Reich Security Main Office

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The head of the RSHA Reinhard Heydrich (1940)

The Reich Security Main Office ( RSHA ) was founded on September 27, 1939 at the beginning of the Second World War by Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler by merging the Security Police (Sipo) and the Security Service (SD). As one of the twelve main offices of the SS with around 3000 employees, the office was the central authority that directed most of the German repressive organs during the Nazi era .

A large part of the individual offices and official groups were located all over Berlin. It had its headquarters in the Prinz-Albrecht-Palais at Wilhelmstrasse 101, where the offices of Reinhard Heydrich and Ernst Kaltenbrunner were, and at Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8 (today: Niederkirchnerstrasse in Berlin-Kreuzberg ), where the headquarters of Gestapo was. The site belongs to the Topography of Terror memorial that was created in 2004 .

history

Protective detention order from the Reich Security Main Office against Maria Fischer , signed with “signed: Dr. Kaltenbrunner "(May 13, 1943)

With the establishment of the Reich Security Main Office, Heinrich Himmler's advancement of the National Socialist apparatus of violence since 1933 reached its climax. The competencies of state organs and branches of the NSDAP were mixed more and more. Head of the RSHA, which in turn formed an SS main office, was the chief of the security police and the SD in the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich . After his death on June 4, 1942 in Prague as a result of an assassination attempt , Heinrich Himmler initially led the RSHA provisionally as "Reichsführer SS and Chief of the German Police" until Ernst Kaltenbrunner became the new RSHA chief on January 30, 1943 . A close colleague of Heydrich, Walter Schellenberg , had tried in vain to become his successor. After the war , Kaltenbrunner was sentenced to death and executed in the first Nuremberg trial of the main war criminals for his crimes in this capacity.

tasks

The area of ​​responsibility of the RSHA encompassed all "security policy and intelligence matters". This also included the arrests of “politically unreliable” people. The SS task forces subordinate to the RSHA undertook to fight “all elements hostile to the Reich and German” in the occupied territories. Above all in Poland and later in the Soviet Union, this meant planned massacres of state and cultural representatives of these countries, in particular of Catholic priests and communist functionaries, as well as of Roma and especially of Jews. Hate propaganda also targeted pogroms against the Jewish population . In the Soviet Union, the RSHA directed the so-called "purges" against Soviet communists and Jews. Over 500,000 people fell victim to these actions. In Section IV B 4 of the RSHA, SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann organized the bureaucratic part of the “ final solution to the Jewish question ” as the personification of the desk offender . The RSHA also had extensive powers domestically and used above all the legally uncontrollable “ protective custody ” to combat political and “racial” opponents (Jews, “Gypsies”). The " Reports from the Reich " provided detailed reports on the mood of the intensely spied on population.

The Reich Security Main Office as a "new type of institution"

While in the scientific discussion the RSHA was seen for a long time as a loosely merged administrative office of factually separate authorities (Sipo and SD), more recent studies see it as a strongly radicalizing element of the National Socialist rule and extermination practice. As an "institution of a new type" it embodied the connection between the SS and the police to an organ that consciously nurtured and formed the national social conception of the NS, which did not primarily just carry out orders, but prepared them, formulated them and - above all in the Einsatzgruppen - also carried out himself. It was able to expand these commands and targets according to its own ideas in practice and radicalize them in the sense of National Socialism.

His leadership class - in which Eugen Kogon saw an above-average number of second-rate or failed academics - actually consisted disproportionately of highly educated academics and promotion officials with specialist police training who put themselves in the service of the cause of their own accord. The ruling class of the RSHA does not correspond to the idea of ​​blind recipients of orders, but was recruited from intelligent convicts who consciously affirmed the Holocaust and the practice of police rule. In contrast to what the phrase “desk perpetrator” implies, the responsible employees of the RSHA were not only active in administration, but were also directly involved in the Holocaust through frequent assignments, transfers and voluntary reports. The work instructions they developed at their desks were not only carried out by distant recipients of orders, but also by themselves. Otto Ohlendorf , who on the one hand headed Office III of the RHSA in Berlin, but also headed Einsatzgruppe D in the Soviet Union, can serve as an example .

construction

With Himmler's decree of September 27, 1939, the RSHA consisted of the previous main offices of Sipo and SD as follows from October 1, 1939:

  • Office I (organization, administration, law): Werner Best
    • Administration and Law Office of the Sipo Main Office
    • Office I of the main office SD (without section I / 3)
    • Section I and IV of the Gestapo
  • Office II (enemy research): Franz Six
    • Department II / 1 (enemy research) and I / 3 of the main office SD
  • Office III (German areas of life - SD-Inland): Otto Ohlendorf
    • Department II / 3 (German areas of life) of the main office SD
  • Office IV (Combating Opponents - Gestapo): Heinrich Müller
    • Political Police Office of the Sipo Main Office
    • Section II and III of the Gestapo
  • Office VI (SD abroad): Heinz Jost
    • Office III (foreign intelligence service) Main Office SD

Organizational structure of Office II (SD-Inland) according to the business distribution plan of February 1, 1940

Office II ( ideological research on opponents)

In the course of 1940, Müller Six was also able to withdraw the area of ​​"enemy research". The comprehensive responsibility of the Office I for personnel and organization soon exceeded its capacity, so that a division into an Office I (personnel), from June 1940 under SS-Brigadführer and Major General of the Police Bruno Linienbach , and Office II (organization), from summer 1940 under SS-Brigadführer and Major General of the Police Hans Nockemann , became necessary. The previous Office II was given the new name Office VII (ideological research and evaluation).

Organizational structure according to the business distribution plan of March 1941

Head of Office: Chief of the Security Police and the SD SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich

  • Office II (organization, administration and law): Chief SS-Standartenführer and Colonel of the Police Hans Nockemann (from November 19, 1942 SS-Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Siegert , from 1943 SS-Standartenführer Kurt Prietzel , from March 1, 1944 SS-Standartenführer Josef Spacil )
    • II A (organization and law): SS-Sturmbannführer and senior government councilor Rudolf Bilfinger
      • II A 1 (Organization of the Sipo and the SD): SS-Hauptsturmführer and government assessor Alfred Schweder
      • II A 2 (legislation): SS-Sturmbannführer and Government Councilor Kurt Neifeind
      • II A 3 (judicial matters, claims for damages): SS-Sturmbannführer and Government Councilor Friedrich Suhr (successor to SS-Sturmbannführer Paul Mylius )
      • II A 4 (Reich defense matters): SS-Sturmbannführer and Government Councilor Walter Renken
      • II A 5 (miscellaneous: determination of hostility towards the people and the state, confiscation of property, deprivation of nationality): SS-Sturmbannführer and government councilor Heinz Richter
    • II B (fundamental issues of passport and immigration police): Ministerialrat Johannes Krause
      • II B 1 (Passports I): Government Councilor Max Hoffmann, Government Councilor Baumann
      • II B 2 (Passports II): Councilor Carl-Richard Weintz
      • II B 3 (identity cards and ID cards): Government Councilor Rolf Kelbing
      • II B 4 (basic questions for the immigration police and border security): Oberregierungsrat Rudolf Kröning
    • II C a (budget and economy of the Sipo): SS-Standartenführer and Ministerialrat Rudolf Siegert
      • II C 1 (budget and salaries): SS-Standartenführer and Ministerialrat Rudolf Siegert
      • II C 2 (supply and material costs): SS-Sturmbannführer and Government Councilor Arnold Kreklow
      • II C 3 (accommodation and prison system): SS-Sturmbannführer and government councilor Rudolf Bergmann (in addition to the police prisons also responsible for the labor education camps )
      • II C 4 (economic office): SS-Sturmbannführer and Amtsrat Josef Meier
    • II C b (budget and economy of the SD): not occupied, representative SS-Obersturmbannführer Carl Brocke
      • II C 7 (budget and salary of the SD): SS-Hauptsturmführer Oskar Radtke
      • II C 8 (Procurement, Insurance, Contracts, Real Estate, Construction and Motor Vehicles): SS-Sturmbannführer Schmidt
      • II C 9 (examination and revision): SS-Sturmbannführer Arthur Wettich
    • II D (technical matters): SS-Obersturmbannführer Walter Rauff
      • II D 1 (radio, photography and filming) SS-Sturmbannführer and police advisor Reiner Gottstein
      • II D 2 (telex and telephony): SS-Sturmbannführer and Police Advisor Walter
      • II D 3 a (Sipo motor vehicles): SS-Hauptsturmführer and captain of the Schutzpolizei Friedrich Pradel (employee from October 1941 to September 1942 August Becker as inspector for the gas vans used in the east )
      • II D 3 b (SD motor vehicles): SS-Hauptsturmführer Willi Gast , SS-Untersturmführer Heinrich
      • II D 4 (weapons system): SS-Sturmbannführer and Police Adviser Erich Lutter
      • II D 5 (aviation): SS-Sturmbannführer and Major of the Schutzpolizei Georg Leopold
      • II D 6 (management of the technical funds of the Sipo and the SD): Police advisor Adolf Kempf
  • Amt IV (Research and Fight against Opponents - Secret State Police Office ) SS Brigade Leader and Major General of the Police Heinrich Müller (Representative: SS Oberführer and Colonel of the Police Wilhelm / Willi Krichbaum )
    • IV A (opposition): SS-Obersturmbannführer and Oberregierungsrat Friedrich Panzinger ,
    • IV B: (ideological opponents): SS-Sturmbannführer Albert Hartl
    • IV C (index system): SS-Obersturmbannführer and Oberregierungsrat Fritz Rang
      • IV C 1 (evaluation, main file , personal file management , information center, A-card , surveillance of foreigners, central visa): Police advisor Paul Matzke
      • IV C 2 (protective custody matters): SS-Sturmbannführer, government and criminal inspector Emil Berndorff
      • IV C 3 (press and literature matters): SS-Sturmbannführer and government councilor Ernst Jahr
      • IV C 4 (Affairs of the party and its branches): SS-Sturmbannführer and Kriminalrat Kurt Stage
    • IV D (occupied areas): SS-Obersturmbannführer Erwin Weinmann
      • IV D 1 (Protectorate matters, Czechs in the Reich): Gustav Jonak , from September 1942 SS-Sturmbannführer Bruno Lettow , from November 1943 SS-Obersturmbannführer Kurt Lischka
      • IV D 2 ( Government affairs, Poland in the Reich): Government Councilor Karl Thiemann, from July 1941 SS-Obersturmbannführer and Oberregierungsrat Joachim Deumling , from July 1943 SS-Sturmbannführer and Government Councilor Harro Thomsen
      • IV D 3 (trust agencies, foreigners hostile to the state): SS-Hauptsturmführer and Kriminalrat Erich Schröder , from summer 1941 SS-Sturmbannführer Kurt Geißler
      • IV D 4 (Occupied Territories: France, Luxembourg, Alsace and Lorraine, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Denmark): SS-Sturmbannführer and Government Councilor Bernhard Baatz
    • IV E (defense): SS-Sturmbannführer and Government Councilor Walter Schellenberg; from July 1941 SS-Sturmbannführer Walter Huppenkothen
      • IV E 1 (General defense matters, submission of reports in matters of high treason and treason, factory security and the security trade): SS-Hauptsturmführer and Detective Inspector Kurt Lindow
      • IV E 2 (General economic affairs, counterintelligence): Government official Sebastian
      • IV E 3 (Abwehr West): SS-Hauptsturmführer and Kriminalrat Herbert Fischer
      • IV E 4 (Defense North): Detective Director Ernst Schambacher
      • IV E 5 (Defense East): SS-Sturmbannführer and criminal director Walter Kubitzky
      • IV E 6 (Defense South): SS-Hauptsturmführer and Kriminalrat Schmitz
    • IV P (dealing with foreign police forces) Kriminalrat Alwin Wipper (from August 1941)
  • Office VI (Abroad - SD-Abroad): SS Brigadführer and Major General of the Police Heinz Jost , from 1942 SS Brigadführer and Major General of the Police Walter Schellenberg
    • VI A (general foreign intelligence tasks with seven sections): SS-Obersturmbannführer Alfred Filbert , from July 1941 Walter Schellenberg, from January 1944 SS-Standartenführer Martin Sandberger
      • Commissioner of Office VI for the review of all intelligence connections, including securing communication and courier routes and the use of intelligence resources of Office VI in Germany and abroad: responsible for group leader VI A
      • Commissioner of Office VI for the review and safeguarding of the foreign tasks assigned to the SD (lead) sections: vacant
      • Commissioner I (West) for the SD (control) sections Münster, Aachen, Bielefeld, Dortmund, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Koblenz, Kassel, Frankfurt / M., Darmstadt, Neustadt, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart: SS-Obersturmbannführer Heinrich Bernhard
      • Commissioner II (north) for the SD (lead) sections Bremen, Braunschweig, Lüneburg, Hamburg, Kiel, Schwerin, Stettin, Neustettin: SS-Obersturmbannführer Hermann Lehmann
      • Commissioner III (East) for the SD (Leit) sections Danzig, Königsberg, Allenstein, Tilsit, Thorn, Posen, Hohensalza, Litzmannstadt, Breslau, Liegnitz, Oppeln, Kattowitz, Troppau, Generalgouvernement: SS-Sturmbannführer Karl von Salisch
      • Commissioner IV (South) for the SD (Leit) sections Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Linz, Salzburg, Munich, Augsburg, Bayreuth, Nuremberg, Würzburg, Prague: SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Lapper
      • Representative V (center) for the SD (lead) sections Berlin, Potsdam, Frankfurt / O., Dresden, Halle, Leipzig, Chemnitz, Dessau, Weimar, Magdeburg, Reichenberg, Karlsbad: SS-Obersturmbannführer Karl Thiemann
    • VI B (German-Italian area of ​​influence in Europe, Africa and the Middle East with ten reports, not listed in the map): currently not occupied, from 1943 SS-Standartenführer Eugen Steimle
    • VI C (East, Russian-Japanese area of ​​influence with eleven sections, not listed in the map): vacant, from April 1941 SS-Obersturmbannführer and Oberregierungsrat Heinz Graefe , from March 1944 SS-Sturmbannführer Erich Hengelhaupt .
      • VI C 13: "Research Center Orient" Berlin; since September 1944 at the Univ. Tübingen (here called "Branch Office VI G 11"); Employee Walter Lorch, a geographer; Otto Rössler (Africanist)
      • VI C / Z (1942/43): SS-Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Oebsger-Röder
    • VI D (West, Anglo-American sphere of influence with nine sections, not listed in the map): not occupied, from September 1942 SS-Sturmbannführer Theodor Paeffgen
    • VI E (exploration of ideological opponents abroad with six presentations, not listed in the map): SS-Obersturmbannführer Helmut Bone , from June 1942 SS-Obersturmbannführer Walter Hammer
    • VI F (Technical aids for the intelligence service abroad with seven reports, not listed in the map): SS-Obersturmbannführer Walter Rauff
    • VI G: "Dr. Wilfried Krallert ”(from 1943, scientifically methodical intelligence service and national politics, not listed in the plan): SS-Hauptsturmführer Wilfried Krallert . Name in dealing with institutions that "RSHA" may have bothered you: Reich Foundation for Regional Geography.
    • VI S (from 1943, training, fighting the resistance, not listed in the map): SS-Hauptsturmführer Otto Skorzeny
  • Office VII (ideological research and evaluation - SD abroad) chief SS-Standartenführer Franz Six , (representative: April 1941 to November 18, 1943 SS-Obersturmbannführer and Oberregierungsrat Paul Mylius ), chief from the end of 1943 SS-Obersturmbannführer Paul Dittel
    • VII A (material registration): SS-Obersturmbannführer and Oberregierungsrat Paul Mylius
      • VII A 1 (library): SS-Hauptsturmführer Waldemar Beyer
      • VII A 2 (reporting, translation service, viewing and exploitation of press material): SS-Hauptsturmführer Helmut Mehringer
      • VII A 3 (credit agency and liaison office): SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Burmester
    • VII B (evaluation): currently vacant
      • VII B 1 (Freemasonry and Judaism): currently vacant
      • VII B 2 (Political Churches): SS-Hauptsturmführer Friedrich Murawski
      • VII B 3 (Marxism): SS-Untersturmführer Horst Mahnke , Moscow advance command of Einsatzgruppe B
      • VII B 4 (other enemy groups): SS-Obersturmbannführer Rolf Mühler
      • VII B 5 (Scientific individual investigations into domestic problems): SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Schick
      • VII B 6 (Scientific individual studies on international problems): currently vacant
    • VII C (archive, museum and special scientific orders): currently vacant

1942, Reinhard Heydrich was over the head of the Main Office Order Police (HA Orpo) , Kurt Daluege , prevail for more powers for the Reich Security Main Office in combat. The responsibilities of Department II of the HA Orpo, i.e. for passports, the immigration police, registration, military substitute systems, citizenship and emigration, as well as Department V with police administrative law, police criminal law, weapons and the health police, were transferred to the RSHA.

As the war continued, the Gestapo's reports for the occupied territories became increasingly important. In a further reorganization of the RSHA in the spring of 1944, the following three unit groups were formed:

  • IV A (specialist presentations)
  • IV B (country units)
  • IV G (border police)

The specialist presentations were structured as follows:

  • IV B 1 (western and northern areas): SS-Standartenführer Humbert Achamer-Pifrader
  • IV B 2 (east and south-east areas): SS-Obersturmbannführer Kurt Lischka
  • IV B 3 (southern areas): SS-Standartenführer and criminal director Fritz Rang
  • IV B 4 (passport and identity documents): Ministerialrat Johannes Krause
  • IV B a A (fundamental questions regarding the deployment of foreign workers)
  • IV G ( customs border guard, border inspection)

The archive (concentration camp papers)

The archives of the Reich Security Main Office were relocated from Berlin to the Theresienstadt concentration camp on July 23, 1943 for air protection reasons. There, the Sudeten barracks and the Bodenbach barracks (Nazi names), the armory and two other houses of the concentration camp in occupied Czechoslovakia were cleared. About 200 Berlin officials and their families came with the archive. The use of these buildings to accommodate the nationwide concentration camp archive further aggravated the spatial situation of the concentration camp prisoners there. The archive was Department IV A 6a (concentration camp papers) of the RSHA. The gates EI of the former Theresienstadt fortress were locked and guarded by Czech gendarmes and members of the security service of the so-called ghetto guard. The archive was destroyed in the spring of 1945.

literature

  • Hans Buchheim u. a .: Anatomy of the SS state . 2 vol., Munich 1979.
  • Jacques Delarue: History of the Gestapo. Athenaeum, Königstein 1979.
  • Hans-Jürgen Döscher : SS and Foreign Office in the Third Reich. Diplomacy in the shadow of the “final solution” . Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1991.
  • Robert Gellately : The Gestapo and German Society. The Enforcement of Racial Policy 1933–1945. 2nd Edition. Ferdinand Schöningh publishing house, Paderborn 1994.
  • Klaus Gessner: Secret field police. Military publishing house of the GDR, Berlin 1986.
  • Christoph Graf: Political police between democracy and dictatorship. The development of the Prussian political police from the state protection corps of the Weimar Republic to the secret state police of the Third Reich. Berlin 1983.
  • Heinz Höhne : The order under the skull. The history of the SS . Gondrom, Bindlach 1990.
  • Helmut Krausnick and Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm: The troops of the Weltanschauung war. The Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and SD 1938–1942. DVA, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-421-01987-8 .
  • Stephan Linck: Committed to Order: German Police 1933–1949. The Flensburg case. Schöningh, Paderborn 1999.
  • Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo myth and reality . Darmstadt 1995 and The Gestapo in World War II: “Home Front” and Occupied Europe. Scientific Book Society , Darmstadt 2000 & Primus, Darmstadt 2000, ISBN 3-89678-188-X .
  • Alwin Ramme: The SS Security Service. On its function in the fascist power apparatus and in the occupation regime of the so-called General Government. Berlin 1970.
  • Reinhard Rürup (Ed.): Topography of Terror. Gestapo, SS and Reich Security Main Office on the "Prince Albrecht site". A documentation. 8th edition. Willmuth Arenhövel, Berlin 1991.
  • Carsten Schreiber: Elite in secret. Ideology and regional domination practice of the security service of the SS and its network using the example of Saxony. Studies on Contemporary History, Vol. 77, Munich 2008.
  • Carsten Schreiber: General Staff of the Holocaust or an academic ivory tower? The 'opponent research' of the security service of the SS. In: Yearbook of the Simon Dubnow Institute 5 (2006), pp. 327–352.
  • Johannes Tuchel and Reinold Schattenfroh: Headquarters of Terror. Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse 8: The Gestapo headquarters. Siedler, Berlin 1987.
  • Bernd Wegner : Hitler's Political Soldiers: The Waffen-SS 1933–1945. 6th edition. Schöningh, Paderborn 1999.
  • Michael Wildt : Generation of the Unconditional. The leadership corps of the Reich Security Main Office . Hamburger Edition , 2002, ISBN 3-930908-75-1 .
  • Michael Wildt (Ed.): The Reich Security Main Office. Nazi terror headquarters in World War II. Hentrich & Hentrich, Berlin / Leipzig 2019, ISBN 978-3-95565-360-6 .
  • Friedrich Wilhelm: The police in the Nazi state. The history of your organization at a glance. 2., through u. improved edition Schöningh, Paderborn 1999, ISBN 3-506-77513-8 .
  • Friedrich Zipfel : Gestapo and security service. Berlin 1960.

Web links

Commons : Reich Security Main Office  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Reich Security Main Office  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Remarks

  1. ↑ See overall: Michael Wildt: Generation des Unbedingten The leadership corps of the Reich Security Main Office . Hamburg edition of the HIS publishing company. Hamburg 2003.
  2. ↑ Michael Wildt: Generation of the Unconditional The Leadership Corps of the Reich Security Main Office . Hamburger Edition by HIS Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg 2003, p. 855 ff. And p. 203 ff.
  3. ↑ Cf. the criticism of Eugen Kogon's assessment in his work Der SS-Staat in Michael Wildt: Generation des Unbedingten Das Leading Corps of the Reich Security Main Office . Hamburg edition of the HIS publishing company. Hamburg 2003, p. 15.
  4. ↑ Michael Wildt: Generation of the Unconditional The Leadership Corps of the Reich Security Main Office . Hamburg edition of the HIS publishing company. Hamburg 2003, p. 855.
  5. ↑ Lorch & Rössler later traded under the name “VI G”, mostly in today's scientific literature about them. - The traces of the “Research Center Orient” are few and far between and urgently needs to be worked on. The relocation of the FG to Tübingen, as Herf describes in “Propaganda for the Arab world” pp. 199–202 and above all in the notes on it, would be an important example of an institutionalized cooperation between the RSHA and university institutes, which, however, was the organizational plan of the RSHA remained integrated. Walter Lorch was the head of the FG Orient; a "Walter T. Lorch" published in 1971, in 1973 reprint, a bibliography on development aid in Asia in the Hamburg Institute for Asian Studies , where he now played an important role; In the 1950s he published on landscape conservation, also on behalf of the state ( Federal Agency for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management , 1957). In 1938/39 he wrote publications on " desert research ", the search for former human settlements using a phosphate method , etc. a. in a series "Work on State and Folk Research". The same name was published in 1941 on prehistoric men in Western Europe. Lorch belonged, you can see the places of publication and the editors. after 1945, to the network of Nazi spatial researchers around the " Ahnenerbe " and Heinrich Hunke . There is a trace of his Nazi era in the Freiburg University Archive: #C 67/1830 from 1944, Lorch, treatises for the “Research Center Orient” [1] . See also Emil Forrer . His longstanding employer after 1945, the Institute for Asian Studies Hamburg, refused to answer scientific inquiries about Lorch in 2011.
  6. ↑ See the note on VI C 13! Also: Michael Fahlbusch , Wilfried Krallert (1912–1969). A geographer and historian in the service of the SS. In: Karel Hruza (ed.): Austrian historians 1900–1945: CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna 2008, pp. 793-836. About the Reich Foundation: Online , Appendix p. 348 (and following), also available as a print. Report by Reiner Olzscha from the SS main office on the SS field mullahs.
  7. ↑ Adler 1960, p. 136 f

Coordinates: 52 ° 30 ′ 22 ″  N , 13 ° 23 ′ 8 ″  E