Field box

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Temple work of the German field box To the rising light on the Somme in Saint-Quentin ( First World War ).
Monument in memory of the Liberté chérie field box . A field lodge founded by concentration camp prisoners in the Esterwegen concentration camp from 1943–1944

A field lodge (also: army lodge or regimental lodge ) is an "outpatient" Masonic lodge , which is not tied to a fixed location and, in contrast to a military lodge, only exists in war and dissolves or becomes a fixed lodge after it has ended. The Masonic ceremonies and meetings mostly took place in tents that were equipped with Masonic ritual objects. Own jewelery , lodge badges, were made from military medals . Brothers of warring factions also met in the field boxes.

The French historian Jean-Luc Quoy-Bodin points out that the 18th century was shaped by a military humanism in which the dilemma between Masonic morality and military duty must be interpreted as a larger process of reformulating military self-conception. National war conflicts and the establishment of field lodges, especially in the period 1790–1820, opened up a new possibility for fraternization across the borders of the warring parties .

This international friendship and fraternization was blamed on the Freemasons as treason during the National Socialist era .

During the First and Second World Wars, lodges were founded from the ranks of prisoners of war or resistance fighters (see Liberté chérie ).

history

In 1732 the first deed of foundation of a field lodge was issued by the Grand Lodge of Ireland. In England (since 1750) and Scotland (since 1743) the Irish example soon caught on, and there were imitations within the English grand lodges. Especially with the so-called Antients who had issued almost fifty Army warrants in 1789 . Some lodges were established specifically in elite regiments such as the Queen Dragoon Guard . Fewer lodges can be found within the Navy . It was not uncommon for several lodges to be formed at the same time in a regiment .

In America, a field lodge was founded in 1738 as part of an expedition to Canadian territory. In Great Britain, the first regimental lodges were founded in the 18th century. In order to be able to hold masonry temple work , the ritual objects were mostly carried in portable chests. Between 1732 and 1755, 29 military lodges were donated by the three British grand lodges. In the constitution of the Irish Grand Lodge of 1768, the Irish Code , the brothers were guaranteed to be able to work in any place, locals were only allowed to take up these lodges if there was no other lodge at the place. The Irish Code was thus the earliest regulation for a field lodge from a grand lodge. British field lodges stopped accepting civilians in their ranks since 1850.

Field boxes in the American Revolutionary War

Field boxes enjoyed great popularity in the American Revolutionary War . The best known was the American Union # 1 . Her seal showed a chain of thirteen rings, corresponding to the thirteen states involved in battle. A large number of its members were killed or taken prisoner of war in the Battle of Long Island . The remaining members saved the chests with the ritual objects and took them with them on their campaigns. In the course of the Battle of Cooch's Bridge near Delaware , the Lodge held a Christmas party for the first time. Georg Washington often attended American Union # 1 gatherings at Valley Forge's winter camp . When the English field box number 227 had to leave behind its constitution and the box emblems while in retreat, Washington had them brought back by an officer with an honor guard.

When the Irish Volunteer Movement started in 1783 to prevent a French invasion of Ireland and regiments of volunteers were formed, the First Volunteer Lodge No.620 was created . The majority of the lodges were constituted under the jurisdiction of the Irish Grand Lodge. Infantry regiments formed the majority .

French field boxes in the Napoleonic era

The first French military lodges were established in France in the 1740s, and by 1789 their number rose to 105 in all units of the army and navy. At first these consisted only of officers, so that around 1785 NCO's boxes were formed, such as the Parfaite amitié in the Regiment Royal Italy, whose box master was Marshal André Masséna . In some regiments the proportion of Freemasons in the officer corps was between 23 and 30 percent, in the total of 18 dragoon regiments 43 percent. The French grand lodge Grand Orient de France recorded around 69 field lodges in 1789, including a number in foreign regiments such as Hessen-Darmstadt, Bavaria and Switzerland. In the Napoleonic Wars , field boxes existed in all armies involved except that of Austria.

Overall, it is assumed that 132 military lodges were founded in the period from the First French Republic to Napoleon's rule . Around 1805 the proportion of all officers in infantry regiments was between 24 and 29 percent. Between 1792 and 1814 around 400 French generals were members in field boxes.

Prussian field boxes

Seven Years War

The first real Prussian field box came with the Swedish troops in the Seven Years' War , which is remembered by two rare commemorative coins. From this box emerged the box Karl zu den Drei Greife in Greifswald . This still works under the Swedish teaching system to this day .

Swedish field boxes in Prussia

The Kingdom of Sweden entered the Seven Years' War as an ally on the side of France . The strategy of the two alliance parties was to bind Prussian troops from the north or at best to take Berlin. In addition, Sweden planned to regain the parts of Western Pomerania that had been ceded to Prussia in 1720 through the defeat in the Great Northern War .

Hugo Herman of Saltza

Freemason officers from the Swedish army imported their field boxes into Prussian territory in order to be able to carry out temple work on the battlefield or in winter quarters . Regular meeting minutes were kept from March 1761. The initiator for this activity was the Swedish artillery captain Hugo Hermann von Saltza , who was a member of the Gothenburg lodge Salomon a trois Serrures (founded in 1754 as Salomoniska logen af ​​trenne lås ). Freemasonry began in Swedish Pomerania with the meetings of the Swedish Field Lodge . The logs kept from March 1761 onwards show that the military lodge was busy. Already in April she accepted Johann Carl Dähnert as her first civil member. Hugo Herman von Saltza, became the first lodge master of this Swedish army lodge. He obtained a patent for the box from his mother's box in Gothenburg. The newly established army lodge was called Svenska Arméens Lodge . They gave themselves their own laws and a coat of arms. Without further ado, the lodge founded its own subsidiary lodges, the La Charité lodge in Stralsund and the Zu den Drei Greifen lodge in Greifswald , which still exists today.

The conflict between Prussia and Sweden ended with the separate peace of Hamburg (May 22, 1762) . The peace negotiations were conducted under the mediation of the Swedish queen and sister Friedrich II , Luise Ulrike von Prussia, with the representatives Johann Julius von Hecht for Prussia and Adolf Friedrich von Olthof for Sweden. Olthof was in Stockholm in the 1750s and was accepted into the French-speaking lodge L'Union in 1761 .

In the autumn of 1762, the Swedish Grand National Lodge granted a third lodge in Swedish Pomerania , Zur Eintracht , the constitution. A relative of Olthofs was appointed as lodge master, and he himself acted as deputy. The Swedish army - and with it the established army lodge Svenska Arméens Lodge - were set out on the march after the Hamburg peace agreement to retreat to Sweden. The lodges founded in Prussian territory remained behind.

The Swedish lodges established the custom of presenting Masonic passports and certificates when visiting foreign lodges. An extensive body of law also regulated important rules of conduct between the warring nations. Offensive conversations about the different nations were punishable offenses. The 16th paragraph read:

"There are Freemasons of all peoples, everyone should be equally dear friends and nothing in the world can be so powerful that it can tear their bond of union".

The daughter boxes of the Svenska Arméens Lodge after the Peace of Hamburg

The La Charité daughter lodge held a public event on St. John's Day 1762. The Stralsund newspaper excerpt from the latest world events reported on its first page:

"The Royal Swedish Army Freymäurer Lodge celebrated yesterday's St. John's Festival here in Stralsund in public".

The members of the lodge gathered at the lodge master of Saltza and led a procession to the Church of St. Jacobi , where the friar and preacher with the Royal Life Guard Backmann preached the sermon. A separate Masonic medal was also presented to be awarded to wounded soldiers. The award of this medal included the right to a lifelong pension . It was the first time in the history of the Swedish armed forces that a medal was awarded to crew ranks, which aroused very public interest. Even soldiers widows and orphaned children soldiers were entitled to financial support to aid ranged from funeral assistance for livelihood. On September 21, 1762, the pension fund established for wounded soldiers and soldier widows was confirmed in an official royal letter. At that time, the Swedish Grand National Lodge had also set up a charitable project: all contributions from the lodges for social purposes were to go to the Stockholm Freemason orphanage , which was founded in 1753 .

In 1764 it was decided at a convent in Altenberga near Jena that the daughter box of the three griffins should join the Strikten Observanz . The lodge worked under this teaching system until the Wilhelmsbad convent of 1782. In 1786 she joined the Grand State Lodge of the Freemasons of Germany .

War of the Bavarian Succession

The ruling prelate of Camin and royal Prussian major Christian Adam Marschall v. Bieberstein received a constitutional patent for the military lodge Zum Flammenden Stern, signed by the then National Grand Master Friedrich August von Braunschweig , for the expected war (and the associated weeks and months of absence of the military brothers from the location) . With the beginning of the War of the Bavarian Succession in 1778/79 , the Berlin regiments went into the field .

The non-serving brothers stayed in Berlin and, contrary to the original plan, continued to work in their Zum Flammenden Stern lodge despite the absence of the military brothers. Thus two Masonic lodges existed under the same name; one as a stationary working in Berlin, the other as a purely military branch on the battlefield .

On December 17, 1778, the Grand Master gave permission for the deputation box of the flaming star in Landshut to be set up during winter quarters . This was also not identical to the Berlin military lodge of the same name, but an offshoot of the same name. The mother box and the deputation kept in touch the entire time. People wrote and kept themselves informed about important events. The protocols have not survived, but their extracts. After the campaign, the members of the field box returned to their old boxes. In 1778 the lodge to the golden cup was also formed at the main field hospital of the army in Breslau under the jurisdiction of the Great State Lodge of the Freemasons of Germany.

Wars of Liberation

Under the Great State Lodge , the first field lodge was founded in 1811, and one of its brothers was Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , who was a member of Field Lodge No. 1 founded in Schwedt / Oder .

Prussia had six field boxes including Friedrich zur Vaterlandsliebe, founded in 1812, with the Yorck auxiliary corps, which was under the command of Johann David Ludwig Count Yorck von Wartenburg .

The Russian general and historian Alexander Iwanowitsch Michailowski-Danilewski , who was accepted into the Russian field box Zum Heiligen Georg in Frankfurt in November 1813 , wrote the following observations in his diary about the Prussian field box Zum iron Kreuz , whose members fought against Napoleon Bonaparte in the coalition war :

“The speeches given in boxes were full of ardent patriotism. Held on the day after the battle or on the eve of it, they inspired our souls to the noblest resolutions. May the people who fight against Freemasonry today and who probably confined their patriotic feelings to dancing at festivities at the news of our victories, may they read the speeches that were given in the Iron Cross Lodge. Each member of the lodge had often offered his life to the fatherland as a sacrifice (...) When the terrible struggle ceased after the capture of Paris and Prussia's independence was established and the goal was achieved, the lodge at the Iron Cross celebrated its closure in a solemn manner (in May 1814 in the Palais Elysee Bourbon). The Prussians described the miserable situation of their fatherland before the war and described the holy struggle for freedom and the charitable activity of the lodge during the struggle. They remembered how during the thunder of the battles they strengthened each other in the lodge to bear the hardships of the campaign (...) and how they broke the chains that enslaved the fatherland and restored its glory (...) . "

Others

In the United States we called knows hiking lodges (ger .: Traveling lodges ). In 1756 Richard Gridley was authorized to unite all Masons in the campaign against Crown Point and to establish lodges. It emerged hiking Foundation documents that expressly allowed its members to move a box of favor. In 1779 General Robert Patterson (1753-1827) received such a certificate from the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.

The first field lodges were built within the Russian army in 1761 and 1764, while these had their winter quarters in West Prussia and their headquarters in Marienburg .

In the Netherlands , the field boxes De opgaande Oranjezon and L'union militaire are mentioned from the beginning of the 19th century .

Chronicle of some field lodges

  • Basingstoke POW Lodge

In 1756, during the Seven Years' War , arrested French officers established this prisoner-of-war lodge near Basingstoke . She later worked in 1758, after the prisoners were transferred to Petersfield, Hampshire , and in 1759 in Leeds . In Leeds she also took on some of the city's citizens and worked closely with the resident English lodge The Talbot . At the end of the war around 1763 it was dissolved.

  • La Fidélité prisoner of war lodge in Berlin

At the end of 1758, French prisoners of war founded this lodge in Berlin under the leadership of the Marquis Filley de Lerneu with the approval of the Lodge Zu den Drei Weltkugeln . However, she was not allowed to take any recordings. In 1762 the Great Lodge of Prussia called Royal York granted the members of La Fidélité a patent for friendship .

  • Irish Lodge number 63 in Charlottesville

This lodge was founded in 1777 in the barracks in Charlottesville by officers of the expedition corps sent by Duke Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand after the Battle of Saratoga in the American War of Independence . A large number of the members were also members of the 20th English line regiment, which explains the name of the lodge.

  • Dutch lodges Gastvrijheid zu Groningen and Willem van Oranje zu Haag

These two field boxes were built on Dutch soil during the First World War . The Gastvrijheid Lodge, founded in 1915 , was made up of a large number of the English naval brigades who were captured there after fighting near Antwerp . The brothers worked under the protection of the Dutch grand lodge according to the English ritual. Gastvrijheid was converted into a proper box under English obedience after the end of the war.

Field boxes in the First World War

American field boxes in World War I.

Members of the Masonic Ambulance Corps (Freemason Paramedic Unit) (Summer 1917)

With the entry of the United States into World War I , American Freemasons signed up for the voluntary medical service under the jurisdiction of the American Red Cross to provide medical assistance on the European battlefields of the First World War . Capt. Rawlins Cadwallader , was the chief medical officer of the unit, which consisted of four doctors, 119 crews, 12 ambulances, 3 trucks and four motorcycles. They founded a mobile field box with other American Freemasons. The members of the medical unit came mainly from Bethlehem Lodge No. 453 .

German field boxes in the First World War

On January 15, 1915, Bavarian officers founded the first field box of the First World War with the name of the Iron Cross , which was under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge Zur Sonne . Further field lodges were founded:

  • Carmen Sylva on German loyalty ( Bucharest )
  • Victoria in the field ( Chauny )
  • Anchor and sword ( Libau )
  • Mosel Watch ( Metz )
  • To the German sword in the east ( Mitau )
  • Hanseatic loyalty ( Riga )
  • Wilna to the flaming sword ( Wilna )
  • German Watch on the Memel ( Kowno )
  • Field Lodge Association under Bucharest ( Focșani )
  • In Ketten zum Licht (POW Lodge): founded on January 28, 1918 in the French POW camp on Île Longue .

The Lodge In Ketten zum Licht was founded on January 28, 1918. The Masonic utensils were made by a Turkish and Hungarian tailor. The temple was set up in the kitchen of the music barrack with the help of dismountable wall elements and dismantled again after the respective work.

According to a letter from the interned Freemason Johannes Mättig to the Grand Master of the Great National Lodge of Germany on January 26, 1921, the field lodge "In Ketten zum Licht" had no opportunity to apply for admission to a grand lodge because the brothers of the field lodge did not want to risk that the corresponding correspondence fell into the hands of the French censors . The last German prisoners of war left the camp on Île Longue at the end of December 1919.

Members of the Lodge In Ketten zum Licht :

Surname Mother box Grand Lodge
Beck, Otto "Aurora", Buenos Aires Grand Lodge of Argentina
Holzmann, Judath / Othman (personal physician to the Sultan of Morocco ); returned to Germany on October 7th, 1919. "Coronation No. 934", Tangier Grand Lodge of Scotland
Italian, Karl “Germania for Unity”, Berlin Grand Lodge of Hamburg
Kreuziger, Gustav "Teutonia to Wisdom", Potsdam Great National Mother Lodge "To the 3 globes"
Lederer, Oscar Heinrich "Philadelphia Consistory" Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania
Manheim, Louis “Cosmos No. 288”, Paris Grand Lodge of France
Maser, Carl Heinrich “Joseph for Unity”, Nuremberg Great mother box of the Eclectic. Masonic Association
Fat, Johannes "To the Romeriken Mountains", Remscheid Great national box of Germany
Nafiz, Schefik ( Smyrna Police Captain ) "Meschrutyet", Damascus Great Orient of Turkey
Schmidt, Bernhard "The Widows Son VII", Cape Mount, Grand Lodge of Liberia
Taeschner, Titus "Bruderbund am Fichtenberg", Berlin-Steglitz Great National Mother Lodge "To the 3 globes"
White, Ludwig "Coronation No. 934", Tangier Grand Lodge of Scotland

Field boxes in the context of the stab in the back legend

After the First World War, field boxes came under criticism from National Socialist supporters , especially in the context of the stab in the back .

Erich Ludendorff described these Masonic associations as a so-called breeding ground for treason and referred to the work of supranational powers . According to Ludendorff, members of these supranational powers were social democracy , the Jesuits , Freemasonry, Judaism and the Communist International .

The author Friedrich Hasselbacher threw in his book Volksverrat der Feldlogen in the World War of Freemasonry a. a. lack of national awareness and membership of Jews in the ranks of the field lodges:

“The actual founding of the field lodge 'Zum iron Kreuz' in Liège was preceded by all sorts of very interesting things that one must know in order to be able to understand the spirit that later built this lodge temple. (...) So on August 30, 1914 - Br. Adolf Hetzel, who had arrived there a few days earlier, a pencil manufacturer from Nuremberg, captain and company commander in the Landsturm battalion 'Bayreuth' and at that time a member of the lodge 'Eleusis for secrecy' (Grand Lodge 'Zur Sun ') accompanied by his Brs. Heinrich Cahn, Jew, NCO in the 3rd company of the same Landsturm battalion and member of the Lodge ' Eleusis for Secrecy ' in the building of the lodges of the Greater Orient of Belgium in Liège. There the two 'German' Brr. in intimate association with several brothers. of the 'Belgian' Greater Orient for a few hours 'despite war in noble humanity'. The participants in the fraternity on August 30th provided us with proof of the correctness of this assertion themselves, because they wrote to the lodge 'Eleusis z. V. ' a postcard(…). On the address side, however, Br. Cahn can be heard with the following words: 'Received in touching brotherhood on a visit to the Lodge in Liège, send you all warm greetings - despite the war there is still noble humanity (...).'

One must have made considerable progress in one's logism in order to no longer feel the anational sentiment of this 'noble humanity', be it as a German or as a Belgian. "

- Friedrich Hasselbacher : High treason and treason of the field lodges in the world wars. Edited by the Institute for Research into Freemasonry, Berlin. Magdeburg; Nordland Verlag 1935

Field boxes in World War II

The River Valley Road POW Masonic Club

During the conquest of Singapore (see. Battle of Singapore ) by Japanese forces fell more than 80,000 soldiers of the British Army , the British Indian Army and the Australian expeditionary force in captivity . Many prisoners were sent to the Changi or Sandakan POW Camps . Around 5,000 prisoners were transferred to the River Valley Camp prisoner of war . These camps acted for prisoner-of-war labor in Singapore.

The treatment in this camp was very humane compared to the rest of the Japanese camps, regular meals were served and prisoners were allowed to practice their religious rites; this is how a small Catholic chapel and a field box were built. The certificate from "The River Valley Road POW Masonic Club" states July 10, 1942 as the date of foundation. It consisted of six Scottish, five Australian, one Irish and 13 English members. The temple work and lectures on symbolism were held Thursday afternoon. A King James Bible was used as the only ritual object . The meetings always took place in the presence of the Japanese guards, who did not understand a word of English. After the work in Singapore, the prisoners were transferred to the construction of the Thailand-Burma Railway , in which many members were killed.

Liberté chérie

The Liberté chérie is the only lodge established in a penitentiary camp and on the grounds of a concentration camp during the Second World War . In 1943/44 resistance fighters from France, Belgium and the Netherlands were imprisoned in the camp .

German field boxes in the Federal Republic of Germany

Bijou of the field and military lodge " Henning von Tresckow"

Field and military lodge "Henning von Tresckow", Potsdam

On January 10, 2011, a field and military lodge was again established in Germany. It is named after the head of the resistance against Adolf Hitler on July 20, 1944 , Major General Henning von Tresckow . The name was given with the consent of the von Tresckow family .

The lodge was in an official ceremony in the officers' mess of the Operations Command of the Armed Forces in Geltow founded. In accordance with the statutes of the lodge, civilians are also accepted. However, the lodge expects its members to make a clear commitment to the free and democratic basic order of the Federal Republic of Germany.

The former American diplomat John Kornblum was present at a festive event that took place on the eve of the 110th birthday of the namesake Henning von Tresckow .

The field and military lodge "Henning von Tresckow" works under the obedience of the grand national mother lodge "Zu den Drei Weltkugeln" in Potsdam and Berlin .

Field and military lodge "Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim", Augsburg

On March 25, 2016, the Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim field and military lodge was founded in Augsburg . It is constituted under the obedience of the Great National Mother Lodge “To the Three Worlds” .

Field and naval lodge “Alfred Kranzfelder”, Rostock

On November 3, 2018, the Alfred Kranzfelder field and marine lodge was founded in Rostock . It is constituted under the obedience of the Great National Mother Lodge “To the Three Worlds” . Her maritime focus results from the self-image that as a field lodge she is authorized to work on board ships or anywhere on land. It is named after Corvette Captain Alfred Kranzfelder , who was involved in the assassination attempt on July 20, 1944 . Kranzfelder's role was to take control of the naval telecommunications network. He was arrested on July 24, 1944 and sentenced to death by Roland Freisler before the People's Court on August 10, 1944 for high treason and treason .

Canadian field lodge in Afghanistan

In the course of Canada's participation in the war in Afghanistan as part of the ISAF mission , there was a field lodge of the Canadian armed forces ( Kandahar Lodge ) in the Afghan city of Kandahar from 2010 to 2014 .

War and Conflict in the Context of the Old Duties

The rejection of violence and war is already defined in the ancient duties of Freemasonry:

“The bricklayer is a peace-loving citizen of the state where he lives or works. He must never get involved in an uprising or a conspiracy against the peace or the well-being of his nation, and he must not behave in breach of duty towards subordinate authorities. Just as war, bloodshed and confusion have always been detrimental to masonry, so in ancient times kings and princes had always promoted the brotherhood because of their love of peace and their loyalty to the state. "

- Ancient duties of Freemasonry

Known field and military lodge members (selection)

literature

  • W. Appel: History of the field box Stern von Brabant i.Or. Brussels. Oranienburg 1931, 2 tfln.
  • W. Appel: Looking back from St. John's Day 1917 to the 2nd Foundation Festival in 1917. Brussels 1917, 1 sheet,
  • Georg Bacher: Military and field boxes in the armed forces of Germany's neighboring countries from 1740–1871. Stuttgart undated, manuscript 13 p. 499.
  • Berlin Bulletin. Berlin Lodge No. 46. ​​Berlin 1949, no. 10.
  • Friedrich Dennert: The field box Carmen Sylvia for German loyalty in Bucharest. Bucharest 1918.
  • To commemorate the final work of the field box "To the rising light on the Somme" i. Or. St.Quentin. Munich 1922, np
  • Karl-Heinz Francke: Military and field boxes of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. In: Quatuor Coronati-Jahrbuch. No. 13, Bayreuth: QC 1976, pp. 87-98.
  • Hermann Handlow, Carl Kämpe: Braunschweig officers as Freemasons in North America and Holland. In: The Masonic Museum VI. Sporn, Zeulenroda / Leipzig 1931, pp. 101–148.
  • Andreas Önnerfors: Freemasonry and officers in the 18th century. University of Potsdam, 2010.

swell

  • Lenning: General Handbook of Freemasonry. Third edition, completely revised and brought into line with new scientific research. from Lenning's Encyclopedia of Freemasonry. Published by the Association of German Freemasons. Max Hesse's publishing house, Leipzig 1901.
  • Ferdinand Runkel: History of Freemasonry. Edition Lempertz, 2006, ISBN 3-933070-96-1 . (Reprint from 1932)

Web links

Individual evidence

International Masonic Lexicon

  1. ↑ Eugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freemaurer Lexikon . 1980. Reprint from 1932, Amalthena Verlag, ISBN 8-85002-038-X , Lemma Militärlogen , p. 1035.

Other sources

  1. ^ Jean-Luc Quoy-Bodin: Le militaire en Maçonnerie (XVIIIème-XIXème siècles). In: Histoire, économie et société. 4, 1983, pp. 549-576.
  2. ↑ Andreas Önnerfors: Freemasonry and officers in the 18th century. University of Potsdam, 2010.
  3. ↑ Andreas Önnerfors: Freemasonry and officers in the 18th century. Article by the University of Potsdam (2010)
  4. ^ Friedrich Hasselbacher: High treason and treason of the field lodges in the world wars. Nordland-Verlag, Magdeburg 1935.
  5. ↑ Andreas Önnerfors: Freemasonry and officers in the 18th century. University of Potsdam, 2010.
  6. ^ The standard French work on the links between the military and Freemasonry is Jean-Luc Quoy-Bodin: L'armée et la franc-maçonnerie au déclin de la monarchie sous la révolution et l'Empire. Paris 1987. Preliminary study: Quoy-Bodin: Le militaire en Maçonnerie.
  7. ↑ Andreas Önnerfors: Freemasonry and officers in the 18th century. University of Potsdam, 2010.
  8. ^ Pierre-François Pinaud: Armée. In: Encyclopédie de la Franc-Maçonnerie. Paris 2008, pp. 45-47.
  9. ↑ Freemasonry in Swedish Pomerania - enlightened avant-garde and contact zone between Pomerania and Sweden in Asmus, Ivo - Droste, Heiko - Olesen, Jens Erik: Common acquaintances. Sweden and Germany in the Early Modern Era, Münster 2003, pp. 107–120.
  10. ↑ Claes Ludwig Henning Thulstrup: Anteckningar till Svenska Frimureriets historia, Stockholm 1892, pp 41-43.
  11. ↑ Teofron Säve: Sveriges deltagande i sjuåriga kriget åren 1757-1762, Stockholm 1915, (pp. 1–45 s)
  12. ^ Jonas Anderson, Andreas Önnerfors: Förteckning över svenska 1700-tals frimurare. In: Önnerfors, Mystiskt brödraskap. (Note 11), pp. 157–285.
  13. ↑ Andreas Önnerfors: Freemasonry and officers in the 18th century. University of Potsdam, 2010, p. 244.
  14. ↑ Presentation in excerpt from the latest world events, Stralsund 1762, No. 50.
  15. ↑ The newspaper Excerpt from Latest World Events was renamed Stralsundische Zeitung in 1763, in No. 30 of which the quoted article can be found.
  16. ↑ Paul Gehrke: Der flammende Stern im Orient Berlin a lodge foundation at the time of the wars of succession. Berlin 1920, in the Berlin State Library.
  17. ^ Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage, Freemasons, 5.1.4. No. 3657 Protocol December 17, 1778.
  18. ^ Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage, Freemasons, Bl. 10-11R.
  19. ^ Ferdinand Runkel: History of Freemasonry. 1932. (Reprint: Lempertz Edition und Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2006, ISBN 3-933070-96-1 , p. 103 f.)
  20. ↑ Masons on the Rescue (PDF) article by California Freemason from April / May 2009; On the website https://www.freemason.org  ; Accessed April 1, 2018 (English) (p. 18).
  21. ^ Ferdinand Runkel: History of Freemasonry. 3 volumes. Hobbing, Berlin 1932, also reprint: Edition Lempertz, Königswinter 2006, ISBN 3-933070-96-1 (pp. 135–156)
  22. ^ Br. Schulze: Feldlogen. In: Mecklenburgisches Logenblatt. Year No. 55, 1923, pp. 10-13.
  23. ^ Wilhelm Ohr: From a year field box work . E. Reinhardt, Munich 1916.
  24. ↑ Friedrich Hasselbacher: People's betrayal of the field lodges in the world wars. 7th expanded and completely revised edition. 1941, pp. 93-101 (= high and state treason of the field lodges in the World War. 1935) In it the brochure “The field lodge 'In chains to light' and other Masonic memories from captivity”, written by Br. T. Taeschner - Stettin , Member of the "Bruderbund am Fichtenberg" lodge in the Orient Berlin-Steglitz, handwriting only for Brothers Freemasons, Leipzig 1921.
  25. ↑ Gunther Mai: The Morocco-Germans 1873-1918 , 1st edition Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, October 22, 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-30038-1 , p. 690.
  26. ^ Gunther Mai: The Morocco-Germans 1873-1918 -Biograms, Lemma: Holzmann
  27. ^ Destruction of Freemasonry by revealing its secrets. Ludendorffs Verlag, Munich 1927, 1940.
  28. ↑ Prisoners of War of the Japanese 1939-1945 https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/prisoners-of-war-of-the-japanese-1939-1945
  29. ^ River Valley Road / Havelock Road Camp from Faizah bte Zakaria; published by the National Library Board Singapore 2017 on the website http://www.nlb.gov.sg/ (accessed April 24, 2017).
  30. ↑ The Charter was presented in 1985 by Mrs. Banner at the Grand Lodge of Scotland. Brother Banner, who is second on the roll, died while building the Siam Railway in 1943. How the roll came into his widow's possession is a mystery.
  31. ↑ Of the original twenty-five copies of the scroll, two are known that still exist. One is in the museum of Freemasons' Hall in Edinburgh and is therefore owned by the Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland Edinburgh, the second role is owned by a surviving brother. A third copy is believed to be in the Singapore Masonic Museum. The fact that any written documents survived is all the more remarkable as each copy was hand-drawn on thin rice paper. A member of the Masonic Club (Hugh Oven) kept a copy of the charter in a hollow bamboo branch that served as a handle for his travel bag while in captivity.
  32. ↑ Guido Berg: Opponents of the war welcome Freemasons in civilian clothes or uniform: Founding of the field and military lodge "Henning von Tresckow". In: Potsdamer Neue Nachrichten. January 8, 2011. Accessed on June 20, 2015 from the Potsdamer Neue Nachrichten pnn.de website .
  33. ↑ Guido Berg: Opponents of the war welcome Freemasons in civilian clothes or uniform: Founding of the field and military lodge "Henning von Tresckow". In: Potsdamer Neue Nachrichten. January 8, 2011. Accessed on June 20, 2015 from the Potsdamer Neue Nachrichten pnn.de website .
  34. ↑ History of the field and military lodges , on the website of the German field and military lodge " Henning von Tresckow" , accessed on March 17, 2017.
  35. ↑ Homepage of Mertz von Quirnheim , Homepage: Field and military lodge "Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim" (accessed on April 11, 2016)
  36. ↑ Homepage of Alfred Kranzfelder , Homepage: Field and Marine Lodge "Alfred Kranzfelder" (accessed on November 3, 2018)
  37. ↑ Kandahar Lodge Activity Report (PDF) On the website www.niagaramasons.com; Accessed April 5, 2016 (English).