Johann Winter from Andernach

Johann Winter von Andernach , also Johannes Winter von Andernach , born as Johann Winter , lat.Ioannes Guintherius Andernacus ( Antunnacensis ) (* 1505 in Andernach ; † October 4, 1574 in Strasbourg ) was a physician , doctor, anatomist, university professor , humanist , Translator of ancient, mostly medical works and author of his own medical, linguistic and humanistic works.

Surname

Johann Winter (Johannes Winther) von Andernach has experienced many name variations in the course of his life. As a result of the transfer of the name "Winter" into Italian and Latin, the name "Guenther" and all its derivatives appear because of the replacement of "W" by "G" or "Wi" by "Gui" at the time. Since "Guenther" or "Günter" was and is also a well-known German name, it was believed to be his real name. That was the name of Johann Winter

• in Germany: Johann Winter, Johann Winter von Andernach, Johannes Winther (from Andernach), Johann Gwynther von Andernach
• in France: Gonthier d'Andernach, Jehan Guinter d'Andernach
• in Italy: Ioannes Guinterius Andernacus, Guenter Andernacus
• in Latin: Guintherus Andernacus, Ioannes Guinterius Andernacus

Further variations are "Johann Guenther von Andernach", "Johann Günther von Andernach", "Johann Guinterus (Guintherius) von Andernach". He also had a kind of stage name - Ionas Philologus, Jonas the Philologist.

Life

Little is known about Johann Winter's family and his youth. He probably came from a poor background and attended the city school in Andernach. He left his hometown in 1517 at the age of 12. He had a sharp mind, was very inquisitive and always looking to improve his knowledge. He moved to Utrecht , studied the arts and Greek , where he met the later philologist Lambert van den Hove as a classmate and made contact with Duke Johann III. of the mark that became his patron. Further stations were Deventer and Marburg , where he completed his humanistic and philosophy studies.

His pedagogical commitment earned Winter a position as headmaster of a preparatory school in Goslar . After deepening his knowledge of Latin and Greek, he went to Leuven in 1524 and continued his studies at the trilingual college there ( Collegium Trilingue for Greek, Latin and Hebrew ). He perfected his Greek with Rutger Rescius at the Collegium Buslidanum , where he taught Greek for a living . In 1525 he went to Liège to study medicine, which he may have already started in Leipzig during his time in Goslar .

When his financial situation became more and more dramatic, he moved to Paris in 1527 , where he continued his medical studies at the Sorbonne in 1528 . He also taught Greek at Paris University and published a textbook on the Greek language. Winter passed his bachelor's degree in medicine on April 18, 1528, after two witnesses had attested to his studies in Leipzig. On June 4, 1530 he completed his studies with the licentiate examination and was awarded his doctorate in medicine on October 29, 1532. The Medical Faculty of the Sorbonne appointed him chief physician on February 6, 1533 and on November 7, 1534 made him professor at the second chair for medicine with a salary of 25 livres . He taught in Paris until 1536. As part of his academic duties, Winter led the annual winter semester course in human anatomy, which was influenced by the then valid doctrine of the ancient Greek doctor Galenos of Pergamon (129-199) and which ran in such a way that Winter read and introduced Bader carried out the section to demonstrate the galenic anatomy theory.

One of his famous students between 1533 and 1536 was the Flemish Andreas Vesalius from Brussels, who did not fully accept Winter's anatomy instructions. It was thanks to Winter that Vesalius tried to give his students experience through practical participation in the sections. Another of Winters' students, Michael Servetus from Spain , discovered the small bloodstream .

Winter's career developed rapidly. King Francis I called him to his court in Blois and Paris as one of his personal physicians . Many sought help and advice from the popular doctor who was valued by colleagues. A personal physician at the Danish court of Christian III. he refused. Johann Winter became known during his lifetime through translations of Galen's works in 1528. At the end of 1537, Winter moved to Metz near the then imperial border and in 1544 to Strasbourg , probably because of the stricter religious policy in France . Johann Winter practiced as a general practitioner in both cities . In 1543 he married his second wife, Felicitas (the widow of the Strasbourg town clerk Frosch, who was born as Felicitas Scher von Schwarzenburg). The Strasbourg citizenship took him under the name of Johann Andernach (Jehan d'Andernach) and gave him a job as a Greek teacher at the Strasbourg grammar school under Johannes Sturm . He was friends with various Strasbourg reformers ( Matthäus Zell , his wife Katharina Zell , Martin Butzer ) and maintained correspondence with Philipp Melanchthon , Martin Luther and Erasmus von Rotterdam . Through Butzer he got a personal physician position with the Count Palatine Wolfgang von Zweibrücken . Over time, he built up a doctor's practice, but experienced envy and intrigue because of his double employment, so that he gave up teaching in 1556.

In 1541 and 1563, two severe plague epidemics struck Strasbourg, during which he worked as a plague doctor and published about it. From Strasbourg he traveled to Italy and his homeland Germany, where he also visited his hometown Andernach and assessed the Tönisstein Roman spring (recorded in the Andernach annals of that time) as very healing. The Roman-German king and later Emperor Ferdinand I raised him to the nobility around 1540 , which shows the addition of "von Andernach" as a real noble part of the name, not just as a designation of origin. He continued his studies of classical Greek doctors and translated the works of Alexander von Tralleis into Latin in 1549 and published a revised edition in 1556.

He worked as a general practitioner until his death. Winter also had osteological and mycological knowledge. His descriptions of the female pelvis with all its organs were excellent. He was one of the most progressive, humanistically educated doctors of his time. At the age of 69, Johann Winter died in Strasbourg on October 4, 1574 and was buried at the St. Galluskirche in Strasbourg . He left his hometown Andernach a sizeable foundation for the poor.

museum

The city of Andernach has dedicated a medical history museum to him. It was opened in 1992 and contains in four rooms on 110 square meters numerous exhibits on his life and work and on later medical and nursing developments from several specialist areas.

Publications

• Syntaxis Graeca . Paris 1527 (Greek syntax)
• Galenos ' works translated into Latin:
  • De anatomicis administrationibus . 9 books, Paris 1531.
  • De Hippocratis et Platonis placitis . Paris 1534.
  • Anatomicarum institutionum, secundum Galeni sententiam . 4 books, Paris and Basel 1536, Venice 1538, Padua 1558.
  • Clavdii Galeni Pergameni Medicorvm Omnivm Ferè principis opera, nunc demum a clarissimis et eruditis viris latinitate donata, iam vero ordine justo, et studio exquisitiore in lucem recens edita. Quibus, ut solidae veraeque medicinae, non poenitendam operam olim indulsisse iuvabit . Basel, Cratander (Andreas Leennius) 1529; 27 galenical texts in Latin by 9 different translators, including J. Winter as Ionas Phil.
• Opus de re medica 7 books ( medical work of Paulus of Aigina ), Paris 1532; translated from Greek into Latin
• Oribasii medici clarissimi commentaria in Aphorismos Hippocratis hactenus non visa, Joannis Guinterii Andernaci doctoris medici industria velut e profundissimis tenebris eruta, et nunc primum in medicinae studiosorum utilitatem edita . Parisiis, ex officina S. Colinaei, 1533.
• Alexander von Tralleis : Medici Libri Duodecim . Strasbourg 1549 and 1556; translated into Latin
• De victus ed medicinae ratione cum alio tum pestilentiae tempore observanda commentarius . Strasbourg 1542; Written by order of the Strasbourg Council, in French by Antoine Pierre 1544, from Winter 1547 under the title
• Instruction très utile par laquelle un chacun se pourra maintenir en santé, tant au temps de peste, comme autre temps . Strasbourg 1544 and 1547; in German
  • Very practical instruction through which everyone can keep themselves healthy, especially in times of plague as in other times . German version as
• Report, regiment, and order such as the pestilence and the pestilential fever to be recognized and cured . Strasbourg 1564
• Report and order in these dying ones run the Pestilentz, on the befelch {command} of an original Rahts of the Place of Strasbourg . Provided by Johann Gwynther von Andernach. (Strasbourg 1564: Rihel.)
• De pestilentia commentarius in quatuor dialogos distinctus . Strasbourg 1565; Plague commentary in four different dialogues .
• Commentarius de balneis et aquis medicatis, in tres dialogos distinctus. Strasbourg 1565.
• De medicina veteri et nova . Basel 1571; Old and new medicine , attempted combination of galenic ( humoral medicine ) and Paracelsic medicine; Dedicated to Emperor Maximilian II

literature

• Édouard Turner: Jean Guinther d'Andernach (1505 à 1574) son nom, son âge, le temps de ses études à Paris, ces titres, ses ouvrages. In: Gazette hebdomadaire de médecine et de chirurgie. ZDB ID 343811-9 , 2e Série, Vol. 18 (1881), pp. 425-534.
• Jacob Bernays : On the biography of Johann Winthers von Andernach. In magazine for the history of the Upper Rhine . ISSN  0044-2607 , Vol. 55 = NF Vol. 16, 1901, pp. 28-58.
• Wilhelm Haberling : Guenther, Johann G. von Andernach. In: August Hirsch (Ed.): Biographical lexicon of the outstanding doctors of all times and peoples. 2nd Edition. Volume 2, Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin 1930, pp. 160-162.
• Ferdinand Broemser : Johann Winter from Andernach (Ioannes Guinterius Andernacus) 1505–1574. A humanist and medic of the 16th century. Andernach 1989 (Andernacher contributions, 6).
• Karl-Heinz Weimann : The Renaissance doctor Johann Winter von Andernach: His relationship to the Upper Rhine Paracelsism and the Paracelsus lexicon of Michael Toxites. In: Würzburger medical history reports 7, 1989, pp. 215–232.
• Franz-Josef Heyen (ed.): History of a Rhenish town. = 2000 years Andernach. 2nd Edition. Andernach city administration, Andernach 1994.

Web links

• Johann Winter Museum in Andernach

Individual evidence

1. ^ Wolfgang Wegner: Johann Winther von Andenach. In: Werner E. Gerabek et al. (Ed.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, 2005, p. 700.
2. ^ Wilhelm Haberling: Johann Winther von Andernach. A Rhenish doctor and teacher of medicine in Paris, Metz and Strasbourg (1505–1574). In: Clinical weekly. Volume 11, 1932, pp. 1616-1620; here: p. 1617.
3. ↑ Joannes Guintherius Andernacus: Syntaxis Graeca, nunc recens et nata et aedita. Paris 1527
4. ^ Karl-Heinz Weimann (1989), p. 219
5. ↑ Eckart Roloff and Karin Henke-Wendt: Medicine between progress and errors. (Johann-Winter-Museum für Heilkunde in Andernach) In: Visit your doctor or pharmacist. A tour through Germany's museums for medicine and pharmacy. Volume 2, Southern Germany, pp. 211-213, Verlag S. Hirzel, Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 978-3-7776-2511-9 .