Bruchsal Jewish community

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The Jewish community in Bruchsal , a town in the district of Karlsruhe ( Baden-Württemberg ), came into being in the second half of the 13th century and was destroyed by the tyranny of National Socialism .

middle Ages

At the end of the 13th century there were evidence of Jewish life in Bruchsal. A contract issued in Frankfurt am Main in 1288 names "Ysaak dictus de Bruchselde", this is the first mention of a Jew in connection with Bruchsal. This ysaak worked as a money dealer. In 1320 a document with the words "Salmannum iudeum in Frankinford dictum de Bruchseldin" again attests to a Jew connected to Bruchsal. Around 1333 an "Abraham von Bruchsal" had a loan deal entered in a Frankfurt court book. When a mill was leased in 1346 by Gerhard von Ehrenberg , Bishop of Speyer, the group of people who were obliged to have the Bannmühle milled also mentioned the Jews. A contract between Bishop Gerhard and the Jews of the Speyer Monastery from 1337 also names Jewish communities in Waibstadt , Landau , Lauterburg , Deidesheim , Udenheim and Bruchsal. In this contract, the Jewish communities in Landau and Bruchsal are given a say in the admission of Jews who are willing to immigrate. Three Bruchsal Jews have survived for 1344: Isaak, Abraham von Basel and Lewe von Heydolfsche. Heydolfsche could mean Heidelsheim . The Jewish traders paid the bishop protection money and a high annual wealth tax. They also served him as lenders.

In 1346, a Jewish woman in Bruchsal is handed down in a document who owned a stone house that was previously owned by a Christian family. Two other Jews, Lewen and Isaak, also owned houses made of stone, which was rare and allowed for prosperity.

The Jewish community in Bruchsal may have been one of the 13 branches of the Jewish community in Speyer . Speyer was also the seat of a rabbi and the only Jewish cemetery in the Speyer Monastery was located there in the Middle Ages . In the Middle Ages, Bruchsal Jews lived in Judengasse , today Zwerchstrasse and Rathausgasse. The medieval synagogue is also believed to be there.

The extinction of the daughter communities on the right bank of the Rhine in Bruchsal, Eppingen , Sinsheim and Waibstadt is recorded in a memorandum book of the Jewish community of Speyer . The plague pogrom probably took place after April 1, 1349.

After this murder and expulsion of Jews, Jews did not settle in Bruchsal again until the 1380s. In 1380 Morsyt was accepted as a protective Jew . However, as early as the end of the 14th century, Bruchsal was probably the only settlement on the right bank of the Rhine for Jews from the bishopric. In the 15th and 16th centuries, no more Jews are recorded in Bruchsal, and they were also expelled from Speyer in 1435.

Modern times

Synagogue in Bruchsal (built 1880/81, destroyed in 1938)

It was not until 1625 that Jews could again be proven beyond doubt in Bruchsal. After the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War their number increased and in 1685 eleven Jewish families (Schmul, Herz, Koppel, Borach, Josef, his son Lemel, Salme, Loser, Goetsch, vicerabbi Rafale and teacher Isaak) were counted.

After the rebuilding of the city, which was burned down by the French in 1689 during the War of the Palatinate Succession , the Jews lived on the market and on the main street. In the so-called Münzhof, a Frankfurt Jew minted money for the bishopric between 1665 and 1672. In 1720 the large house belonged to "Costel Jud".

The modern community initially had a prayer room, later synagogues (see below), a Jewish elementary school (denominational school until 1876, then religious school) and a ritual bath ( mikveh ) at Stadtgrabenstrasse 17. In 1827, Bruchsal became the seat of a district rabbinate .

Since the middle of the 19th century, the Jews in Bruchsal were of great economic importance for the city and the Kraichgau . The tobacco and hops wholesale trade was almost entirely in their hands. The Oppenheimer family had a flourishing cloth wholesale business during the imperial era and during the Weimar Republic .

Synagogues

graveyard

National Socialist Persecution

The National Socialist agitation was directed in Bruchsal immediately after the National Socialist seizure of power against the Jewish commercial and industrial enterprises in the city. Numerous forms of discrimination restricted Jewish life in the city. As of May 1934, Jewish residents were no longer allowed to enter the city's swimming and sunbathing areas. A school was set up for Jewish students in 1936. During the November pogrom in 1938 the synagogue was burned down and SA people smashed the shop windows of Jewish shops. On October 22, 1940, 79 Jewish residents were deported from Bruchsal to the Gurs camp as part of the so-called Wagner-Bürckel campaign .

The memorial book of the Federal Archives lists 114 Jewish citizens born in Bruchsal who fell victim to the genocide of the National Socialist regime .

Community development

year Parishioners
around 1648 8 families
1683 11 families
1695 9 families
1714 16 families
1740 11 families
1760 13 families
1785 14 families
1795 16 families
1814 128 people
1825 178 people 2.6% of the population
1842 256 people 3.2% of the population
1862 325 people 3.9% of the population
1875 609 people 5.6% of the population
around 1885 752 people 5.9% of the population
1900 741 people 5.5% of the population
1910 711 people 4.6% of the population
around 1925 603 people 3.7% of the population
1933 501 people
1937 326 people
1939 162 people
Oct 1940 91 people
Nov 1940 10 people
1945 8 people

Personalities

Rabbi in Bruchsal

see also: District rabbinate Bruchsal

See also

literature

  • Joachim Hahn and Jürgen Krüger: Synagogues in Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Joachim Hahn: Places and Facilities . Konrad Theiss Verlag , Stuttgart 2007, pp. 354–357, ISBN 978-3-8062-1843-5 ( Memorial Book of Synagogues in Germany . Volume 4).
  • Berthold Rosenthal : Homeland history of the Baden Jews from their historical appearance to the present , Bühl 1927 (Reprint: Magstadt near Stuttgart 1981), ISBN 3-7644-0092-7 .
  • Jürgen Stude: History of the Jews in Bruchsal. (= Publications on the history of the city of Bruchsal. Volume 23) Verlag Regionalkultur, Heidelberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-89735-441-8 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Commemorative Book - Victims of Persecution of the Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933–1945 . Retrieved November 8, 2012.