Ekaterina Konstantinovna Brezhko-Brezhkovskaya

Ekaterina Konstantinovna Brezhko-Brezhkovskaya (1918)

Ekaterina Konstantinovna Breshko-Breshkovskaya born Ekaterina Konstantinovna Werigo , ( Russian Екатерина Константиновна Брешко-Брешковская , maiden name Russian Екатерина Константиновна Вериго ; born January 13, ^jul. / 25. January  1844 ^greg. In the village of Ivanovo in Newel , † 12. September 1934 in Chvaly Počernice ) was a Russian revolutionary .

Life

Yekaterina Konstantinovna was born into a noble family and spent her childhood and youth at the Lugowez country estate in Ujesd Mglin , where she received a home education. She attended a girls' high school and helped her father prepare for the liberation of the peasants from serfdom and with the opening of a school, a library and a savings bank . In 1868 she married the landlord NP Breschko-Breschkowski.

In 1873, Breschko-Breschkowskaja joined the Intelligent Youth Commune in Kiev . Through Pawel Borissowitsch Axelrod she came into contact with the Kiev Tchaikovsky circle of the Narodniki . In the fall of 1873 she went to St. Petersburg and made contacts with the Tchaikovskians there and other revolutionary groups. In 1874 she went with Narodniki to the rural Ujesds in the governorates of Kiev , Cherson and Podolia . She came into contact with the lessonists . In September 1874, she was arrested and taken first to the Brazlaw prison , then to Hajssyn and finally to Kiev. In 1875 she was transferred to the St. Petersburg remand prison and in 1876 to the Trubetskoi Bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress . In the process of 193 from October 1877 to January 1878 she was sentenced to 5 years in Katorga , taking into account her previous prison term with subsequent banishment.

In 1878 Breschko-Breschkowskaja came to the Katorga camp on the Kara, a tributary of the Shilka in eastern Siberia . 1879 was on release from hard labor in a settlement in the Tschitanskaja volost of Ujesd Bargusin sent. In spring 1881 she fled with Nikolai Sergejewitschj Tjutschew , IL Liwnew and KJ Schamarin, but they were captured again. Brezhko-Brezhkovskaya was sentenced to 4 years in katorga and flogging. In 1882 she came back to the Kara, where the flogging was omitted. In 1884 she was moved to a settlement near Turuntajewo and then, because of her illness, to the city of Selenginsk . In 1891 she was transferred to the peasant class with right of residence in all of Siberia . From 1892–1896 she lived in Irkutsk and wrote for a newspaper. In 1896 she went to Tomsk and then to Tobolsk .

In 1896 Breschko-Breschkowskaja was amnestied on the occasion of the coronation of Nicholas II . She returned and came to Minsk via Moscow and Chernihiv , where her younger brother Vasily Konstantinovich Werigo worked in the excise administration. She became acquainted with Grigory Andreevich Gershuni , with whom she helped found the Workers' Party for the Political Liberation of Russia in 1897 in Vilnius . She then belonged to the organizers of the Social Revolutionary Party (SR). In their opinion, the activities of the SR circles contributed to the peasant unrest in 1901–1902 in the south of the country. In 1901 she supported Gerschuni in forming the SR combat groups. She was the spiritual leader and did not take part in the acts of terrorism herself . In 1902 she met in Vologda with the SR terrorists Boris Viktorovich Savinkov , Ivan Platonovich Kaljajew and Yegor Sergejewitsch Sosonow .

In 1903, Breschko-Breschkowskaja evaded abroad because of imminent arrest and traveled via Odessa to Romania and on to Switzerland . She belonged to the SR leadership bodies and participated in the training of the propagandists . In August 1904 she took part on VI. International Socialist Congress of the Second International in Amsterdam . She then traveled to the United States in October with Chaim Schitlowsky to raise funds for the party and to publicize the situation in Russia and the position of the revolutionaries.

In 1905, Breschko-Brezhkovskaya returned to Russia and took part in the actions of the February Revolution underground . In 1907 she was betrayed by Yevno Fischelewitsch Asef and sentenced to exile in 1910. She supported Alexander Fyodorowitsch Kerensky , who gave her amnesty after the February Revolution in 1917 and primarily brought her back from exile, and his Provisional Government . In August 1917 she took part in the "Great State Conference". She rejected the October Revolution .

At the end of 1918, Breschko-Breschkowskaja left the country and traveled to the United States via Vladivostok and Japan . She then lived in France and from 1923 in Czechoslovakia . When she lived in Uzhhorod , then Czechoslovakia , she organized the pro-Russian Carpathian Russian Workers' Party. Together with others, she founded the Society for School Aid and, with funds from US Russophile organizations, built two free men's dormitories in Uzhhorod and one women's dormitory in Mukachevo for around 100 students. Because of her deteriorating health, she retired to a farm near Prague in 1930 . Kerensky attended her funeral, and President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk sent a wreath.

Breschko-Breschkowskaja's son was the writer Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Breschko-Breschkowski .

Web links

• Literature by and about Yekaterina Konstantinovna Breschko-Breschkowskaja in the bibliographic database WorldCat

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Большая российская энциклопедия: БРЕ́ШКО-БРЕШКО́ВСКАЯ (урожд. Вериго) Екатерина (accessed on June 18, 2019).
2. ↑ ^{a b} Мария Молчанова: Екатерина Брешко-Брешковская - "бабушка русской революции" (accessed June 18, 2019).
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Chronos: Екатерина Константиновна Брешко-Брешковская (accessed June 18, 2019).
4. ↑ The Little Grandmother of the Russian Revolution: Reminiscences and Letters . Little, Brown and Co, Boston 1918.
5. ^ Hidden Springs of the Russian Revolution: Personal Memoirs of Katerina Breshkovskaia . Stanford University Press , 1931.
6. ↑ REVOLT, THEY SAID (accessed June 18, 2019).
7. ↑ Narodnaja Wolja: Екатерина Константиновна Брешко-Брешковская (accessed June 18, 2019).
8. ↑ Иванов Александр Александрович: О некоторых вопросах дальнейшего изучения сибирсания сибирского перизна Е. Брешко-Брешковской (accessed June 18, 2019).
9. ↑ А. В. Якимова: Тюрьма и ссылка . In: Народная Воля . No. February 8 , 9, 1882.
10. ↑ Памятная книжка и календарь Минской губернии на 1903 год . Minsk 1902, p. 111 .
11. ↑ Отъезд Брешковской в ​​Америку, 3 декабря (РТА) . In: Прибайкальская жизнь . No. 88 , December 7, 1918, pp. 3 .