history ). Volume 9: The German War Society 1939 to 1945 . Half Volume 1: Politicization, Annihilation, Survival . Commissioned by the Military History Research Office , DVA, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-421-06236-6 , pp. 743-892, here: p. 888.
  133. ^ Klaus-Jürgen Müller : Structure and development of the national-conservative opposition. In: Thomas Vogel (Ed.): Uprising of conscience. Military resistance against Hitler and the Nazi regime 1933–1945 . Bonn 2000, pp. 89-133, here: p. 122.
  134. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 212.
  135. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 154.
  136. ↑ a b Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 216.
  137. ↑ a b Peter Steinbach : July 20, 1944: Faces of Resistance . Siedler, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-88680-155-1 , p. 304.
  138. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 217.
  139. ^ Rudolf Vierhaus (ed.): German Biographical Encyclopedia . KG Saur, Munich 2008, p. 96 (accessed via De Gruyter Online).
  140. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 219.
  141. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 220.
  142. ↑ a b Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 221.
  143. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 224.
  144. ↑ a b Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 222.
  145. ↑ a b Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 223.
  146. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 225.
  147. ↑ Closing quote in the semi-documentary of the ZDF from 2004 on the 50th anniversary of July 20, 1944 The hour of the officers .
  148. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 39.
  149. ↑ Ines Reich: Potsdam and July 20, 1944. On the trail of the resistance against National Socialism . Freiburg im Breisgau 1994, p. 95.
  150. ↑ Sigrid Grabner : The way to truth. In: Sigrid Grabner, Hendrik Röder (eds.): Henning von Tresckow, I am who I was. Texts and documents too . Berlin 2005, pp. 103–120, here: p. 117.
  151. ↑ Bodo Scheurig: Henning von Tresckow. A Prussian against Hitler. Biography . Berlin 2004, p. 229.
  152. ↑ a b Rüdiger von Voss : The coup d'état of July 20, 1944. Political reception and tradition formation in the Federal Republic of Germany . Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86732-097-9 , p. 145.
  153. ↑ Information page of the former tank battalion 314 in the Henning von Tresckow barracks in Oldenburg
  154. ^ Winfried Heinemann : Military and Tradition. In: Sven Bernhard Gareis , Paul Klein (ed.): Handbook of the military and social science. 2nd Edition. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-531-34446-3 , pp. 449–458, here: p. 453.
  155. ↑ Frank Ilse: A house as a symbol of resistance . Abendblatt.de, October 1, 2004.
  156. ↑ Jochen R. Klicker: Potsdam. Literary walks (= Insel-Taschenbuch . 2926). Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main et al. 2003, ISBN 3-458-34626-0 , p. 69.
  157. ↑ Ulrich C. Kleyser: July 20, 1944, and Magdeburg. In: Matthias Puhle (Ed.): Unwanted, persecuted, murdered. Exclusion and terror during the National Socialist dictatorship in Magdeburg 1933–1945. [Book accompanying the exhibition Unwanted - Persecuted - Murdered. Exclusion and terror during the National Socialist dictatorship in Magdeburg 1933 to 1945, Kulturhistorisches Museum Magdeburg, January 28 to August 3, 2008] (= Magdeburger Museumsschriften, No. 11). Magdeburger Museen, Magdeburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-930030-93-4 , pp. 107–112, here: p. 109.
  158. ^ Christian Scheer, Hans-Jürgen Mende : Bornstedt cemetery. A cemetery guide . Trafo, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-86465-037-6 , p. 55 f.
  159. ↑ Memorial plaque Erich Hoepner and Henning von Tresckow , Gedenkenafeln-in-berlin.de, accessed on September 30, 2015.
  160. ↑ About Lindtstedt Castle. In: Mathias Iven (Ed.): Lindstedter Encounters - Conversations about Prussia . On behalf of the Urania-Verein "Wilhelm Foerster" eV, Schibri, Milow et al. 1999, ISBN 3-928878-78-6 , pp. 11-14, here: p. 12.
  161. ↑ commemorative events and -gottesdienste July 20, 1944. In: Gottfried Kunz village, Manfred Richter (ed.): Bornstedt - cemetery, church. Märkischer memorial of Prussian history and resistance . Hentrich and Hentrich, Teetz 2001, ISBN 3-933471-23-0 , p. 167.
  162. ↑ Wilfried von Tresckow: Henning von Tresckow - head, heart and motor of the military resistance against the Nazi regime. In: Clausewitz-Gesellschaft (Ed.): Yearbook 2014 . Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816962-0-2 , pp. 257-265.
  163. ↑ The Stauffenberg Memorial Lecture , hdgbw.de, accessed on September 30, 2015.
personal data
SURNAME Tresckow, Henning von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Tresckow, Henning Hermann Robert Karl von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German officer and member of the resistance from July 20, 1944
DATE OF BIRTH January 10, 1901
PLACE OF BIRTH Magdeburg
DATE OF DEATH July 21, 1944
Place of death Ostrów near Białystok , Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland