Walther Rauff

SS-Standartenführer Walther Rauff (right) , 1945

Hermann Julius Walter Rauff , even Walter Rauff , (* 19th June 1906 in Köthen (Anhalt) ; † 14. May 1984 in Santiago de Chile ) was in the era of National Socialism group leader in the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), instrumental in the use of gas vans to Involved in the murder of Jews and other prisoners from concentration camps and head of a task force in the North African campaign . Rauff fled to South America after the end of the war . In September 2011, the Federal Intelligence Service (BND) confirmed that Rauff had worked as an agent for the BND between 1958 and 1962.

Life

The son of a bank attorney passed his Abitur in 1924 after attending school in Magdeburg . According to his own later statements, he was brought up by his parents "in a national and military manner". Rauff joined the Reichsmarine in 1924 . Most recently as a lieutenant commander in command of a minesweeper , he resigned at his own request at the end of 1937 in order to forestall an impending dishonorable dismissal for adultery .

In 1937 Rauff joined the NSDAP ( membership number 5,216,415) and in January 1938 the SS (SS number 290.947). From April 20, 1938, he held the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer in the SS . In his SS personnel file, Rauff was listed as an " old fighter ", which indicates that he supported the NSDAP even before Hitler's " seizure of power " in 1933, but did not join the party as a naval member. From January or April 1938 Rauff worked in the SD main office as a consultant for mobilization matters. In this function, he checked which SD personnel were "indispensable" in the event of war.

After the attack on Poland in 1939, Rauff took part in the meetings of the chiefs of the security police and the SD under Reinhard Heydrich's leadership and prepared the minutes of the meeting. The subjects of the discussions were the mass murders carried out by the Einsatzgruppen in Poland since the beginning of the war . In 1940 and 1941, after voluntarily reporting to the Navy, Rauff was the commander of a minesweeping flotilla on the coast of the English Channel , then he returned to the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). Since November 9, 1940 SS-Sturmbannführer, he took over the management of the groups II D and VI F in the RSHA, both of which were responsible for technical matters. With Heydrich's appointment as Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia , he followed him to Prague and organized the “technical communications” of the local office. Apparently there was a personal friendship between Rauff and Heydrich, both were or should be dishonorably discharged from the Navy.

Development of the gas truck

After the attack on the Soviet Union , Rauff, as group leader II D of the RSHA, was one of the central people responsible for genocides such as the Holocaust , the Porajmos of the Sinti and Roma, then known as the “ Gypsies ”, and political opponents in the Soviet Union . Soon after the mass murders began, alternatives to the mass shootings were sought: In addition to the murders with explosives carried out by Arthur Nebe and Albert Widmann , killings with gas vans were discussed, as had been practiced in 1939 and 1940 by an SS commando under Herbert Lange in Poland . The gas vans were closed-body trucks into which exhaust gases were introduced. Rauff himself expressed himself in later statements: “I cannot say whether I had reservations about the use of gas vans at the time. For me at the time it was in the foreground that the shootings represented a considerable burden for the men who were dealt with and that this burden was eliminated by using the gas vans. "

The initiative for the development of the gas truck apparently came from Heydrich, Himmler was informed. Heydrich commissioned Rauff in September or October 1941, who passed the order on to his subordinate Friedrich Pradel from RSHA Division II D 3a. The Pradel responsible for the vehicles of the security police was able to report to Rauff after a short time about the "feasibility" of a gas vehicle. Rauff ordered Pradel to contact the chemist Walter Heeß from the Criminal Technology Institute (KTI) about the construction of the gas vans , and commissioned the Gaubschat company from Berlin-Neukölln to deliver the box bodies, while the RSHA procured the chassis for the gas vans . At the beginning of November 30 prisoners from the Sachsenhausen concentration camp were gassed to “test” the first gas truck . First a series of five or six gas vans was built; a first insert of a gas carriage in November in Poltawa by the detail 4a in the use of group C . The use of gas trucks in the Kulmhof extermination camp is documented for December 8, 1941 . Before December 14, 1941, Rauff gave the chemist August Becker the order to check the use of the gas vans by the Einsatzgruppen in the east.

Probably before the end of 1941, 30 more gas trucks were commissioned, which were to be built on the basis of larger trucks. By June 23, 1942, 20 of them had been delivered. Rauff was not only responsible for technical questions, but coordinated the use of the vehicles by the task forces and was informed about the problems that occurred with the gas vans. At the request of Harald Turner , head of the administrative staff at the military commander in Serbia, a gas truck was in use in Serbia between April and June 1942. According to a note dated June 5, 1942, made in Section II D 3a of the RSHA, which is subordinate to Rauff, 97,000 people have been murdered since December 1941 with three example gas vans.

Task Force in North Africa

In the summer of 1942, Rauff was head of a task force that, following the German and Italian successes in the Africa campaign , was supposed to systematically murder Jews in Palestine and other parts of the Near East . The National Socialists assumed a widespread willingness to collaborate on the part of the Arabs : "The extraordinarily pro-German mood among the Arabs is essentially due to the hope that 'Hitler may come' to drive out the Jews," said the head of the foreign intelligence service in the summer of 1942 , Walter Schellenberg . The Islamic clergyman and Palestinian Arab nationalist Mohammed Amin al-Husseini , who was in exile in Germany from 1941, contributed to this assessment . The initial successes of the Germans and Italians in the African campaign aroused expectations in the summer of 1942 of a rapid advance into Egypt and on to Palestine .

The establishment of a task force was decided in July 1942 and quickly implemented: On July 1, 1942 Walter Schellenberg and Himmler talked about an “operation in Egypt”; apparently on the same day Hitler also gave his approval. On July 13, an operational guideline was agreed between the SS and the armed forces leadership, which largely corresponded to the agreements for mass murder in the Soviet Union: According to the agreement, the Einsatzkommando was entitled “to take executive measures on its own responsibility against the civilian population as part of its mandate. “The 24-man task force under Rauff's command was transferred to Athens on July 29th. Rauff, who had had the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer since January 30, 1942 , had flown to Tobruk on July 20 to receive orders from General Field Marshal Erwin Rommel for the deployment of the command. A personal encounter between Rommel and Rauff is considered unlikely, since at the same time - 500 km from Tobruk - the first battle of El Alamein was in its final phase. Rauff himself later stated that he had met Rommel's Chief of Staff, Lieutenant Colonel Siegfried Westphal , in Tobruk . The battle of El Alamein stopped the German and Italian offensive; therefore, after September 18, 1942, Rauff's command was relocated from Athens to Germany.

Rauff's task force was deployed in Tunisia on November 24, 1942 : On November 8, Allied troops landed in Operation Torch in Morocco and Algeria . On Hitler's orders, German troops landed in Tunisia, which until then had been under the control of the Vichy regime . Rauff's unit initially consisted of 24 men and was then increased to 100 men. On December 6th, in a meeting with General Walther Nehring and the German diplomat Rudolf Rahn , Rauff agreed on the use of Jewish forced laborers to expand the German front lines. Rauff then ordered leading representatives of the Jewish community in Tunis to form a Judenrat to implement the German orders and to immediately provide 2,000 Jewish forced laborers. In addition, the forced laborers should wear a yellow star on their backs; if he did not obey the order, he threatened the arrest of 10,000 Jews. In the short time it was available, the Jewish community was unable to provide the required slave labor. Therefore Rauff was on 9 December, the main synagogue storm that there arrested worshipers and the camp Cheylus, 65 kilometers south of Tunis, deport . The number of Jewish forced laborers increased steadily, the last time on April 21, 1943. In Tunisia there were between 30 and 42 labor camps in which the forced laborers were housed under sometimes catastrophic conditions.

At the same time, large sums of money were extorted from the Jewish communities: by April 1943 this was 50 million francs . The Jewish community on the island of Djerba initially demanded 10 million francs, then 50 kilograms of gold; 43 kilograms were actually delivered. Rauff's task force justified the “compulsory levies” with the damage caused by Allied air raids on Tunisian cities and for which “international Jewry” was responsible. The mass murders carried out by other Einsatzgruppen did not take place in Tunisia: The reasons given are the lack of transport capacities that were needed for supplies to the Wehrmacht, the negative attitude of the Italian alliance partner, the opposition of the French General Representative Jean-Pierre Estéva and the proximity of the Allied troops .

The Allied successes in the Battle of Tunisia led to Rauff and the entire task force being flown to Naples on May 9, 1943. Four days later, the German and Italian troops surrendered in Tunisia. After several weeks of deployment in Corsica, Rauff was involved in the “ fight against partisans ” from the beginning of September 1943 as commander of the “Northern Italy West ” group. In this function he was subordinate to the commander of the Security Police and the SD (BdS) in Italy, Wilhelm Harster . Rauff's command met the Italian resistance against the German occupation with brutal reprisals. According to an order proposal from February 1945, Rauff had fought a series of strikes in Milan, Turin and Genoa in December 1943 "partly by tough action, partly by skillful negotiations and preventive measures". As in Tunis, Rauff's subordinates included Theo Saevecke , who was responsible for the murder of 15 hostages in Milan in August 1944.

Promoted to SS-Standartenführer on July 21, 1944 , Rauff was briefly involved in negotiations for the surrender of the Wehrmacht in Italy in 1945 . The Archbishop of Milan, Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster , had previously informed Rauff that the Allies wanted to leave the liberation of northwestern Italy to the Italian partisans. The cardinal feared fighting between the partisans and the remnants of the Mussolini regime , which could lead to senseless bloodshed and destruction and, in the opinion of the Catholic dignitaries, would promote " Bolshevism ". After the approval of his superior Wilhelm Harster, Rauff took up contact with Allen Dulles via Monsignor Giuseppe Bicchierai (1898-1987), the cardinal's secretary , in order to obtain an invasion of Allied troops. Dulles, at that time working for the US secret service Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in Bern , rejected the cardinal's ideas, as did the British and representatives of the Italian resistance.

Internment and work for the Syrian secret service

CIA documents relating to Rauff's whereabouts after the end of the war were released in 2002 and MI5 files in 2005 . In September 2011, Walter Rauff's 900-page personnel file was made accessible to the Federal Intelligence Service (BND) by the internal research and working group “History of the BND”. In his own publication, the BND historian Bodo Hechelhammer officially confirmed Rauff's work for the foreign intelligence service. In it, he stated that Rauff's recruitment was "politically and morally incomprehensible from today's perspective". This confirmed information from criminologist and historian Dieter Schenk from 2001 that Rauff had worked for the BND.

When Rauff was captured by Allied troops on April 30, 1945 , he and other SS members holed up in the Hotel Regina in Milan because he feared lynching . The interrogations of Rauff during his internment gave the interrogator the following impression: “Rauff has streamlined his organization of political crime and is proud of it. Cynical and presumptuous by nature, but more cunning and stealthy than intelligent, he regards his deeds as a matter of course. ”Probably on the basis of German documents found, the official recommended that Rauff be interned for life. A report by the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) attests to Rauff's unwillingness to cooperate as well as barely disguised contempt and ongoing malice towards the Allies.

In December 1946, Rauff managed to escape from an American internment camp in Rimini . According to Rauff's own statements, he hid in various convents of the Holy See for 18 months , apparently supported by the Catholic Bishop Alois Hudal .

In July 1948, Rauff appeared in Rome as a recruiter for Captain Akram Tabarr, also known as Jean Hamsi, from the Syrian intelligence service , and in November 1948 he and his family left for Syria . On April 11, 1949, the military in Syria , which was defeated in the Palestine War against the Israeli forces . The military regime of Husni az-Za'im used German security forces to prepare for a future war against Israel. Rauff had recruited such "experts" in Rome and played a leading role within the "expert group": According to American intelligence reports, Rauff was involved in setting up the Syrian secret police Deuxième Bureau , and he is said to have maintained close contacts with the head of the Syrian military intelligence service . The Gehlen Organization , the new German secret service established under American leadership, was aware of Rauff's stay in Syria. According to American intelligence information , Reinhard Gehlen initially considered using Rauff as an agent in Syria , but then decided to prevent further former Wehrmacht officers from being involved in Syria. In a second military coup in August 1949, Rauff was arrested: the Syrian side claimed that Rauff had used torture - presumably against Jews - to extort confessions. American intelligence reports suspected the reason for Rauff's arrest in his advisory role to the previous military ruler. Rauff had to leave Syria and returned to Italy via Lebanon. According to the Israeli journalist Shraga Elam , Rauff is said to have also worked for the Israeli secret service in the late 1940s.

Escape to South America and work for the BND

In November 1949 Rauff stayed in Rome under an assumed name; on December 17th he left Europe with his wife and two children on the so-called rat line by ship to Ecuador . According to American intelligence documents, Rauff and his family settled in Quito . There he found work as a representative for Bayer AG and the US pharmaceutical company Parke-Davis . The CIA suspected Rauff of working for secret services in Ecuador, but could not finally clarify this.

According to the findings of the CIA, Rauff moved from Ecuador to Chile in October 1958 . Rauff himself stated in 1979 that he had been made aware of the benefits of living in Chile by the later Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet in Ecuador . In 1958, as a young officer, Pinochet was involved in setting up the Ecuadorian Military Academy. In order to ensure the receipt of his pension as a naval officer, Rauff informed the Federal German Ministry of Finance of his new address . In 1959 he received a permanent residence permit for Chile; In 1960 Rauff traveled to Germany with his wife. He used a Chilean passport in the name of Hermann Julius Walter Rauff Bauermeister , where Bauermeister was his mother's maiden name.

In 1958 the BND recruited Rauff as an "intelligence connection" at the suggestion of the former SS leader and later BND employee Wilhelm Beisner (alias "Bertram") and Rudolf Oebsger-Röder , who both knew Rauff from the RSHA. In a BND memo from 1984 it says, "(You) knew [...] from the beginning who you were dealing with [...], since Rauff never made a secret of his past". Among other things, Rauff's assignment was to obtain information from Cuba on the question of how far Fidel Castro had moved from the West. However, he did not receive an entry visa. Between 1960 and February 1962, Rauff stayed several times for further training by the BND in the Federal Republic, although a German arrest warrant had been available since 1961. The BND led him under the code name “Enrico Gomez” as agent “V-7.410” and paid him a monthly lump sum of 2000 DM. When Rauff threatened prosecution because of his Nazi burden, the BND also took over part of the legal fees. According to the files, however, Rauff's reports were largely worthless, so his fee was reduced. In total, the BND paid him a sum of 70,000 German marks until 1963 . Because of the arrest in Chile, the BND stopped its contacts with Rauff.

In April 1961, Rauff's name was mentioned at the Eichmann trial in Israel. This led to an extradition request from the Federal Republic of Germany. In early December 1962, Rauff was arrested and briefly imprisoned in Punta Arenas , in the extreme south of Chile. The Chilean Supreme Court refused to extradite him in the spring of 1963, as Chilean law prescribes murder after 15 years. Rauff, who had been advised by Eichmann's defender Robert Servatius , later founded a fish factory and became prosperous.

International efforts for extradition from 1970

After Salvador Allende's election as Chilean President in 1970, Simon Wiesenthal saw the opportunity to extradite Rauff. Allende refused extradition for formal reasons: he informed Wiesenthal that, due to the separation of powers, only courts could decide on an extradition and suggested that the German authorities submit a new extradition request. This did not happen after the 1973 military coup .

In 1972 Rauff made a voluntary testimony as a witness in the proceedings against Bruno Straßenbach , the head of the Hamburg Gestapo and the main organizer of the Einsatzgruppen. The interrogation took place by German judges in the German embassy in Santiago de Chile .

According to a CIA report issued in 1974 during the Chilean military dictatorship under Pinochet, Rauff lived in Porvenir on Tierra del Fuego and is said to have dedicated himself to raising cattle. According to other sources, he should have moved to Santiago de Chile shortly after the coup and became prosperous there as the owner of a canning factory. In the same year, the French newspaper Le Monde reported that Rauff was working in a leading position at the Chilean secret service, the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA). The published CIA reports do not give a clear picture of Rauff's involvement in the human rights violations of the Pinochet dictatorship, since the reports were only released to a limited extent in order to protect intelligence sources. In March 1976, the CIA was apparently unsure whether Rauff - and if so, in what capacity - was working for the Chilean security authorities.

In 1980 an attempt by Israeli agents to liquidate Rauff and Klaus Barbie failed . On April 12, 1983, Simon Wiesenthal turned to US President Ronald Reagan with a request to work in Chile for Rauff's extradition. An investigation carried out by the CIA in August and September 1983 at the request of the US State Department revealed no links between the house and Rauff. In December 1983, during a visit to the Federal Republic of Germany, an official from the US State Department found that there was indeed an interest in Rauff's extradition there. On January 20, 1984, Beate Klarsfeld traveled to Chile to demand Rauff's extradition. She was arrested twice in the following three weeks, including during a demonstration in front of Rauff's house. On February 1, an Israeli diplomat in Santiago de Chile demanded that Rauff be extradited; the European Parliament agreed on February 19 in a resolution. After Ronald Reagan met Simon Wiesenthal, an American government spokesman said the American government wanted Nazi war criminals to be tried. The pressure exerted on Chile was controversial within the US government, so the ambassador in Santiago de Chile saw the interests of the USA in Chile at risk, but was unable to assert himself with this stance. On February 29, 1984, the German ambassador Hermann Holzheimer requested that Rauff be deported to the Chilean Foreign Ministry . A deportation instead of an extradition - according to the German reasoning - is legally easier and does not require a new decision by the Chilean supreme court. The Chilean government refused to transfer Rauff unless new evidence would be presented against Rauff that was not known when the 1963 court ruled. In March 1984 the Chilean Foreign Minister Jaime del Valle called the US support for the German demands "disturbing, illogical, unacceptable and absurd".

Rauff had been suffering from lung cancer for a long time and died two months later on May 14, 1984 of a heart attack .

literature

• Martin Cüppers : Walter Rauff - In German service. From Nazi criminal to BND spy . WBG , Darmstadt 2013, ISBN 978-3-534-26279-3 . (Publications of the research center Ludwigsburg .)
• Klaus-Michael Mallmann , Martin Cüppers: Crescent moon and swastika. The Third Reich, the Arabs and Palestine. WBG , Darmstadt 2006, ISBN 3-534-19729-1 . (Publications of the Research Center Ludwigsburg , 8.)
• Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Martin Cüppers: "Elimination of the Jewish national homeland in Palestine." The task force at the Panzer Army Africa 1942. In: Jürgen Matthäus, Klaus-Michael Mallmann (ed.): Germans, Jews, Genocide. The Holocaust as Past and Present. WBG, Darmstadt 2006, ISBN 3-534-18481-5 .
• Richard Breitman, Norman JW Goda, Paul Brown: The Gestapo. In: Richard Breitman, Norman JW Goda, Timothy Naftali, Robert Wolfe: US Intelligence and the Nazis. Cambridge UP, Cambridge 2005, ISBN 0-521-61794-4 , pp. 137-172.
• Martin Cüppers: Always got away with it. How Walther Rauff successfully evaded his judges. In: Andrej Angrick , Klaus-Michael Mallmann (ed.): The Gestapo after 1945. Careers, conflicts, constructions. (Publications of the research center Ludwigsburg, 14) WBG, Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-534-20673-5 , pp. 71-89.
• Heinz Schneppen : Walther Rauff. Organizer of the gas truck murders. A biography. (Zeitgeschichten series, Vol. 7) Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86331-024-0 .
• Weird and Strange . In: Der Spiegel . No. 4 , 1963 ( online - Jan. 23, 1963 ).
• Daniel Stahl: Nazi hunt: South America's dictatorships and the prosecution of Nazi crimes. Wallstein, Göttingen 2013. ISBN 978-3-8353-1112-1 .

Web links

• Bodo Hechelhammer: Walther Rauff and the Federal Intelligence Service. (PDF; 14 MB) In: Communications from the research and working group “History of the BND” (MFGBND), No. 2 (2011).
• Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Martin Cüppers: “Elimination of the Jewish National Home in Palestine”. The Einsatzkommando of the Panzer Army Africa, 1942. (PDF, 257 kB, English) In: Yad Vashem Studies 35 (2007), pp. 111–141.
• Statement by Walter Rauff in Santiago de Chile
• Document: Note… special wagons, number in RSHA: II D 3 a (9) No. 214/42 g.Ra. - June 5, 1942
• Rauff letter from April 26, 1942 (English and German, facsimile)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Quoted in Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , pp. 139 f.
2. ↑ Cüppers, Getting away with it , p. 72.
3. ^ SS entry according to Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , p. 140. According to Ernst Klee: Personal Lexicon for the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-596-16048-0 , p. 482, joined the SS in 1939. Membership numbers and promotion dates in the SS are taken from the SS list of seniority from 1944.
4. ^ Breitman, Goda, Brown: Gestapo , pp. 154, 168.
5. ↑ According to his own statement in the German embassy in Santiago de Chile on June 28, 1972 at the NS archive from January 1938, according to Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , p. 140, from April 1938 at the SD.
6. ↑ Breitman, Goda, Brown: Gestapo , p. 154. In his interrogation in 1972 , Rauff reported manipulations in the double-headed game against Heydrich.
7. ↑ Mathias Beer: The development of the gas truck in the murder of the Jews. (pdf, 7.6 MB) In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 35 (1987), pp. 403–417.
8. ^ ^{A b} Statement by Rauff in the German embassy in Santiago de Chile on June 28, 1972 at the NS archive .
9. ↑ The correspondence in the facsimile ( Memento of the original of June 9, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at the Harvard Law School Library (Nuremberg Document PS-101). 
10. ↑ Note… special car, number in the RSHA: II D 3 a (9) No. 214/42 g.Ra. - from June 5, 1942 at www.ns-archiv.de.
11. ↑ Quoted from: Kerstin Eschrich: Imam Hitler. New findings on the National Socialists' strategic planning for the Middle East ( Memento from September 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (Historical Institute of the University of Stuttgart, accessed on October 22, 2011).
12. ↑ Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , pp. 137f., 186.
13. ↑ Quoted from: Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , p. 138.
14. ↑ Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , p. 138.
15. ↑ Rauff's information to Karl Wolff and Gerd Heidemann in June 1979, see Cüppers, Immer weggekommen , p. 76.
16. ↑ Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , pp. 202 ff.
17. ↑ 30 or 42, see the "Places of detention within the framework of the recognition of Article 2 Agreement with the Jewish Claims Conference (JCC)" with a total of 1650 partially redundant positions List of places of detention ( memento of the original from January 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
18. ↑ Cüppers, Getting away with it , p. 77.
19. ↑ Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , p. 206.
20. ↑ Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , p. 218.
21. ^ Breitman, Goda, Brown: Gestapo , p. 154.
22. ↑ Order proposal of the Highest SS and Police Leader, quoted in Cüppers, Always got away , p. 79.
23. ^ Breitman, Goda, Brown: Gestapo , p. 153.
24. ↑ More CIA Name Files Released. (PDF; 300 kB) in: Disclosure. Newsletter of the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group. November 2002, p. 2. Breitman, Goda, Brown, Gestapo , evaluate these American secret service files.
25. ↑ ^{a b c} September 5, 2005 releases: German intelligence officers ( Memento of the original from August 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at www.mi5.gov.uk. 
26. ↑ Bodo Hechelhammer, Walther Rauff and the Federal Intelligence Service, Berlin 2011, p. 6.
27. ↑ Dieter Schenk: Blind in the right eye. The brown roots of the BKA. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-462-03034-5 , p. 348.
28. ↑ “Rauff has brought his organization of political gangsterism to stream-lined perfection and is proud of the fact. By nature cynical and overbearing, but cunning and shifty rather than intelligent, he regards his past activities as a matter of course. ”; cited from: 5 September 2005 releases: German intelligence officers ( memento of the original from October 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at www.mi5.gov.uk. 
29. ^ Breitman, Goda, Brown, Gestapo , p. 153.
30. ↑ Breitman, Goda, Brown, Gestapo , p. 153, as well as in the British secret service documents ( Memento of the original of August 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
31. ^ Rauff's statement in the extradition proceedings in Chile on December 5, 1962, see Breitman, Goda, Brown, Gestapo , pp. 154, 169.
32. ↑ Breitman, Goda, Brown, Gestapo , pp. 154 f.
33. ^ Shraga Elam, Dennis Whitehead: In the Service of the Jewish state. In: Haaretz, March 29, 2007, accessed July 28, 2012.
34. ↑ Cüppers, Getting away with it , p. 79.
35. ^ Breitman, Goda, Brown: Gestapo , p. 155 f.
36. ↑ Information on Rauff's life in Chile, unless otherwise stated, in: Breitman, Goda, Brown: Gestapo , pp. 156–159.
37. ↑ Information from Rauffs to Karl Wolff 1979, see Cüppers, Immer weggekommen , p. 79 f.
38. ↑ Bodo Hechelhammer: Walther Rauff and the Federal Intelligence Service.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   In: MFGBND (2011), No. 2 (accessed on October 19, 2011).
39. ↑ On this already Schenk, Auge , p. 348.
40. ↑ Jost Dülffer : In action for the BND. In: FAZ , September 27, 2011, p. 8.
41. ↑ Bernd Pickert: “ Twisted allegations. "In: the daily newspaper of June 1, 2005. On the allegations against Salvador Allende see also: Kersten Knipp:" Negligent science. “In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung from June 13, 2005.
42. ↑ Mallmann, Cüppers, Halbmond , p. 243 f.
43. ^ Yossi Melman, Dan Raviv: Why the Mossad failed to capture or kill so many fugitive Nazis. washingtonpost.com, September 22, 2017
44. ↑ Quoted from: Breitman, Goda, Brown: Gestapo , p. 159.
45. ↑ Cüppers, Getting away with it , p. 85.