State Police Headquarters Hamburg

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The State Police Headquarters Hamburg was the central office of the Secret State Police (Gestapo) in Hamburg at the time of National Socialism . The forerunner was the Hamburg State Police, which officially became known as the Secret State Police from December 1935. The Hamburg Gestapo office was later elevated to the status of a control center and was ultimately the superordinate authority of various Gestapo branch offices in Northern Germany. Members of the Hamburg Gestapo were significantly involved in the persecution and abuse of opponents of the Nazi regime , Jews and other Nazi victim groups. After the British army marched into Hamburg in early May 1945, most of the former members of the Hamburg Gestapo were interned and many of them had to answer for their actions in court. At the former Gestapo headquarters in Hamburg city hall , the victims of state police persecution are commemorated today with a memorial plaque and stumbling blocks . The city of Hamburg is planning to set up a documentation center there to commemorate the victims of police violence . A comprehensive scientific study on the Hamburg Gestapo is currently not available.

Stadthaus Hamburg adjoining building, entrance to the authority for urban development and the environment formerly located there, entrance to the Gestapo headquarters until 1943, under the arcades on the left the memorial plaque for Gestapo victims.

Forerunner of the Hamburg Gestapo: Hamburg State Police

Immediately after the Reichstag election on March 5, 1933 , the National Socialists in Hamburg took control of the police, among other things. The Hamburg state police was under a criminal investigation department is now the new interior minister and police Mr Alfred Richter , with its inauguration it on March 6, 1933 brought into line was. As Hamburg's Political Police , it was known as the Secret State Police from December 1935 . It already expanded its importance on the basis of the Reichstag Fire Ordinance of February 28, 1933, with which citizens could be deprived of their central freedoms and alleged or actual opponents of the Nazi regime could be arbitrarily taken into protective custody.

Well-known Nazi opponents and "politically unreliable" officials of the Hamburg State Police were given leave of absence and after the Professional Civil Service Act came into force in April 1933, they were dismissed or given less important police functions. The majority of the staff of the Hamburg State Police was replaced: National Socialist officials were transferred to the Hamburg State Police from other police stations and vacancies were filled with unemployed SA and SS men in particular . However, a number of long-standing experienced officials of the Hamburg State Police remained in their functions.

By March 1933, the Hamburg State Police consisted of 70 officers, the number of which had more than doubled to 151 by early 1934. In March 1933, Anatol Milewski-Schroeden, a member of the local NSDAP Gauleitung , became the head of the Hamburg State Police , who was replaced on May 15, 1933 by the police captain Walter Abraham . On October 20, 1933, the SS leader Bruno Fahrtbach succeeded Abraham in office.

On October 6, 1933, the Hamburg Senate spun off the Hamburg State Police from the criminal police and on November 24, 1933, subordinated them to Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler . Thus, the Interior Senator Richter and the newly appointed Police President Wilhelm Boltz , who succeeded the briefly incumbent Hans Nieland in this function after a vacancy, had no influence on the Hamburg State Police.

Smashing the workers' resistance

In the first years after the National Socialist takeover of power, smashing the workers' resistance was the primary goal of the Hamburg state police. On the evening of March 5, 1933, the Hamburg Gauleiter Karl Kaufmann commissioned the National Socialist police officer Peter Kraus to head a search unit of the Hamburg state police, which was supposed to smash communist and socialist groups operating in illegality. In order to reinforce personnel, there was a 36-member "Special Use Command" (KzbV) of the Ordnungspolizei , under the leadership of First Lieutenant Franz Kosa, from March 24, 1933 to January 1934 , which cooperated closely with the "Kraus Search Command ". Numerous political opponents of the Nazi regime were tracked down and arrested within a few months. At the center of state police persecution were initially members of the Red Front Fighters League and the KPD district leadership . The Nazi opponents who were taken into protective custody were often severely mistreated during their arrest and during “ intensified interrogations ”. From March 1933 to October 1934, employees of the Hamburg State Police arrested over 5,000 communists. State police preliminary investigations led to around 600 trials before the Hamburg Higher Regional Court and 100 trials before the People's Court due to preparation for high treason by 1939 . As a result of the penetration of the illegal KPD with informants and informers, the illegal Hamburg party leadership stopped the organized resistance in the spring of 1936.

Although leading social democrats were arrested as early as June 1933 and were temporarily in custody, the Hamburg state police did not take action against the social democratic resistance until October 1934. The social democratic resistance, organized by members of the Reichsbanner and the SPD , was smashed by 1937.

Gestapo office - the town hall as a "place of terror"

Stumbling blocks in front of the Hamburg town hall for the Gestapo victims Gustav Schönherr (1889–1933), Wilhelm Prüll (1910–1943) and Carl Burmester (1901–1934) who died there

The Hamburg police authority had been using the Hamburg town hall as its central office since 1814 . In addition to other police departments, at the time of the Weimar Republic and the National Socialist regime there was also the Hamburg state police and then the Gestapo continuously until the 24th and 25th. July 1943 housed in the extension of the town hall with the address Stadthausbrücke 8. After the town house was destroyed by bombs during Operation Gomorrah after air raids by the Royal Air Force , the state police headquarters were temporarily relocated to the school administration at Dammtorstraße 25. After several weeks, the premises in the civil justice building on Sievekingsplatz were finally the headquarters of the state police headquarters until the end of the war .

In the town house, prisoners were severely mistreated by Gestapo employees during interrogations in order to extort confessions. The cellars served as cells in which prisoners were temporarily detained and tortured under inhumane conditions.

Documented is the interrogation of the Hamburg KPD functionary, member of the Bundestag and former head of the local Red Front Fighters' Association, Etkar André , who was executed in 1936 and which was carried out on March 26, 1933 in the presence of five other prisoners and the Gauleiter Kaufmann in the Hamburg town hall:

“First he was asked if he wanted to testify. When he said no, the thugs attacked him and beat him with rubber clubs. When André was already unconscious on the floor, they kicked him with their feet. Then they yanked him up, laid him over the high desks, took off his pants and hit him with hippopotamus whips and rubber clubs until his body was nothing but a bloody mass. Now André was asked to testify again. However, he could no longer speak and only asked for water. Then one of the Gestapo officers took a bottle of water and slapped it in André's face. He was given several sheets of paper and asked to write down his statements. "

- From the indictment against Gauleiter Karl Kaufmann after the end of the war.

Detention centers

From March 1933 protective custody were first in the detention center and in an unused part of the building of the Fuhlsbüttel prison housed. Since the number of people taken into protective custody rose rapidly (1750 protective prisoners by May 1933), the newly established Wittmoor concentration camp was taken prisoners in April 1933 . After this camp was closed in October 1933, the prisoners held there were transferred to the Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp , which has been officially known as a concentration camp since September 1933 .

From December 1933 the Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp was under the control of the police and from 1936 was regularly referred to as the Fuhlsbüttel police prison . The prison staff consisted of Gestapo officers. Detainees were also tortured there to obtain confessions.

organization

After the reorganization of the German police in the autumn of 1936, the Gestapo was also standardized across the Reich: On the one hand, the Political Police outside Prussia was now generally known as the Secret State Police and the corresponding police authorities and departments became state police stations or the state police headquarters above them. As part of the reorganized police force, the State Police Headquarters was again authorized to issue instructions to the State Police Office in Berlin as Gestapo headquarters , which was initially subordinate to the Main Security Police Office and from September 1939 as Office IV was part of the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA). Gauleiter Karl Kaufmann took over the "political leadership" of the Hamburg Gestapo and thus exercised considerable influence on these prosecuting authorities.

From the beginning of February 1938, the Gestapo and criminal police in Hamburg were preceded locally by an inspector from the Security Police and the SD (IdS), who in turn was subordinate to the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF). The first IdS in military district X was Bruno Linienbach. Linienbach followed Erwin Schulz (1940–1941) and Johannes Thiele (1942–1945) in this role . In April 1945 the IdS was replaced by a commander of the Security Police and the SD (BdS), this position was held by Walther Bierkamp from April 14, 1945 . Hans-Adolf Prützmann (1937–1941), Rudolf Querner (1941–1943) and, most recently, Georg-Henning von Bassewitz-Behr (1943–1945) acted as the locally responsible HSSPF .

The main task of the state police headquarters was the investigation and detention of opponents of the Nazi regime or of people who were viewed as lawbreakers under National Socialist laws and ordinances. For this purpose, the Gestapo was given far-reaching powers to restrict civil liberties, such as the right of association and assembly , as well as the secrecy of mail , letters and telecommunications . In the course of investigations, the Gestapo collected incriminating material in preparation for legal proceedings and was able to order protective custody and executions.

staff

The head of the Hamburg State Police Headquarters until February 1, 1938, was Bruno Linienbach, and Günter Kuhl succeeded him in July 1938. On January 1, 1940, Heinrich Seetzen was entrusted with the management of the Hamburg Gestapo, who held this post from July 1941 to August 1942 in absentia. In September 1942 Josef Kreuzer took over the management of the Hamburg Gestapo until he was replaced in this position on July 1, 1944 by Hans Wilhelm Blomberg , who remained in this position until the end of the war.

Deputy Gestapo leaders included a. Ingo Eichmann (1938 to September 1939), Government Councilor Teesenfitz (until 1943), SS-Sturmbannführer Hintze (temporarily 1943), Government Councilor Jacob (until the beginning of 1944) and Government Councilor Achterberg (probably until the end of the war).

By the end of 1936, more than 200 Gestapo officers were working in Hamburg. In August 1944, the state police headquarters employed around 260 male and female Gestapo officers, plus employees and other staff. In addition to the prison staff in the Fuhlsbüttel police prison, the Gestapo also provided the guards in the Langer Morgen labor education camp established in 1943 .

During the Second World War , Hamburg Gestapo officers were sometimes also deployed in the German-occupied areas, where they were assigned tasks with the security police and the SD or the task forces . In German-occupied Denmark, for example, 75 Hamburg Gestapo officials set up Gestapo offices in August 1943 to suppress the Danish resistance . The resulting personnel vacancies were compensated for through the placement of the employment office through service obligations. For the most part, the people who were compulsory for the Gestapo were used for office work or guard duties, only a few took part in investigations or arrests. The mostly older and experienced Gestapo officers remained in leading positions.

Branch offices

The Hamburg State Police Headquarters was the superior authority of various Gestapo outposts in Northern Germany in Military District X. As part of the Greater Hamburg Act , the former Prussian cities of Altona , Wandsbek and Harburg-Wilhelmsburg were incorporated into Hamburg from April 1937 and the Gestapo offices there were subordinated to the Hamburg State Police Headquarters.

There were also branch offices of the Hamburg Gestapo in Hamburg-Bergedorf and Cuxhaven . In addition, the branch offices in Düneberg (Sprengstoff AG) , Krümmel ( Krümmel dynamite factory ) and Lüneburg became part of the Hamburg State Police Headquarters.

construction

Until 1937, the Hamburg State Police was structured as follows: Subdivisions A to D, which in turn were subdivided into a total of 15 inspections, were subordinate to the head of the department. From 1937 to 1944, the structural structure of the Hamburg State Police Headquarters changed only marginally and was based on the structure of the Secret State Police Office in the Main Security Police Office or, from September 1939, as Department IV in the Reich Security Main Office. There were three departments at the Hamburg State Police Control Center, each of which was led by department heads:

  • I. Administration with two departments and seven subject areas
  • II. Domestic police with eleven departments and at least ten subject areas
  • III. Abwehr police with five departments and at least nine subject areas

Organization plan of Department II (Internal Political Police) from 1937 to 1944:

  • II A - Communism and Marxism
    • II A 1 communism
    • II A 2 Marxism
    • II A 3 Aliens against the state
  • II B - Church, emigrants, Freemasons, Judaism, pacifism
    • II B 1 Church affairs
    • II B 2 Freemasons, Judaism, pacifism, emigrants
    • II B 3 Passport matters, naturalization and expatriation
  • II C special tasks and assassination cases etc. a.
  • II D protective custody
  • II E Economic, agricultural and socio-political matters, insidious matters, gun criminal matters, associations and assemblies
    • II E 1 Economic Policy Matters
    • II E 2 Neglect of work, company sabotage, anti-social working conditions
    • II E 3 deceitful and criminal offenses
    • II E 4 Association and assembly matters
  • II F card index, personnel files, evaluation, matters of good repute
  • II G special tasks and assassination cases etc. a.
  • II H Party affairs, official acts with diplomats and consuls, hostile acts against friendly states
  • II N messages
  • II P Domestic and foreign press, literature and cultural policy, criminal matters relating to wiretapping of foreign stations, black listeners
  • II port

In January 1944 the Hamburg State Police Control Center was reorganized again, for example departments and subject areas were renamed and partially merged or subdivided.

Development and prosecution

After the organized workers 'resistance had been smashed, the workers' milieu was comprehensively monitored with the help of informants and other informers. In this context, the Hamburg Gestapo cooperated closely with other police stations, Nazi organizations and officials ( block guards ) and authorities. Political emigrants in Northern and Western Europe were also under observation by the Hamburg Gestapo and their organizations in exile were infiltrated by informants. From the mid-1930s onwards, departments of the Hamburg Gestapo that were not concerned with the area of ​​communism-marxism increased their repressive measures against other Nazi victim groups. Occasionally members of the civil or church opposition were persecuted and their milieus observed. In addition, from this point on, the Gestapo took action against Jehovah's Witnesses , homosexuals and so-called anti - social groups . Jews, too, were increasingly the focus of state police repression.

With the beginning of the Second World War , the "internal war" began and with it an increase in importance for state police persecution measures. As early as September 1, 1939, potential opponents of the war were arrested in the German Reich and sent to concentration camps. Among those arrested were 53 social democratic and communist workers from Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein who were transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp . Gestapo officials obtained information through their own observations or informers about the mood among the population about the events of the war and the difficult supply situation caused by the war, which was processed in mood reports. Expressions of opinion that did not conform to the regime or inappropriate behavior often resulted in arrests. The Gestapo in Hamburg also took action against swing youths . More than 400 of the up to 1,500 swing youths in Hamburg were arrested and up to 70 of those arrested were later sent to the Moringen , Uckermark or Neuengamme concentration camps.

Judenreferat

The Jewish Department of the State Police Headquarters in Hamburg was significantly involved in the persecution of Hamburg's Jews. It was initially part of Department II B 2 and existed as an independent unit from 1938. Until 1941 it was housed by the town hall in Düsternstrasse, then in Rothenbaumchaussee 38, where the administrative building of the Jewish community was located until November 1938. From the late summer of 1943, the Judenreferat was located near the St. Pauli Landungsbrücken at Johannisbollwerk 19. The tasks of this department included the monitoring of Jewish institutions and the evaluation of corresponding information from other official bodies. Gestapo officials from the Jewish Department raided and in some cases arrested Jewish institutions and were involved in the mistreatment of Jewish citizens. Employee of the Jewish Religious Association Hamburg e. V. ( Jewish community of Hamburg until 1938 ) were forced to draw up deportation lists.

In addition to officials from the Ordnungspolizei, Gestapo employees from the Jewish Department were also involved in the deportation of Hamburg's Jews to the concentration and extermination camps. The department was headed by Claus Göttsche from 1941 to 1943 , his successor Hans Stephan held the position until the end of the war. Between October 1941 and February 1945, 5,848 Jews were deported from Hanover station in 17 transports, of which over 5,000 were victims of the Holocaust .

Foreigners Department

In Hamburg, more than 400,000 people from the countries occupied during World War II did forced labor to compensate for the German workers conscripted for military service. The Aliens Department of the State Police Headquarters in Hamburg coordinated the monitoring of the forced laborers between the responsible police departments and companies, since sabotage , the formation of resistance groups, rebellion and also relations between Germans and so-called foreigners should be prevented. From 1942 onwards, the foreigners department headed by Albert Schweim comprised around 45 employees, who were responsible in smaller units for slave labor in individual countries. In the more than 1200 camps for forced laborers, the employees of the foreigners department worked together with the respective camp management and maintained spy networks there. Known violations of regulations were rigorously pursued and could result in executions. The admissions to the Langer Morgen labor education camp were mainly carried out by members of the foreigners department.

In military district X, the foreigners department was also responsible for the officers' camps (Oflag) and main camps (Stalag) there, where those responsible could order executions or even carry them out themselves.

Persecution of the Hamburg resistance

In addition to extensive powers of attorney for the state police stations to carry out " special treatments ", on June 12, 1942, the head of Office IV in the RSHA, Heinrich Müller, issued the "special decree on intensified interrogation" to combat organized resistance. This decree empowered Gestapo officers in the event of a suspected refusal to provide information to severely abuse suspects and to extort statements up to their death. This special decree referred exclusively to “Communists, Marxists, Bible researchers, terrorists, members of resistance movements, parachute agents, anti-social, Polish or Soviet refusal to work”. After the decree came into force, the “Marxism-Communism” Gestapo department in Hamburg set up “Sonderreferat 1a1” under criminal inspector Fritz Knuth in July 1942 . In mid-October 1942, the RSHA sent investigator Horst Kopkow and his colleague Walter Habecker from the Red Orchestra special commission to Hamburg, who brought arm and calf clamps with them as instruments of torture to extort testimony. Specialist unit staff also used torture tools to obtain confessions. The secretary Henry Helms told a Gestapo employee about the calf clamps that it was “a pleasure” to see “how people hop and jump”.

In order to identify opponents of the Nazi regime, the Gestapo relied on informers from authorities, factories and other police stations. The Gestapo also succeeded in arresting Nazi opponents through informers , such as the small group of resistant youths around Helmuth Hübener in February 1942 . V-people were the most important informants of the Gestapo, well-known V-people of the Hamburg Gestapo were for example Maurice Sachs and Alfons Pannek . Former communist Pannek, forced to collaborate, worked under Helms as an agent provocateur . Pannek, who betrayed hundreds of Hamburg resistance fighters to the Gestapo, operated a bookshop and a library for camouflage reasons, and maintained a V-people machine with its own secretary.

During the war, the Hamburg Gestapo smashed several resistance groups: In October 1942, the activities of the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group were exposed, after which over 100 members of this resistance group were arrested by the Gestapo. More than 70 of the detainees died after their capture, were executed or murdered by Gestapo employees. After the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen group was blown, the Etter-Rose-Hampel group was targeted by the Gestapo. This antimilitarist circle of friends of young Nazi opponents, referred to by the Gestapo as a “group of those with no criminal record”, was broken up and the majority of its members were brought to justice and executed. In autumn 1943, the Gestapo began investigations into the activities of the Hamburg White Rose . From November 1943 to March 1944, 30 people from around the group were arrested, eight of whom did not experience the liberation from National Socialism . The Gestapo last persecuted the resistance group Kampf dem Faschismus (KdF) in March 1945 , several of its members were murdered by order of the Gestapo shortly before the end of the war.

As part of Aktion Gewitter , a few weeks after the failed assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler in Hamburg on July 20, 1944, eleven social democratic politicians and the former communist member of parliament Antonie Schmidt were arrested by the Gestapo and taken into protective custody.

End of war

In the event of Allied troops marching into Hamburg, the Higher SS and Police Leader Georg-Henning von Bassewitz-Behr , the head of the Hamburg criminal police Johannes Thiele , and the Hamburg Gestapo chief Josef Kreuzer made preparations as early as the spring of 1944 to clear the Fuhlsbüttel police prison , there these prisoners should not be liberated by Allied forces. After further coordination with senior Gestapo employees, three lists were made at the beginning of 1945: One list contained the names of those inmates who were to be released and another listed the inmates to be "evacuated" who on April 12th took the death march to the Nordmark labor education camp in Kiel-Hassee had to compete. A third list included 71 prisoners who were to be executed and who were murdered during the final phase of crimes in Neuengamme concentration camp .

From April 14 to April 18, 1945 prisoners had to transport incriminating material from the SS and police departments to the remand prison and burn them in the boiler house there. At the moat near Sievekingsplatz, card files, files, interrogation protocols, personnel records and other documents were burned using petrol. The Gestapo employees were supposed to go into hiding and join the werewolf . The Gestapo informers were asked to leave Hamburg temporarily.

Post-war period, reappraisal and commemoration

After the end of the war, the Hamburg police were immediately denazified by the British military administration . Since the Gestapo employees were considered members of a criminal organization , investigators from the British occupation authorities tried to determine the whereabouts of this group of people for the purpose of arrest and internment.

The former Gestapo Head SEETZEN and Jewish Affairs Göttsche committed during their arrest suicide . Others, such as Linienbach and the former head of the Kraus wanted man party, were taken prisoner by the Soviets. While Kraus died in a Soviet prisoner-of-war prisoner of war, Linienbach returned to Hamburg in 1955 and lived unmolested by the judiciary in his hometown until the end of his life. The former heads of the Gestapo Kreuzer, Blomberg and Kuhl were convicted of crimes against Allied nationals by British military courts: Blomberg and Kuhl were executed and Kreuzer received life imprisonment. The former commandant of the Fuhlsbüttel Police Prison, Willi Tessmann , was sentenced to death and executed by a British military tribunal, while his predecessor Johannes Rode died while interned in the UK.

By 1946, 340 employees of the Hamburg Gestapo had been taken into custody, around 40 were still on the run. The Hamburg Committee of Former Political Prisoners worked with the Allied agencies involved in the prosecution of war crimes and the preparation of the relevant trials. The Hamburg Public Prosecutor's Office, which investigated crimes committed by Germans against Germans, asked the committee for assistance in their investigations. This committee helped u. a. by providing incriminating documents during the preliminary investigations into the Neuengamme main trial and the trials involving crimes in the Fuhlsbüttel police prison, which took place as part of the Curiohaus trials .

The best-known trial against Hamburg Gestapo employees took place from May 9, 1949 to June 2, 1949 before the jury court at the Hamburg district court and is also known as the Helms trial after the main defendant. These proceedings were carried out against twelve Gestapo employees and spies from the Marxism-Communism department and others. a. carried out for crimes against humanity . In addition to Helms and Pannek, the defendants also included three female accused who were employed by the Gestapo or V-men. The subject of the proceedings was mistreatment resulting in death, extortion of testimony, deprivation of liberty, concentration camp admissions, the execution of the 71 prisoners of the Fuhlsbüttel police prison in April 1945, denunciations, spying and the embezzlement of valuables from arrested persons. On June 2, 1949, the court announced the verdicts: Pannek was sentenced to twelve years in prison and Helms to nine years in prison. In addition, seven sentences of between one and four years were imposed. The three female defendants were acquitted . The Supreme Court of the British Zone examined the amendments submitted on September 5, 1950. The judgment against Pannek, who had been sentenced to twelve years imprisonment in the first instance because of his activity as a spy for the Gestapo and the resulting consequences for the victims, did not become final after the appeal and was later dropped for formal reasons. The appeals from Helms and one other defendant were not granted. Pannek was released immediately and Helms early in November 1953.

By May 1950, more than 1,300 officers were dismissed from the police service in Hamburg as part of the denazification process, including the Gestapo officers. As so-called 131s , however, quite a few were then taken back to the Hamburg police service. It is not certain whether this also applies to Gestapo officers in Hamburg. At least Ingo Eichmann and Walter Abraham, for example, unsuccessfully tried to get them to join the Hamburg police again.

A comprehensive study of the Hamburg Gestapo is still not available, because when the town hall was destroyed in July 1943, the records of the state police headquarters were burned and further incriminating material was destroyed towards the end of the war. The Hamburg Gestapo deal with relevant publications only marginally or for a limited period or part of it.

Memorial plaque for the Gestapo victims in the entrance of the Hamburg town hall.

The former Gestapo headquarters at Stadthausbrücke 8 was rebuilt after the end of the war. a. used by the Hamburg building authorities. Until 1980 there was no evidence of the building being used during National Socialism. Employees of the building authorities sat down in 1980 with appeals for donations and the brochure “Documentation City House in Hamburg. Gestapo Headquarters from 1933 to 1943 ”to put a memorial plaque for the victims of the Gestapo at the main entrance of the building. This suggestion was implemented in 1984. To commemorate three men who perished in Gestapo headquarters, a total of three stumbling blocks were laid in front of the main entrance to the authority for urban development and the environment at Stadthausbrücke 8 in 2008 and 2009.

The Hamburg Senate decided in 2009 to sell the town house to a private investor. As part of the Hamburg Senate's “Overall Concept for Places of Remembrance of the Time of National Socialism 1933–1945 in Hamburg” published in 2009, it was determined that the investor should set up a documentation center in the town hall to commemorate the victims of police violence. In preparation for the establishment of a corresponding memorial site, employees of the Neuengamme concentration camp memorial site viewed historical material. Then they initiated the exhibition Documentation City House. The Hamburg police under National Socialism with an extensive accompanying program, which could be seen from January 19 to February 10, 2012 in the Hamburg City Hall.

literature

  • Herbert Diercks : Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012.
  • Herbert Diercks: Freedom lives. Resistance and persecution in Hamburg 1933–1945. Texts, photos and documents. Published by the Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial on the occasion of the exhibition of the same name in the Hamburg City Hall from January 22 to February 14, 2010. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, [Hamburg] 2010.
  • Herbert Diercks: memorial book "Kola-Fu". For the victims from the concentration camp, Gestapo prison and Fuhlsbüttel subcamp. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 1987.
  • Ludwig Eiber : Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul , Klaus-Michael Mallmann (ed.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1995, ISBN 3-534-12572-X .
  • Ursel Hochmuth , Gertrud Meyer : Streiflichter from the Hamburg resistance. 1933-1945. 2nd Edition. Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt 1980, ISBN 3-87682-036-7 .
  • Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971.
  • Union of Public Services, Transport and Traffic , District Administration Hamburg, District Administration Hamburg: Documentation City House in Hamburg: Gestapo headquarters from 1933 to 1943. Wartenberg, Hamburg 1981.
  • Linde Apel, in collaboration with the Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg and the Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial (ed.): Sent to death - The deportations of Jews, Roma and Sinti from Hamburg, 1940 to 1945 . Metropol Verlag, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-940938-30-5 .
  • Working group of formerly persecuted social democrats (ed.): Guide to the sites of persecution and social democratic resistance in Hamburg. Part I: The inner city. (PDF; 1.6 MB) Hamburg 2005. (accessed on April 29, 2012)
  • Linde Apel, Frank Bajohr : The deportation of Jews as well as Sinti and Roma from the Hanover station in Hamburg 1940-1945 . In: Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg : Contemporary History in Hamburg 2004. Hamburg 2005, pp 21-63, zeitgeschichte-hamburg.de (PDF)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Working group of formerly persecuted social democrats: Guide to the sites of persecution and social democratic resistance in Hamburg. Part I: The inner city. Hamburg 2005, p. 19 f.
  2. ↑ a b c Hans-Joachim Heuer: Secret State Police - about killing and the tendencies towards decivilization. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1995, ISBN 3-11-014516-2 , p. 54.
  3. ↑ Ludwig Eiber: Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul, Klaus-Michael Mallmann (ed.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 104.
  4. ↑ a b Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 30.
  5. ↑ Werner Jochmann: The establishment of the National Socialist rule in Hamburg (1987) . In: State Center for Political Education Hamburg (Ed.): Hamburg in the Third Reich, seven contributions. Hamburg 1998, 45 f.
  6. ↑ Ludwig Eiber: Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 105.
  7. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, pp. 22, 30.
  8. ↑ a b Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 32.
  9. ↑ Ludwig Eiber: Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 113.
  10. ↑ Ludwig Eiber: Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 104 f.
  11. ↑ Ludwig Eiber: Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 114 f.
  12. ↑ Ludwig Eiber: Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 115 f.
  13. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 7.
  14. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 11.
  15. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 14.
  16. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 15.
  17. ↑ Detlef Garbe: Institutions of Terror and the Resistance of the Few . In: Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg (ed.): Hamburg in the Third Reich. Göttingen 2005, p. 521.
  18. ↑ Quoted in: Detlef Garbe: Institutions of Terror and the Resistance of the Few . In: Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg (ed.): Hamburg in the Third Reich. Göttingen 2005, p. 521.
  19. ^ Willy Klawe: Hamburg-Wittmor . In: Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (eds.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Volume 2: Early camp, Dachau, Emsland camp. CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-52962-3 , p. 119 f.
  20. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 26.
  21. ^ Andreas Schwegel, The Police Concept in the Nazi State. Police law, legal journalism and judiciary 1931–1944. Tübingen 2005, p. 205.
  22. ↑ Ludwig Eiber: Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 101 f.
  23. ↑ a b c d Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 34.
  24. ^ Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 568.
  25. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 57.
  26. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 49.
  27. ^ Ernst Klee: The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Frankfurt am Main 2007, pp. 30, 473, 475.
  28. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, pp. 65, 67 f.
  29. ^ A b Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 68.
  30. ^ Gerhard Paul: State terror and social brutality. The Gestapo in Schleswig-Holstein. Hamburg 1996, p. 101 f.
  31. ↑ a b Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 37.
  32. ↑ a b Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 33.
  33. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 71.
  34. ↑ a b Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 36.
  35. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 69 f.
  36. ↑ a b c Ludwig Eiber: Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 101.
  37. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 33.
  38. ↑ Ludwig Eiber: Under the leadership of the NSDAP Gauleiter. The Hamburg State Police (1933–1937) . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 109.
  39. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 73.
  40. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 86.
  41. ↑ a b c Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 47.
  42. ↑ Detlef Garbe: Institutions of Terror and the Resistance of the Few . In: Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg (ed.): Hamburg in the Third Reich. Göttingen 2005, p. 564 f.
  43. ^ Wilhelm Mosel: Buildings Integral to the Former Life and / or Persecution of Jews in Hamburg - Rotherbaum II / Harvestehude. uni-hamburg.de (accessed April 29, 2012).
  44. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 38.
  45. ^ Linde Apel, Hamburg Authority for Culture, Sport, Media, in collaboration with the Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg and the Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial (ed.): Sent to death - The deportations of Jews, Roma and Sinti from Hamburg, 1940 until 1945. Metropol Verlag, Hamburg 2009, pp. 46, 49.
  46. ^ Linde Apel, Frank Bajohr: The deportation of Jews and Sinti and Roma from the Hanover station in Hamburg 1940-1945. In: Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg: Contemporary History in Hamburg 2004. Hamburg 2005, p. 28 f.
  47. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 39.
  48. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 41.
  49. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 67.
  50. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 78 f.
  51. ^ A b Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 79 f.
  52. ↑ Johannes Tuchel : Between criminal research and brutal torture. On the activities of the Gestap special commission Red Orchestra . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 380 f.
  53. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 80.
  54. ↑ Detlef Garbe: Institutions of Terror and the Resistance of the Few . In: Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg (ed.): Hamburg in the Third Reich. Göttingen 2005, p. 568 f.
  55. ↑ Detlef Garbe: Institutions of Terror and the Resistance of the Few . In: Research Center for Contemporary History in Hamburg (ed.): Hamburg in the Third Reich. Göttingen 2005, p. 558 f.
  56. ↑ Herbert Diercks: Freedom lives. Resistance and persecution in Hamburg 1933–1945. Hamburg 2010, p. 55.
  57. ↑ Herbert Diercks: Freedom lives. Resistance and persecution in Hamburg 1933–1945. Hamburg 2010, p. 47.
  58. ↑ Maike Bruchmann: Rudolf Ladewig. stolpersteine-hamburg.de; Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  59. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 96.
  60. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 48.
  61. ^ Hermann Kaienburg : The Neuengamme Concentration Camp 1938–1945. Bonn 1997, p. 259 ff.
  62. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 74.
  63. ^ Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 101.
  64. ↑ a b Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 70.
  65. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, pp. 35, 38.
  66. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, pp. 30, 32.
  67. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 35.
  68. ^ Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 27.
  69. ^ Christl Wickert: Willi Tessmann - Commander of the Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel police prison. Darmstadt 2004, p. 234 f.
  70. ^ Gerhard Paul: State terror and social brutality. The Gestapo in Schleswig-Holstein. Hamburg 1996, p. 233.
  71. ^ A b Gertrud Meyer: Night over Hamburg. Reports and documents 1933–1945. Library of Resistance, Röderberg-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1971, p. 75.
  72. ↑ Franziska Bruder, Heike Kleffner (ed.): The memory must not die. Barbara Reimann - A biography from eight decades in Germany . Unrast Verlag, Münster 2000, ISBN 3-89771-802-2 , p. 178.
  73. ↑ a b Justice and Nazi crimes ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed April 29, 2012). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www1.jur.uva.nl
  74. ↑ a b Herbert Diercks: Documentation town house. The Hamburg police under National Socialism. Texts, photos, documents. Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial, Hamburg 2012, p. 46 f.
  75. ^ Gerhard Paul: Between suicide, illegality and a new career. Former Gestapo employees in post-war Germany . In: Gerhard Paul and Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds.): The Gestapo. Myth and Reality. Darmstadt 1995, p. 543.
  76. ^ Gerhard Paul: State terror and social brutality. The Gestapo in Schleswig-Holstein. Hamburg 1996, p. 254 f.
  77. ^ ÖTV: Documentation Stadthaus in Hamburg: Gestapo headquarters from 1933 to 1943. Hamburg 1981, introduction and appendix.
  78. ^ Martin Kaule: North Sea Coast 1933–1945. With Hamburg and Bremen. The historical travel guide . Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-86153-633-8 , p. 65.
  79. ^ Klaus Lübke: New stumbling blocks in front of the former Gestapo headquarters. ( Memento of the original from April 30, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. February 25, 2009; Retrieved April 29, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.veddel.net
  80. ^ Citizenship of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg: Communication from the Senate to the Citizenship . ( Memento of the original from October 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 3.1 MB) Statement of the Senate on the request of the citizenship of November 21, 2007 overall concept for places of remembrance of the time of National Socialism 1933–1945 in Hamburg and status report on the activities for the design of the Lohseplatz - printed matter 18/6962 ; Retrieved April 29, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gedenkstaetten-in-hamburg.de
  81. ↑ Documentation town house. The Hamburg Police under National Socialism  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de; Retrieved April 29, 2012.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de  
  82. ↑ Photo exhibition Documentation Stadthaus ( Memento of the original from March 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 29, 2012.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hamburg.de
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on May 15, 2012 in this version .