Italianism

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As Italianism is called a loan in the form of debt or Lehnwortes from the Italian . The German has numerous Italianisms that since the late Middle Ages were borrowed either directly or passed through the mediation of the Italian in the language.

If one looks at the languages ​​from which German has taken words, Italian is one of the languages ​​with the greatest influence: With 6.5–7%, Italianisms rank 4th (Best 2001) or 5th among all borrowings, depending on the database Place (Körner 2004: 30); their development follows the language change law / Piotrowski law . Best (2001) provides information on the proportion of Italianisms in loans in the individual centuries. Their influence is particularly strong in the communication areas of trade, art and lifestyle.

Manifestations

When distinguishing between Italianisms, these are divided into direct and indirect classes. In contrast to the direct Italianisms, the indirect ones do not borrow directly from a specific language, but through an intermediary language. For example, the word baguette , whose origin is the Italian lemma bacchetta , became part of the German language through the intermediary language French. The same process took place with the word balcony , which was taken from the Italian balcone via the French balcon . Borrowing Italianisms from French increasingly leads to indirect Italianisms, especially in German and English. An accumulation of direct Italianisms can often be explained by the close and longstanding relationship between two countries such as Italy and France. It is assumed here that a complete integration of the lemma occurs much less often with directly borrowed Italianisms.

In addition, it is possible to differentiate between types of loan in Italianisms. These can be divided into loan words, foreign words, loan coins, loan translations, hybrid formations and pseudo-borrowings. In German, the group of loanwords is dominant, so that, for example, the lemmas artichoke and bandit , derived from the Italian terms articiocco and bandito, are now an integral part of the German language. Loan imprints and pseudo-Italianisms, on the other hand, rarely appear. The latter group of pseudoitalianisms includes words whose origin seems to be Italian, but which are actually not part of the Italian lexicon. Such lemmas consist mainly of German elements. The lemma picobello , for example, does not exist in this form in the Italian language and only finds its place in the German as pseudo-Italianism . Pseudoitalianisms can be Italian elements with a wrong signifiant such as a wrong spelling or morphology or with a wrong signified. But it could also just be individual elements such as suffixes of Italian origin. This also shows that Italianisms are often marked by language play in handling and use, whereas French borrowings, for example, are more of an educational language nature. Loan translations such as the words Cauliflower by cavolfiore and Grand Duke of granduca as well as hybrid formations such as viola by viola di braccio or Furore by far furore have found their place in the German language. The terms taken from Italian were translated and adapted to the German language. Italian foreign words in German, which have been adopted without any adjustment, mainly come from the field of music. It is also noticeable that in German there are often inversions of the individual elements of an Italian-language loan, as in the case of the terms nett weight , it. peso net or cauliflower , it. cavolfiore can be seen. The individual word components are translated and their order swapped.

A third way of differentiating between borrowing words is that of dividing them into necessary borrowings and luxury loan words. The former arise out of the necessity to name newly created products and concepts. It is more economical to adopt existing terminology than to create new ones. Their establishment in the target language takes place in stages. The second group of luxury loanwords also arises from the need to name a product. However, it would not be absolutely necessary to adopt the foreign-language term, as there would already be specific language names. The concept of luxury loanwords is therefore based only on the desire for a certain way of naming and confronts the user with the choice of which of the two word options he would like to use.

Graphemics

Italian has graphemes like <cc>, <gn>, <ggh>, <cqu>, which do not exist in German. A grapheme like <sch> in the Italian lemma Bruschetta, for example , can easily be confused with the German pronunciation. This also applies to the grapheme combination <cch> in zucchini and the double consonants <ll> in cannelloni . By replacing such foreign graphemes with ones already integrated in the target language, linguistic discrepancies can be avoided. Such an integration process took place from Italian into German, for example, with the conversion of the consonants <c> into <k> or <c> into <z>, so the German words casino and porcelain emerged from the originally Italian lemmas casino and porcellana . For some of these terms, however, a number of options are possible in German. The spelling can be found with <c> or <k> as in the terms casino / casino or staccato / staccato in the German written language. This variance in the orthography is partly used for the semantic delimitation of the lemmas, so that in the last-mentioned example the Italian spelling with <cc> is mainly used for musical terminology and the integrated variant is preferred by writers. Especially when borrowing Italianisms in the culinary field, orthographical problems arise again and again, which can be attributed to the fact that the writing is far away from the sound. This occurs particularly with the double consonantism already mentioned, in which the aim is to simplify the word by omitting one of the two consonants.

Parts of speech

If you look at the parts of speech of Italianisms in German, it is noticeable that the majority of Italianisms are nouns. Verbs, adjectives and idioms are also used, but less often. The borrowing of verbs occurs more often in the German and French languages ​​than in English, which is mainly due to the easier adaptability of the languages. Due to the high number of nouns borrowed, the process of integrating Italianisms is mainly limited to graphemics. The need for grammatical adaptation, as is customary with verbs from English, is therefore hardly relevant when borrowing Italian terms.

Plural formation

When forming the plural of Italianisms in German, there are variants with foreign plural suffixes of Italian as well as with partially assimilated s suffix and fully assimilated plural suffix. Three different plural forms of Italianisms can exist in the German language. This is particularly noticeable in the Lemma Pizza . For example, the base form pizza could be expanded to include the plural marker –s to pizzas , the use of the Italian plural pizze would be possible or a hybrid form with the suffix –en conceivable, so that the form pizzas also finds its place in German.

Maintaining the Italian plural ending –i often symbolizes a less advanced integration than replacing it with the German plural ending –os or another corresponding ending form. Often the Italian plural is not recognized as such, so that a new form is created. This was done, for example, with the words broccoli, paparazzi and confetti, each of which has an s suffix added to its plural form.

The ending is often an indication of the recognition of borrowings from Italian, as the o-suffix for the words fresco, account and postage shows. However, some Italian terms in their borrowed variant in German, Spanish and English completely lose their vowel ending, as can be seen from the Italian word arsenale , which becomes arsenal or arsenal in French, English and German .

semantics

The German language in particular was strongly influenced by the Italian language. As a result, there have been numerous lexical adoptions in the past few years within certain semantic areas that are particularly influenced by Italian. In general, this primarily includes terms and specialist terms from seafaring, viticulture or architecture.

If you look at the number of Italianisms in German and break them down according to their semantics, the most common lemmas come from the fields of music, gastronomy, economics, trade and finance, and seafaring. In the field of music, it is primarily instrument names as well as information on speed and playing style that have been adopted into the German language. This occurred increasingly in the 19th century due to the numerous recordings of musical terms during this period. In the culinary sector, there was an increase in borrowings by Italian guest workers in Germany only later from the middle of the 20th century.

Middle High German

The development of trade and the monetary economy , especially through contact with Florence , Genoa and Venice , allowed numerous banking terms to flow into language usage; Agio , bank , bankruptcy , balance sheet , discount , giro , groschen , capital , cash , credit , account , net , postage , power of attorney , discount , rest and risk come from this time.

In addition, Middle High German took over words such as damask and rice to denote trade goods; Spund came into German as technical terms via the late Latin (ex) punctum from the wine trade and carat from the gemstone trade. The loan transfers “solid land” from terra ferma and “high seas” from alto mare , the words mole and barge come from seafaring, cannon , lance and alarm from all'arme “to arms” in military language.

Already the Crusades , later the cultural and economic relations with the Orient brought about the Italian from the Arabic a . a. Giraffe , Joppe , Lack , Marzipan and Syrup in German.

Early New High German

From the importance of Italy to European art up to the Renaissance , z. B. technical terms such as fresco , guazzo , impasto , pastel , sgraffito , secco and tempera . The epoch is outlined in art and cultural history with the names Trecento , Quattrocento and Cinquecento .

Due to the influence of Italian composers, their language has been decisive for the technical terminology of music to this day. Tempo names such as Adagio , Allegro , Andante or Presto , dynamic levels such as forte and piano , as well as a number of genres and forms: aria , divertimento , cantata , opera , sonata or symphony .

Contemporary language

The immigration of tens of thousands of Italians as labor migrants in the 1950s, but also the discovery of Italy as a tourist destination, have made names from the areas of food and drink as well as lifestyle known. As the popularity of Italian cuisine grew , many of its terms became familiar. These include gorgonzola , mascarpone , mozzarella , parmesan , pecorino and ricotta cheeses , sausage products such as mortadella and salami , dishes such as bruschetta , carpaccio , minestrone , pizza , polenta , risotto and saltimbocca , and finally espresso , cappuccino and latte macchiato .

Italianisms have penetrated linguistic usage to such an extent that they have displaced words previously used, for example rocket the rocket, Romanesco the turret cabbage known since the 16th century ; Pasta is now widely used as a generic term for pasta, including those of non-Italian origin. Words and phrases such as ambience , dolce vita , dolce far niente , diva or prima donna are part of everyday language.

literature

  • Karl-Heinz Best: Where do the German foreign words come from? In: Göttinger Contributions to Linguistics 5, 2001, 7–20.
  • Karl-Heinz Best: Italianisms in German. In: Göttinger Contributions to Linguistics 13, 2006, 77–86
  • Helle Körner: On the development of the German (loan) vocabulary . In: Glottometrics 7, 2004, 25–49 (PDF full text ).
  • Friederike Schmöe: Italianisms in Contemporary German with special consideration of the loans after 1950. Collibri-Verlag, Bamberg 1998. ISBN 3-926946-40-7
  • Atzelsdorfer, Lisa Christine (2016): Plural forms of non-native nouns in contemporary German - Variation-linguistic analyzes. Vienna.
  • Gärtig, Anne-Kathrin (2018): "Italianisms in German: Potentials and Limits of Analysis Using the OIM Database." Studi Germanici 12: 349–381.
  • Kinigadner, Andrea Juliane (2012): Anglicisms in Italian. An empirical study of the acceptance of Anglicisms in Italian. Munich: Open Access LMU.
  • Krome, Sabine (2018): “Gnocchi, yallah, Shisha and Sushi: Italianisms and new foreign words from other European and non-European languages ​​between isolation and integration.” Mother tongue 128.4: 321–345.
  • Rovere, Giovanni (2009): “Quanti sono gli italianismi nel tedesco contemporaneo?” Italiano LinguaDue 1.1: 160–167.
  • Stammerjohann, Harro (2010): “italianismi.” Treccani Enciclopedia dell'Italiano. < http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/italianismi_ (Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)/> [accessed on July 1st, 2020]
  • Wilhelm, Eva-Maria (2013): Italianisms of Commerce in German and French: Ways of Early Modern Language Contact . Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Anne-Kathrin Gärtig: Italianisms in German: Potentials and Limits of Analysis using the OIM database . In: Studi Germanici . No. 12 , 2018, p. 365 .
  2. ↑ Giovanni Rovere: Quanti sono gli italianismi nel tedesco contemporaneo? In: Italiano LinguaDue . tape 1.1 , 2009, p. 160 .
  3. ↑ Lisa Christine Atzelsdorfer: Plural forms of non-native nouns in contemporary German - variation linguistic analyzes . Vienna 2016, p. 18 .
  4. ↑ Anne-Kathrin Gärtig: Italianisms in German: potentials and limits of the analysis using the OIM database . In: Studi Germanici . No. 12 , 2018, p. 366 .
  5. ↑ Giovanni Rovere: Quanti sono gli italianismi nel tedesco contemporaneo? In: Italiano LinguaDue . tape 1.1 , 2009, p. 161 .
  6. ^ Eva-Maria Wilhelm: Italianisms of commerce in German and French: Ways of early modern language contact . De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2013, p. 25 .
  7. ↑ a b c Sabine Krome: Gnocchi, yallah, Shisha and Sushi: Italianisms and new foreign words from other European and non-European languages ​​between isolation and integration. In: mother tongue . No. 128.4 , 2018, p. 322 .
  8. ↑ Anne-Kathrin Gärtig: Italianisms in German: potentials and limits of the analysis using the OIM database . In: Studi Germanici . No. 12 , 2018, p. 367 .
  9. ↑ a b c d Harro Stammerjohann: italianismi. In: Treccani Enciclopedia dell'Italiano. 2010, accessed July 1, 2020 (Italian).
  10. ^ Eva-Maria Wilhelm: Italianisms of commerce in German and French: Ways of early modern language contact . De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2013, p. 26 .
  11. ^ Andrea Juliane Kinigadner: Anglicisms in Italian. An empirical study of the acceptance of Anglicisms in Italian . Ed .: Open Access LMU. Munich 2012, p. 33 .
  12. ↑ Sabine Krome: Gnocchi, yallah, Shisha and Sushi: Italianisms and new foreign words from other European and non-European languages ​​between isolation and integration . In: mother tongue . No. 128.4 , 2018, p. 323 .
  13. ↑ Sabine Krome: Gnocchi, yallah, Shisha and Sushi: Italianisms and new foreign words from other European and non-European languages ​​between isolation and integration . In: mother tongue . No. 128.4 , 2018, p. 328 .
  14. ↑ Sabine Krome: Gnocchi, yallah, Shisha and Sushi: Italianisms and new foreign words from other European and non-European languages ​​between isolation and integration . In: mother tongue . No. 128.4 , 2018, p. 328 f .
  15. ↑ Lisa Christine Atzelsdorfer: Plural forms of non-native nouns in contemporary German - variation linguistic analyzes . Vienna 2016, p. 160 f .
  16. ↑ Lisa Christine Atzelsdorfer: Plural forms of non-native nouns in contemporary German - variation linguistic analyzes . Vienna 2016, p. 51 .
  17. ↑ Anne-Kathrin Gärtig: Italianisms in German: potentials and limits of the analysis using the OIM database . In: Studi Germanici . No. 12 , 2018, p. 352 .
  18. ↑ Anne-Kathrin Gärtig: Italianisms in German: potentials and limits of the analysis using the OIM database . In: Studi Germanici . No. 12 , 2018, p. 368 .
  19. ↑ Anne-Kathrin Gärtig: Italianisms in German: potentials and limits of the analysis using the OIM database . In: Studi Germanici . No. 12 , 2018, p. 374 .