Karl Otmar von Aretin

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Karl Otmar von Aretin 2002 in Munich.

Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (born July 2, 1923 in Munich ; † March 26, 2014 there ) was a German historian .

Aretin taught from 1964 to 1988 as a full professor for contemporary history at the TH Darmstadt . From 1968 to 1994 he was director of the department for universal history at the Mainz Institute for European History . One of his achievements was the opening of the institute to young scientists from what was then the " Eastern Bloc ". Aretin presented a monumental four-volume account of the history of the Old Kingdom from 1648 to 1806. He did pioneering work in researching the history of imperial Italy . He is one of the most important German early modern historians after the Second World War .

Life

Origin and family

The historian, born in 1923, came from the Bavarian aristocratic family Aretin . The sex goes back to Johann Baptist Bagdasar von Siounik. He was born in Constantinople in 1706 or 1710 as the son of the small Armenian king Bagdasar of Siounik and his wife Gogza, née Princess of Charabagh. He was adopted by the Electress Theresia Kunigunde of Bavaria in 1711 and in 1769 under the name Aretin by Elector Maximilian III. raised to the baron status.

Karl Otmar von Aretin was the third of four sons of Erwein von Aretins , an editor of the daily Münchner Neue Nachrichten , and Countess Maria Anna von Belcredi (1888–1968) as well as a great-great-nephew of the well-known Bavarian historian and librarian Johann Christoph Freiherr von Aretin . His brothers were the member of the Bundestag and Landtag, Anton von Aretin, and the Jesuit Richard Freiherr von Aretin ; another brother fell in World War II. The TV announcer Annette von Aretin was his cousin. Karl's father belonged to a group of conservative, monarchically oriented opponents of National Socialism. He was arrested in March 1933 and imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp for 14 months . He then lived in exile on the estate of his sister Elisabeth Countess von Bissingen in Hohenstein in Württemberg and was monitored by the Gestapo . During this time, his father wrote a multi-volume story of the Counts of Arco , which left a lasting impression on Aretin. Before graduating from high school, he too wanted to become a historian. According to Aretin's autobiographical sketch, he traced his path to history back to the fate of his father. Aretin met Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg personally through his father in Munich in 1943 , who a little later became one of the central figures of the military resistance against National Socialism .

Since 1960 Aretin was married to Ruth Uta von Tresckow, a daughter of the Wehrmacht general and resistance fighter in the assassination attempt of July 20, 1944 , Henning von Tresckow . The marriage resulted in the historian Felicitas von Aretin, born in 1962, and a pair of twins born in 1967. Resistance to Adolf Hitler became an important topic in Aretin's work because of his father and his wife's origins.

academic career

Aretin took part in the war from 1942 to 1945. After returning from the war, his father encouraged him to decide to study history. In 1946 he began studying history and art history at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich . He first attended Walter Goetz's lectures . Hans Jantzen was one of his academic teachers in art history . In the courses and lectures on Serbian history given by Johann Albrecht Freiherr von Reiswitz, he met Friedrich Hermann Schubert , Erich Angermann and Eberhard Weis . In the summer semester of 1947 he attended a four-hour lecture on the subject of Europe in modern times with Franz Schnabel, who was initially still teaching as a visiting professor . Schnabel's lectures left a lasting impression on him. The group of young students around Schnabel included Aretin, Friedrich Hermann Schubert, Heinrich Lutz and Eberhard Weis. In 1952 he was at beak with a thesis on Bavaria's policy in the Congress of Vienna and in the initial phase of the German Bundestag Dr. phil. PhD. Shortly before the completion of the dissertation, his father died. The work went unprinted. He came to the topic of his dissertation through his ancestor Adam von Aretin , who was the Bavarian envoy to the Bundestag . In 1953 he also wrote an article about him in the New German Biography (NDB).

At the suggestion of Friedrich Hermann Schubert, Aretin sought a position in the Reichstag project of the historical commission . He was able to reach an agreement with Willy Andreas , the department head of the so-called middle row. However, his supervisor for the doctoral thesis, Franz Schnabel, did not promote Aretin's further academic career. Schnabel prevented a job with the German Reichstag files. According to Aretin's autobiographical statements, Schnabel is said to have considered him completely incapable. From 1952 to 1957 he was a member of the editorial team of the NDB. From 1953 to 1958 Aretin was one of the first scholarship holders from the Mainz Institute for European History . He spent most of the years 1955/56 doing archival research in Vienna. From 1958 to 1964 he was a research assistant at the Max Planck Institute for History in Göttingen. Aretin wrote several articles for the Süddeutsche Zeitung . In this way he financed archival trips for his originally intended habilitation thesis on the Rhine Confederation . In 1962 he completed his habilitation with Richard Nürnberger at the University of Göttingen with a thesis on the final phase of the Holy Roman Empire . Earlier, the early modernist Leo Just had refused to supervise Aretin's habilitation . Just considered the concept presented by Aretin to be absurd over the last 30 years of the empire. Aretin also remained active as a journalist despite a successful habilitation. From 1959 to 1965 Aretin was Germany correspondent for the left-wing Catholic Viennese weekly newspaper Die Furche .

In 1963 Aretin was offered a chair for contemporary history at the Technical University of Darmstadt . Up to this point he had not published a separate monograph on contemporary history. According to an expert opinion by Karl Dietrich Erdmann , Aretin's previous work in contemporary history had "neither its method nor its result in terms of scientific weight". The Göttingen professors Percy Ernst Schramm and Hermann Heimpel , the then director of the Mainz Institute for European History Martin Göhring and Otto zu Stolberg-Wernigerode from the NDB editorial team appeared as advocates . Last but not least, he was especially recommended by Eugen Kogon .

From 1964 until his retirement in 1988 Aretin was full professor for contemporary history at the TH Darmstadt. There Aretin took on the role of "ideological counterweight" after Kristof Lukitsch. Until then, all Darmstadt historians were supporters of National Socialism, or at least influenced by it ideologically. According to Lutz Raphael's thesis , Aretin and later Helmut Böhme summoned historians to Darmstadt who not only shared methodical and conceptual similarities, but also shared a common historical and political basic position as social liberal.

Contemporary history dominated Aretin with 26 lectures. 20 out of 55 seminars dealt with National Socialism. The First World War and the Weimar Republic were dealt with in twelve seminars. The early modern era was the subject of 14 seminars. In 1970 he and Helmut Böhme founded the Institute for History in Darmstadt. Aretin played a major role in the institute developing its own research profile. The history of the Old Kingdom and contemporary history, the history of technology and the city, were linked as topics with Darmstadt as a location for science.

From 1968 to 1994, succeeding Martin Göhring, he was part-time director of the Institute for European History in Mainz, Department for Universal History. Aretin continued to draw his salary from his professorship for contemporary history in Darmstadt. He was initially paid an expense allowance of DM 250 for his work as director. From Monday to Thursday he continued to do his teaching duties in Darmstadt. As a director in Mainz, he made contacts in Southeastern and Eastern Europe. During his tenure, the number of international conferences increased significantly. The first major third-party funding was also acquired . However, the Institute for European History was by no means subject to its own research priorities. Only 21 percent of the scholarship holders before 2000 were early modernists. Through Aretin's activity as director for the Institute for European History, the Darmstadt Institute was integrated into other communication networks in the field of history. This connection also enabled the institute to establish international contacts.

He turned down an appointment to Cologne in 1970 to succeed Theodor Schieder . As an academic teacher, he supervised ten dissertations and five habilitation theses. He oversaw five papers on National Socialism, two on World War I and the interwar period, and three on the Old Reich. A school in the sense of a group of students with a common research area did not develop. None of his Darmstadt doctoral students took a position at a university.

From 1965 to 2014 Aretin was co-editor of the New Political Literature . From 1972 to 1980 Aretin was secretary of the Association of Historians of Germany , from 1987 to 1998 chief editor of the New German Biography. He was a full member of the historical commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences since 1980; In 1982 he and Eberhard Weis founded the Sources department on reforms in the Confederation of the Rhine . The project was completed while the two department heads were still alive. A few years before his death he initiated the project of a historical-critical edition of the electoral capitulations of the German kings and Roman-German emperors. An edition has been a research gap for a long time . The documents are of considerable importance not only in terms of constitutional history, but also in terms of social, ecclesiastical and economic history. He accompanied the course of the edition with his advice. He died while completing his thesis.

Aretin was a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (1976) and the British Academy (1998) as well as an honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1986) and a corresponding member of the Royal Historical Society (1997). From the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , he was in 1984 the first German the honorary doctorate to Dr. phil. hc awarded. He is the namesake of the Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin Prize established at TU Darmstadt in 2013 for excellent theses.

Aretin was scientifically productive well into old age. He died on March 26, 2014 at the age of 91 in his native Munich.

Act

Contemporary history

As a contemporary historian, Aretin was particularly concerned with the history between 1919 and 1945. In 1955, together with Karl Buchheim , he published his father's memories of the years 1931 to 1933. A year later he published a study on the oath on Hitler . For him, the taking of the oath was “a real sign of the decline of the officer corps”. He put the blame on the Wehrmacht leadership in the form of Werner von Blomberg and Walter von Reichenau .

The work The Seizure of Power , written together with Gerhard Fauth , is considered a pioneering study. The first part from Fauth, Requirements for the Rise of the NSDAP , dealt with the end of the First World War and the problems of the Weimar Republic. The second part describes the path to totalitarian dictatorship and was written by Aretin. Aretin was the main culprit for General Kurt von Schleicher . He had replaced “the capable Brüning with the incompetent scheming Papen” and thereby paved the way for the “seizure of power” by the National Socialists. In the dispute over the Reichstag fire of 1933, he turned against the single perpetrator thesis and attributed the fire to the National Socialists. According to Aretin, the Prussian strike and the oath on Hitler made it possible for the National Socialists to come to power. With his remarks he called to mind the guilt of the “right-wing national bourgeoisie”. Throughout the entire work he refrained from speaking of “fate” or “entanglement”. As early as 1958 he recognized the medium of film as a contemporary source. With his lecture published in 1962 on the end of the Center Party and the conclusion of the Reich Concordat on July 20, 1933, he was one of the first historians to seriously deal with contemporary church history. In it he represented the thesis that the church was hostile to democracy. He also took a critical look at the apologetic - revisionist works of David L. Hoggan and Alan JP Taylor .

Aretin intervened several times on political events. As an assistant in Göttingen, he turned against the policy of appeasing the then Federal Interior Minister Gerhard Schröder to neo-Nazism in the Frankfurt issue . Aretin published the article The Successful German in the Frankfurter Hefte . The people classified as "former followers" in the denazification process had had access to civil service again since 1951. They would be courted by the parties again. Aretin therefore feared that National Socialism “could not reappear as a one-time, gruesome derailment, but in its modified, although certainly no longer so terrible form”. He presented a new interpretation of National Socialism. In his view, National Socialism was not an industrial accident and was not to blame from abroad, but a mistake that began in the German Empire . The contribution caught the attention of Eugen Kogon and was decisive for his appointment to Darmstadt. He was disappointed by the first grand coalition under Kurt Georg Kiesinger . He publicly opposed the 1968 emergency legislation . Together with Eugen Kogon, he pushed through a curriculum reform. From then on, prospective business and social studies teachers had to attend events in contemporary history and also to provide academic achievements in contemporary history. Aretin fought against the Hessian framework guidelines , which wanted the subject of history to merge with social studies.

In 1993, Aretin's most important contributions were published in Nation, State and Democracy in Germany . Christof Dipper was a professor in Darmstadt until 2008 and thus Aretin's successor to the chair. With Aretin's importance as a contemporary historian, he emphasized his approach of a “serious, source-based contemporary history”, the focus on the question of guilt in the context of the “seizure of power” and his groundbreaking diagnosis of the role of the Wehrmacht.

Early modern research

History of the Holy Roman Empire

His two-volume habilitation thesis dealt with the last 30 years of the empire. Aretin meticulously processed the literature on the subject. His work listed 2233 independent writings in the bibliography. Aretin used archive material to an unusual extent for such a wide-ranging presentation. He not only processed archival material from the house, court and state archives in Vienna, but also from the state archives in Munich, Merseburg, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Karlsruhe, Darmstadt and Marburg. The second volume contains a selection of 63 previously unpublished files. The work painted a new picture of the final phase of the Holy Roman Empire. Previous work had described the empire's last 30 years as decline and decadence. Aretin no longer saw the empire as a political ballast for the emerging territorial states, but as an important political system. Aretin's account of the history of the empire remained free of ideological interpretations from the 1920s and 1930s. The work also distinguished itself from the occidental concept of Catholic journalism in the post-war decades. The work is considered to be a breakthrough for the beginning of a new imperial historiography, which began in the late sixties and early seventies of the 20th century. Aretin's research on the history of the empire also made the connection internationally and made it known to her. Despite all the recognition, the work was also criticized for its neglect of economic and social-historical aspects. Hanns Leo Mikoletzky criticized Aretin's book for “trying to present a structure as living that was in reality already dead and did not just die in opposition to Austria-Prussia”. According to Mikoletzky, Aretin also overestimated the informative value of files.

Aretin's teacher Schnabel embodied a direction critical of Prussia in historical studies. Like their teacher, his students did not look to Prussia, but to the Reich or the reforms of the Rhine Confederation. They thus distanced themselves from the Prussian idea of ​​the power of the state. Aretin published a biography of Frederick the Great in 1985 . However, he painted an extremely critical picture of the monarch.

With the four-volume work Das Alte Reich , published between 1993 and 2000 and comprising well over 1600 pages , Aretin presented an integrative representation of the Holy Roman Empire from the Peace of Westphalia from 1648 to its end in 1806. The work is regarded as his main work and is the standard work on the history of the Old Kingdom. Aretin processed not only the research literature and printed sources in detail, but also archive material to a considerable extent. The presentation is divided into federal or hierarchical order (1648–1684) , imperial tradition and Austrian great power politics (1684–1745) , the empire and the Austro-Prussian dualism (1745–1806) and the overall scientific register . Aretin's work brought a wealth of new insights and evaluations, especially Aretin emphasized the importance of the Leopold Empire . Through the connection of constitutional, institutional and event history, Aretin came to a reassessment of the Reich “as a European peace order, as a specific construct of federal-hierarchically ordered and controlled statehood and as a precarious compromise structure of conflicting political power interests”.

Imperial Italy

In 1946, Aretin went on a trip to Italy before starting his studies. According to his own statement, Aretin had been researching imperial Italy since 1963 . At the end of the 1960s, Aretin published his first work on Imperial Italy. Aretin presented special studies on imperial Italy and embedded their history in general contexts. In 1968 he published an essay on the collapse of the Duchy of Milan . Also in 1968 he published the chapter on Italy in the fourth volume of the Handbook of European History . In his study published in 1980, he dealt with the imperial feudal order in Italy and its effects on other feudal orders. The contribution spanned from the time of the Spanish supremacy of Charles V to the War of the Spanish Succession . In 1980 the article also appeared in Italian translation. In 1986 he published an article on Imperial Italy in the concise dictionary of German legal history . In his four-volume story about the old empire , he placed imperial Italy in the context of general imperial history. Ten chapters or sub-chapters with almost 100 pages were devoted to imperial Italy. No other work gave imperial Italy so much attention. In this way he made imperial Italy known to a wider audience. It was through his translation services that he made numerous works accessible to the German-speaking historians' guild.

According to Matthias Schnettger, by including imperial Italy, Aretin sharpened the view of the character of the empire as a "feudal empire extending beyond the core German areas". Schnettger regards the transalpine expansion of the history of the empire as one of Aretin's lasting merits for historical studies.

The Institute for European History paid tribute to Aretin's services to the study of Imperial Italy at a large conference in Trento on his 80th birthday.

Bavarian history of the 18th and 19th centuries

Bavaria was a continuous topic in his research. He also came out with studies from the family environment. Already the dissertation was devoted to Johann Adam von Aretin, a Bavarian envoy. For the biography of his great-grandfather, the central and social politician Georg von Franckenstein , presented in 2003 , Aretin was able to comprehensively evaluate the extensive estate at Ullstadt Castle for the first time , especially the correspondence (around 4000 letters) with his wife Marie, a native of Princess Öttingen-Wallerstein , as well as numerous memory protocols and extensive additional archive material have been incorporated into the presentation. In his biography he published Franckenstein's previously unknown report on his role during the deposition of Ludwig II in 1886. Aretin was able to make it clear that Franckenstein played a major role in the implementation of the Franckenstein clause in the Reichstag and also played a decisive role in Bismarck's social legislation played.

In 2013 he published a book about three Aretin brothers, whose lives in the service of the Bavarian crown spanned the period from 1769 to 1815. His last publication appeared at the end of 2013 in the Festgabe for Duke Franz von Bayern on his 80th birthday. Thanks to his finding, which was "important for the history of parliamentarism", he was able to further revise the powerful opinion of Prince Adalbert of Bavaria that the Bavarian King Max I. Joseph "was fundamentally opposed to all constitutions". Aretin made the Organic Edict in the version of 1811 for national representation publicly available in the appendix. In 2008, Dirk Götschmann had to leave the text and content of the edict unmentioned in his analysis of the Bavarian “national representation” because “no relevant draft has been found to this day”.

Fonts (selection)

Monographs

  • with Gerhard Fauth : The seizure of power (= workbook for mediators of political education. 3, ZDB -ID 533424-x ). Bavarian State Center for Homeland Service, Munich 1959.
  • Holy Roman Empire 1776–1806. Imperial constitution and state sovereignty (= publications by the Institute for European History Mainz. Vol. 38). 2 volumes. Steiner, Wiesbaden 1967 (at the same time: University of Göttingen, habilitation thesis, 1962, under the title: Aretin, Karl Otmar from: The Dissolution of the Old Reich).
  • Papacy and the modern world. Kindler, Munich 1970.
  • Bavaria's way to a sovereign state. Estates and constitutional monarchy 1714–1818. CH Beck, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-406-06502-3 .
  • From the German Reich to the German Confederation (= Small Vandenhoeck Series German History. Vol. 7). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1980, ISBN 3-525-33437-0 .
  • Frederick the Great. Size and limits of the Prussian king. Images and counter images. Herder, Freiburg (Breisgau) et al. 1985, ISBN 3-451-20473-8 .
  • The old empire. 1648-1806. 4 volumes. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1993-2000, ISBN 3-608-91043-3 .
  • Nation, state and democracy in Germany. Selected contributions to contemporary history (= publications by the Institute for European History, Mainz. Supplement 27). Edited by Andreas Kunz and Martin Vogt. von Zabern, Mainz 1993, ISBN 3-8053-1570-8 .
  • with Ulrich Cartarius : Opposition to Hitler. A narrative illustrated book (= German Resistance 1933–1945. ). Siedler, Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-88680-110-1 .
  • Franckenstein. A political career between Bismarck and Ludwig II. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-608-94286-6 .

Editorships

literature

  • Patrick Bahners : Munich oldest news. Imperial history from the family archive: Karl Otmar Freiherrn von Aretin on his eightieth birthday. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , July 2, 2003, No. 150, p. 35.
  • Christof Dipper : The old freedom. On the death of the historian Karl Otmar von Aretin. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , April 1, 2014, No. 77, p. 11 ( online ).
  • Christof Dipper: Obituary for Karl Otmar von Aretin (July 2, 1923– March 26, 2014). In: Neue Politische Literatur 59 (2014), pp. 5–8 ( online ).
  • Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Peter Lang Edition, Frankfurt / M. 2015, ISBN 978-3-631-66614-2 .
  • Heinz Duchhardt : Nekrolog Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1923-2014). In: Historische Zeitschrift , Vol. 299, 2014, pp. 285–290.
  • Grete Walter-Klingenstein : Karl Otmar von Aretin. In: Almanac. Austrian Academy of Sciences. 163/164, 2013/2014, pp. 603-607.
  • Ralph Melville (ed.): Germany and Europe in modern times. Festschrift for Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin on his 65th birthday (= publications by the Institute for European History Mainz. Department of Universal History. Volume 134). 2 volumes. Steiner, Wiesbaden et al. 1988, ISBN 3-515-05053-1 ( list of articles ).
  • Karl Otmar von Aretin: Paths and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann , Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Böhlau, Wien et al. 1997, ISBN 3-205-98824-8 , pp. 9-21 (autobiographical).

Web links

Commons : Karl Otmar von Aretin  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ^ Otto Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode:  Aretin. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, ISBN 3-428-00182-6 , p. 346 f. ( Digitized version ).
  2. ^ Matthias Berg: Karl Alexander von Müller. Historian for National Socialism. Göttingen 2014, p. 204.
  3. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Vienna et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 9.
  4. ^ Patrick Bahners : Karl Otmar von Aretin on the 90th. A misunderstanding with Count Stauffenberg. In: FAZ.NET , July 30, 2013.
  5. ↑ Felix Müller: What was left of the day . In. Die Welt July 20, 2004; About me | Felicitas v. Aretin. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
  6. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann , Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Vienna et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 10.
  7. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Vienna et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 10.
  8. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Vienna et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 11.
  9. ↑ Winfried Schulze: Karl Otmar von Aretins importance for early modern research. In: Christof Dipper , Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 31–43, here: p. 32.
  10. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: The German politics of Bavaria at the time of the state development of the German Confederation 1814-1820. Munich 1952.
  11. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Vienna et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 12.
  12. ^ Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin:  Aretin, Johann Adam Freiherr von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, ISBN 3-428-00182-6 , p. 347 f. ( Digitized version ).
  13. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Aretin and the Munich Historical Commission. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 45–57, here: p. 47; Heinz Duchhardt: Nekrolog Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1923-2014). In: Historische Zeitschrift , Vol. 299, 2014, pp. 285–290, here: p. 289.
  14. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Vienna et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 16.
  15. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Nekrolog Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1923-2014). In: Historische Zeitschrift , Vol. 299, 2014, pp. 285–290, here: p. 285.
  16. ^ Christof Dipper: Obituary for Karl Otmar von Aretin (July 2, 1923 - March 26, 2014). In: Neue Politische Literatur 59 (2014), pp. 5–8, here: p. 6 ( online ).
  17. ↑ Christof Dipper: Der Zeithistoriker Aretin or: Who was Aretin when he was called in 1964. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 9–29, here: p. 16.
  18. ↑ Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin: Holy Roman Empire 1776–1806. Imperial constitution and state sovereignty. Wiesbaden 1967.
  19. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Vienna et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 17.
  20. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Vienna et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 19.
  21. ↑ Christof Dipper: Der Zeithistoriker Aretin or: Who was Aretin when he was called in 1964. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 9–29, here: p. 28.
  22. ↑ Quoted from Christof Dipper: Der Zeithistoriker Aretin or: Who was Aretin when he was called in 1964. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 9–29, here: p. 28.
  23. ↑ Christof Dipper: Der Zeithistoriker Aretin or: Who was Aretin when he was called in 1964. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 9–29, here: pp. 28 f.
  24. ↑ Kristof Lukitsch: 'Braune Beginnings': The Darmstadt History of the Post-War Period. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 149–172, here: p. 171.
  25. ^ Lutz Raphael: The Institute for History of the TU Darmstadt 1964–2014. A look back at the history of science on the traces of Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretins. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 173–193, here: pp. 192 f.
  26. ↑ Karl Härter: Karl Otmar von Aretin as an academic teacher in the context of history teaching in the Federal Republic of Germany 1960–2000. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 79–99, here: pp. 86 f.
  27. ^ Lutz Raphael: The Institute for History of the TU Darmstadt 1964–2014. A look back at the history of science on the traces of Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretins. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 173–193, here: pp. 192 f.
  28. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Wien et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 19 gives 1967 the wrong year for the appointment to Mainz.
  29. ↑ Claus Scharf: History as social and transnational communication. The Institute for European History Mainz under the direction of Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1968–1994). In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 101–128, here: pp. 119 f.
  30. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Nekrolog Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1923-2014). In: Historische Zeitschrift , Vol. 299, 2014, pp. 285–290, here: p. 288.
  31. ↑ Claus Scharf: History as social and transnational communication. The Institute for European History Mainz under the direction of Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1968–1994). In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 101–128, here: p. 121.
  32. ^ Lutz Raphael: The Institute for History of the TU Darmstadt 1964–2014. A look back at the history of science on the traces of Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretins. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 173–193, here: p. 193.
  33. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Nekrolog Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1923-2014). In: Historische Zeitschrift , Vol. 299, 2014, pp. 285–290, here: p. 290.
  34. ↑ Compilation of the v. Aretin supervised dissertations and habilitations. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 217-218.
  35. ↑ Karl Härter: Karl Otmar von Aretin as an academic teacher in the context of history teaching in the Federal Republic of Germany 1960–2000. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 79–99, here: p. 94.
  36. ↑ Karl Härter: Karl Otmar von Aretin as an academic teacher in the context of history teaching in the Federal Republic of Germany 1960–2000. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 79–99, here: p. 96.
  37. ↑ Jens Ivo Engels, Anja Pinkowsky: Aretin as editor of the NPL. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 59–78.
  38. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Aretin and the Munich Historical Commission. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 45–57, here: p. 51.
  39. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Nekrolog Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1923-2014). In: Historische Zeitschrift , Vol. 299, 2014, pp. 285–290, here: p. 288; Heinz Duchhardt: Aretin and the Munich Historical Commission. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 45–57, here: p. 55.
  40. ^ The electoral capitulations of the Roman-German kings and emperors 1519–1792. Edited by Wolfgang Burgdorf. Göttingen 2015, p. 7 f.
  41. ^ Deceased Fellows. British Academy , accessed August 14, 2020.
  42. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Nekrolog Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1923-2014). In: Historische Zeitschrift , Vol. 299, 2014, pp. 285–290, here: pp. 289f.
  43. ↑ Christof Dipper: Obituary for Karl Otmar von Aretin (July 2, 1923– March 26, 2014). In: Neue Politische Literatur 59 (2014), pp. 5–8, here: p. 5 ( online ); Sabine Gerbaulet: Professor Dr. Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin 75 years . Lecture by Winfried Schulze on July 10, 1998, press release Informationsdienst Wissenschaft .
  44. ^ Technical University of Darmstadt (ed.): Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin Prize .
  45. ↑ Erwein von Aretin: Crown and Chains. Memories of a Bavarian nobleman. Edited by Karl Otmar von Aretin and Karl Buchheim. Munich 1955.
  46. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: The oath on Hitler. A study on the moral decline of the officer corps of the Reichswehr. In: Karl Otmar von Aretin: Nation, State and Democracy in Germany. Selected contributions to contemporary history. Edited by Andreas Kunz and Martin Vogt. Mainz 1993, pp. 175–194, here: p. 192 First publication in: Politische Studien 7 (1956), pp. 1–19.
  47. ↑ Christof Dipper: Der Zeithistoriker Aretin or: Who was Aretin when he was called in 1964. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 9–29, here: p. 23.
  48. ↑ Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin, Gerhard Fauth: The seizure of power. The development of Germany towards a totalitarian dictatorship 1918–1934. Munich 1959, p. 63.
  49. ↑ Christof Dipper: Der Zeithistoriker Aretin or: Who was Aretin when he was called in 1964. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 9–29, here: p. 25.
  50. ↑ Karl Härter: Karl Otmar von Aretin as an academic teacher in the context of history teaching in the Federal Republic of Germany 1960–2000. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 79–99, here: p. 90. Cf. Karl Otmar von Aretin: The film as a contemporary source. In: Politische Studien Vol. 9 (1958), pp. 254–265.
  51. ^ Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin: The end of the center party and the conclusion of the Reich Concordat on July 20, 1933. In: Frankfurter Hefte 17 (1962), pp. 237–243. Cf. Christof Dipper: Der Zeithistoriker Aretin or: Who was Aretin when he was called in 1964. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 9–29, here: p. 26.
  52. ↑ Cf. Karl Otmar von Aretin: David L. Hoggan: Prämierter Lügner. An American made the first attempt to revise the historical picture of the National Socialist era. In: Die Weltwoche , May 15, 1964.
  53. ^ Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin: The successful German. Study on an Oppressive Present Question (1958). In: Ders .: Nation, State and Democracy in Germany. Selected contributions to contemporary history. Mainz 1993, pp. 295-303.
  54. ^ Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin: The successful German. Study on an Oppressive Present Question (1958). In: Ders .: Nation, State and Democracy in Germany. Selected contributions to contemporary history. Mainz 1993, pp. 295-303, here: p. 302.
  55. ↑ Christof Dipper: Der Zeithistoriker Aretin or: Who was Aretin when he was called in 1964. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 9–29, here: pp. 18 f.
  56. ↑ Claus Scharf: History as social and transnational communication. The Institute for European History Mainz under the direction of Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin (1968–1994). In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 101–128, here: p. 103.
  57. ^ Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin: Historical and political burdens on the exceptional legislation. In: Helmut Schauer (Red.), Emergency of Democracy. Papers, contributions to discussions and materials from the congress on October 30, 1966 in Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main 1967, pp. 27–41.
  58. ↑ Christof Dipper: Obituary for Karl Otmar von Aretin (July 2, 1923– March 26, 2014). In: Neue Politische Literatur 59 (2014), pp. 5–8, here: p. 5 ( online ).
  59. ↑ Christof Dipper: Der Zeithistoriker Aretin or: Who was Aretin when he was called in 1964. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 9–29, here: p. 22.
  60. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Ways and detours to history. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): Memorabilia. Paths to the past. Dedicated to Rudolf Vierhaus on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Vienna et al. 1997, pp. 9–21, here: p. 18; Grete Klingenstein in: Communications from the Institute for Austrian Historical Research 79 (1971), p. 243 f.
  61. ↑ Winfried Schulze: Karl Otmar von Aretins importance for early modern research. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 31–43, here: pp. 38 f.
  62. ↑ Winfried Schulze: Karl Otmar von Aretins importance for early modern research. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 31–43, here: p. 39 f.
  63. ↑ Jaana Eichhorn: History between Tradition and Innovation Discourses, Institutions and Power Structures of West German Early Modern Research. Göttingen 2006, p. 324.
  64. ↑ Joist Grolle: Literature Report Absolutism and Enlightenment. In: Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Studium 20 (1969), pp. 116–126, here: p. 124; Karl Mommsen in: Swiss Journal for History 20 (1970), pp. 199–201; Eberhard Weis in: Archivalische Zeitschrift 65 (1969), p. 217 f.
  65. ^ Heinrich Scheel in: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswwissenschaft 18 (1970), pp. 431-434.
  66. ^ Review by Hanns Leo Mikoletzky in: Mitteilungen des Österreichisches Staatsarchivs 23 (1970/71), pp. 437–439.
  67. ↑ Winfried Schulze: Karl Otmar von Aretins importance for early modern research. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 31–43, here: p. 36.
  68. ↑ See the review by Heinz Duchhardt: Change of perspective. The Old Reich as a Political Organism. In: Historische Zeitschrift 268 (1999), pp. 673-680.
  69. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Change of perspective. The Old Reich as a Political Organism. In: Historische Zeitschrift 268 (1999), pp. 673-680, here: p. 677.
  70. ^ Lutz Raphael: The Institute for History of the TU Darmstadt 1964–2014. A look back at the history of science on the traces of Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretins. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 173–193, here: p. 190.
  71. ^ Matthias Schnettger: Karl Otmar von Aretin and the transalpine expansion of the history of the empire: The "discovery" of imperial Italy. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 129–148, here: p. 130.
  72. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Imperial Italy from Charles V to the end of the Old Kingdom. The feudal orders in Italy and their effects on European politics. In: Ders .: Das Reich. Peace Order and European Balance 1648–1806. Stuttgart 1986, pp. 76-163, here: p. 161.
  73. ^ Matthias Schnettger: Karl Otmar von Aretin and the transalpine expansion of the history of the empire: The "discovery" of imperial Italy. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 129–148, here: pp. 131 f.
  74. ^ Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin: The fall of the Duchy of Milan to the Empire in 1700. A contribution to the history of Imperial Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. In: Ernst Schulin (ed.): Commemorative publication for Martin Göhring. Wiesbaden 1968, pp. 78-90.
  75. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Italy in the 18th century. In: Theodor Schieder (Ed.): Handbuch der Europäische Geschichte, Vol. 4: Europe in the Age of Absolutism and the Enlightenment. Stuttgart 1968, pp. 585-633.
  76. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: The feudal orders in Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries and their effects on European politics. In: Hermann Weber (Hrsg.): Political orders and social forces in the Old Kingdom. Wiesbaden 1980, pp. 53-84.
  77. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: L'ordinamento feudale in Italia nel XVI e XVII secolo e le sue ripercussioni sulla politica europea, un contributo alla storia del tardo feudalisimo in Europa. In: Annali dell'Istituto storico italo-germanico in Trento 4 (1980), pp. 51-94.
  78. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Imperial Italy (early modern times). In: Concise dictionary on German legal history. Volume 4, Berlin 1990, Sp. 648-651.
  79. ^ On this, see Matthias Schnettger: Karl Otmar von Aretin and the transalpine expansion of the history of the empire: The "discovery" of imperial Italy. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 129–148, here: p. 133, note 15.
  80. ^ Heinz Duchhardt: Change of perspective. The Old Reich as a Political Organism. In: Historische Zeitschrift 268 (1999), pp. 673-680, here: p. 676.
  81. ^ Matthias Schnettger: Karl Otmar von Aretin and the transalpine expansion of the history of the empire: The "discovery" of imperial Italy. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 129–148, here: p. 133.
  82. ^ Matthias Schnettger: Karl Otmar von Aretin and the transalpine expansion of the history of the empire: The "discovery" of imperial Italy. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 129–148, here: p. 134.
  83. ^ Matthias Schnettger: Karl Otmar von Aretin and the transalpine expansion of the history of the empire: The "discovery" of imperial Italy. In: Christof Dipper, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Karl Otmar von Aretin. Historian and contemporary. Frankfurt am Main 2015, pp. 129–148, here: p. 147.
  84. ↑ Matthias Schnettger, Marcello Verga (ed.): The Empire and Italy in the Early Modern Age / L'impero e l'Italia nella prima età moderna. Berlin 2006.
  85. ↑ See the reviews of Rudolf Morsey in: Historische Zeitschrift 278 (2004), pp. 493–494; Barbara Stambolis in: sehepunkte 4 (2004), No. 9 [15. September 2004], ( online ); Gerd Fesser in: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswwissenschaft 53 (2005), p. 467.
  86. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Franckenstein. A political career between Bismarck and Ludwig II. Stuttgart 2003, pp. 7–11 ( introduction ), 206–225 ( June 1886 ).
  87. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: Three lives for the Bavarian crown. Adam, Georg and Christoph von Aretin. Regensburg 2013.
  88. ^ Karl Otmar von Aretin: King Maximilian I of Bavaria and the problem of national representation in the Bavarian constitution. In: Alois Schmid, Hermann Rumschöttel (ed.): Wittelsbacher studies. Ceremony for Duke Franz of Bavaria on his 80th birthday. Munich 2013, pp. 621–640, here: p. 622.
  89. ↑ Dirk Götschmann: The "National Representation " of the constitution of May 1, 1808 in the context of constitutional history. In: Alois Schmid (Ed.): The Bavarian Constitution of 1808. Origin - Objectives - European environment. Munich 2008, pp. 229–256, here: p. 230.
personal data
SURNAME Aretin, Karl Otmar von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Aretin, Karl Otmar Freiherr von; Aretin, Karl O. von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German historian
DATE OF BIRTH July 2, 1923
PLACE OF BIRTH Munich
DATE OF DEATH March 26, 2014
Place of death Munich
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on May 29, 2017 .