Iossif Moissejewitsch Tchaikov

Iossif Moissejewitsch Tschaikow ( Russian Иосиф Моисеевич Чайков * December 13 ^{. Jul} / 25. December  1888 ^greg. In Kiev , † 4. March 1979 in Moscow ) was a Ukrainian - Russian sculptor and university lecturer .

Life

Tchaikov grew up in the family of his grandfather, who copied Hebrew religious texts. Tchaikov was an apprentice and then assistant to an engraver . 1910–1913 he studied sculpture in Paris with Naum Aronson and at the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs and then at the École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris . In 1912 he and a group of young artists founded the group of Jewish artists Machmadim , which published the magazine Machmadim . In 1913 he took part in the exhibition of the Paris Autumn Salon .

In 1914 Tchaikov returned to Russia . Together with El Lissitzky , Boris Solomonowitsch Aronsson and others, he founded the socialist Jewish culture league in Kiev and took part in the work of the culture league. He illustrated Yiddish books, led a sculpture class in the Culture League and in 1918 became director of the children's art studio. During the revolutionary year of 1917 , he took part in agitprop activities.

At the beginning of the 1920s, Tchaikov turned to Cubism . In 1920 he organized with others the first Jewish art exhibition of the Culture League in Kiev. He became the ideologue of the new Jewish art based on the sculpture of the ancient Orient in connection with the orientalism of the beginning of the 20th century and the Art Nouveau .

Karl Marx Monument, Kiev

In 1920 Tchaikov went to Moscow . He created the Karl Marx out of plaster for the Marx monument erected in Kiev in 1922 (demolished in the 1930s). He produced movable sculptures as well as the bridge builder (1921), the electrifier (1925) and the blacksmith (1927) with an unusually shifted focus . His most famous dynamic group of sculptures are the footballers , which was created in 1928. A second version was made in 1938. Both sculptures are in the Tretyakov Gallery .

In 1921 Tchaikov published his objectives in a Yiddish brochure , rejecting ethnographic , folkloric and primitivist references. The artistic work of Tchaikov, like that of Marc Chagall , Natan Issajewitsch Altman and El Lissitzky, was analyzed by Boris Solomonowitsch Aronsson in his book on modern Jewish graphics . From 1922 to 1923 Tschaikow worked in Berlin . He took part in the exhibition of Soviet art and the exhibition of the November group . In 1923 he took part in the Berlin International Exhibition. Tchaikov taught sculpture in the higher artistic-technical workshops from 1923 to 1930, as did Boris Danilowitsch Koroljow and Wera Ignatjewna Muchina .

In 1925 Tschaikow became a member of the Society of Russian Sculptors in Moscow, of which he became director in 1929. In 1926 he also joined the group The Four Arts . In 1931 he was involved in the Avenue of the Activists in the Central Park for Culture and Recreation in Moscow. In the 1930s he turned to socialist realism . He became a recognized Soviet sculptor and worked with all techniques in all genres . He made small and large sculptures and returned to the classical forms of ancient art , as shown by the torso from 1934 in the Tretyakov Gallery .

Fountain of Friendship of Peoples, Exhibition of Economic Achievements, Moscow

For the Soviet pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne , Tchaikov created 11 bas-reliefs with the peoples of the USSR . While the two large statues of the worker and the kolkhoz woman in the pavilion were transported to Moscow after the exhibition and displayed in the exhibition of the economic achievements of the USSR , the steel workers of the CGT received parts of the figure frieze of the pavilion, which they made in Baillet-en-France put up. During the Second World War , these parts were destroyed and buried in 1941 and excavated in 2004 by the archaeologist Gentili and his group, including Tchaikov's reliefs.

Tchaikov created the USSR coat of arms for the Soviet pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair and a skin relief for the pavilion of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic .

Tchaikov created a large number of portraits, in particular of well-known cultural workers, such as Vladimir Andreyevich Faworsky (1928), Konstantin Nikolajewitsch Istomin (1935), Leib Kwitko (1943), Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1944, Russian Museum ) and Aram Khachaturian (1972, Ministry of Culture, Moscow).

1951-1954 Tchaikov was involved with Alexei Ilyich Teneta and Soja Wassiljewna Rylejewa in the construction of the Well of Friendship between Nations at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR. In 1959 Tschaikow became an Honored Artist of the RSFSR . Tchaikov's works are in the Museum of Modern Art .

On the grave of Tchaikov and his wife in Moscow's Donskoy cemetery is the tombstone that Tchaikov designed with his self-portrait and the portrait of his wife.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Иосиф Моисеевич Чайков Union List of Artist Names (accessed June 19, 2018).
2. ↑ РУССКИЕ ХУДОЖНИКИ: ЧАЙКОВ Иосиф Моисеевич (accessed June 21, 2018).
3. ↑ Еврейский мемориал: Чайков Иосиф Моисеевич (accessed June 21, 2018).
4. ↑ Электронная еврейская энциклопедия: Чайков Иосиф (accessed June 21, 2018).
5. ^ Yiddish Book Collection of the Russian Avant-Garde (accessed June 20, 2018).
6. ↑ Markiš, Perec D .: The Galaganer Hahn (with drawings by Joseph Tschaikow) . Klal-Verlag, Berlin 1922.
7. ↑ Чайков Иосиф Моисеевич (1888–1986). Скульптурная композиция «Футболисты». 1928–1938 (accessed June 20, 2018).
8. ↑ Ruth Apter-Gabriel: Tradition and Revolution: The Jewish Renaissance in Russian Avant-Garde Art, 1912-1928 . Israel Museum , 1987.
9. ↑ B. Aronson: Sovremennaja evrejskaja grafika . Petropolis-Verlag , Berlin-Charlottenburg 1924.
10. ^ David Gauthier-Villars: Nostalgia Ain't What It Used to Be as France Unearths Soviet Statues . In: The Wall Street Journal . May 27, 2009 ( wsj.com [accessed June 20, 2018]).
11. ↑ Нефедов П. В .: Путеводитель по ВДНХ . Moscow 2014, ISBN 978-5-4330-0033-9 , pp. 156-158 .