Juan de Lugo y de Quiroga

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Portrait of Cardinal del Lugo

Juan de Lugo y de Quiroga (born November 25, 1583 in Madrid , † August 20, 1660 in Rome ) was a Jesuit , cardinal , Spanish Renaissance theologian and a leading exponent of the School of Salamanca .

biography

Juan de Lugo was born in Madrid on November 25, 1583. Both his father (Juan de Lugo, a caballero jurado from Seville ) and his mother (Teresa de Quiroga) belonged to aristocratic families. His cousin was the humanist José Antonio González de Salas .

Juan was a precocious child: by the age of three he could already read printed books or manuscripts; at the age of ten he received the tonsure ; At fourteen he publicly defended a thesis of logic , and almost at the same time he was granted a benefit from King Philip II of Spain , which he held until his ordination in 1618.

Like his older brother Francisco , he was sent by his father to study law at the University of Salamanca , where he likely met Diego de Saavedra Fajardo . When Francisco joined the Jesuits , Juan decided to go the same way as his brother. He asked his father twice for permission to enter the order, but since he could not receive it, he entered on July 6, 1603 without his consent. He studied philosophy at the Jesuit college in Pamplona and theology in Salamanca .

After completing his studies, he was appointed professor of philosophy in Medina del Campo in 1611 and then professor of theology in Valladolid , where he taught for five years. His fame as professor of theology drew the attention of the order general Muzio Vitelleschi and de Lugo was called to Rome where he arrived in early June 1621. He taught theology in the Eternal City for twenty years and earned an immense reputation for his profound knowledge of scholasticism and the admirable brevity and clarity of his statements.

cardinal

Cardinal Juan de Lugo (engraving from Responsorum moralium libri sex , 1651 , Milan, Fondazione Mansutti ).

De Lugo's teachings were spread by copyists in many countries before they were even published. When the Superior General of the Society of Jesus ordered him to print his works, de Lugo obeyed and, without help, prepared the material for the first three volumes (1633, 1636, 1638) over five years. Before the fourth volume, De justitia et jure , was published, his superiors thought it appropriate to dedicate this volume to Pope Urban VIII . De Lugo had to hand it over personally to the Pope and he was so surprised and enthusiastic about the culture of the Spanish theologian that he appointed him cardinal in 1643, a position de Lugo accepted reluctantly. After becoming a cardinal, de Lugo stopped teaching, but many of his works were not published until after 1643.

As a cardinal he often had the opportunity to put his knowledge to the service of the Church, especially in the deliberations of the Roman Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the Council . After the death of Pope Urban, de Lugo took part in the conclave of 1644 . As a member of the Barberini family, the majority of the cardinals believed that he would vote for their candidate Giulio Cesare Sacchetti , who belonged to the French parliamentary group. De Lugo, on the other hand, surprised the College of Cardinals and spoke out in favor of the Spanish candidate Giovanni Battista Pamphili, who was eventually elected and assumed the name of Pope Innocent X.

He died on August 20, 1660 at the age of 77 in Rome, in the presence of the Jesuit Cardinal Pietro Sforza Pallavicino , one of his most devoted students. According to his wishes, he was buried near the grave of the founder of the order Ignatius of Loyola , so that “his heart could rest where his treasure lay”, as it says in his epitaph .

His generosity towards the poor was famous: although he did not earn much money, de Lugo distributed daily bread, money and even medicines such as quinine , which he brought to the sick he visited at the hospital in Santo Spirito in Sassia . De Lugo was one of the greatest promoters of quinine dissemination. In 1643 the Cardinal Gabriele Fonseca, the personal physician of Pope Innocent X. asked to conduct a study on the effectiveness of cinchona bark. In his report, Fonseca wrote that quinine was the most effective anti- malarial agent found by then. In 1649, Pietro Paolo Puccerini, pharmacist of the Roman College , again on behalf of de Lugo, wrote the instructions on the dosages and correct use of quinine in a printed prescription entitled Schedula Romana .

Works

Juan de Lugo's works, some of which were never printed, cover almost the entire field of moral theology and systematic theology . The first volume, De Incarnatione Domini, which appeared in Lyon in 1633 , was followed by De sacramentis in genere and De Venerabili Eucharistiæ Sacramento et de sacrosancto Missæ sacrificio (Lyon, 1636); Virtute et Sacramento poenitentiæ, de Suffragiis et Indulgentiis (Lyon, 1638). The work to which de Lugo owed his fame, De justitia et jure , was published in Lyon in 1642. In writing this important treatise, de Lugo used the legal knowledge acquired in his early years in Salamanca. This was the work which he personally dedicated and presented to the Pope and which, so to speak, earned him the cardinal dignity.

De Lugo wrote many other works: De virtute fidei divinæ (Lyon, 1646) and Responsorum morialum libri sex (Lyon, 1651), edited by his former student, brother and friend, Cardinal Pietro Sforza Pallavicino. In the six books of the Responsa , de Lugo gives the solution for many difficult cases of moral theology after a detailed discussion. The seventh volume, De Deo, de Angelis, de Actibus humanis et de Gratia ( Cologne , 1716), appeared more than fifty years after the author's death.

Many other works of theology and especially philosophy (“De Anima”, “Philosophia”, “Logica”, “De Trinitate”, “De Visione Dei” etc.) are still in manuscripts in the libraries of Madrid, Salamanca, Karlsruhe , Malines etc.

Among the unprinted works, the analyzes of De frequenti Communione by Arnauld and the Memorie del conclave d'Innocenzo X: Riposta al discorso ... che le corone hanno jus d'eschiudere li cardinali del Pontificato are particularly interesting

Saint Alfonso Maria de Liguori did not hesitate to describe him as the greatest moral theologian immediately after the Doctor of the Church Thomas Aquinas , "post S. Thomam facile princeps", and Pope Benedict XIV called him "the light of the Church". Two complete editions of de Lugo's works were published in Venice in 1718 and 1751, each consisting of seven volumes. Another edition ( Paris , 1768) was never completed. The last edition is that of Fournials (1868–69), in seven volumes, to which an eighth volume with the titles "Responsa moralia" and "Indici" was added in 1891.

Conclaves

Participation of Juan de Lugo during his cardinal office:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Juan de Lugo . Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  2. ^ A b Pierre Bayle: Dictionnaire historique et critique de Pierre Bayle tome neuvième . Imprimerie de Fain, Place de l'Odéon 1820, p. 534 ( google.it ).
  3. ↑ John Barg Rave: Pope Alexander the Seventh and the College of Cardinals . Ed .: James Craigie Robertson. (English, reprint 2009).
  4. ↑ The Story of Quinine ( s ) thewisemag.com. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  5. ↑ Elizabeth Lane Furdell: The Royal Doctors, 1485-1714: Medical Personnel at the Tudor and Stuart courts . (English, com.ar ).
  6. ↑ The Jesuit's Bark ( en )

Publications

Responsorum moralium libri sex , 1651 (Milano, Fondazione Mansutti ).

In Lyon

1633 - De Incarnatione Domini
1633 - De sacramentis in genere
1636 - De Venerabili Eucharistiae Sacramento et de sacrosancto Missae sacrificio
1638 - De Virtute et Sacramento poenitentiae, de Suffragiis et indulgentiis
1642 - De justitia et jure
1646 - De virtute fidei divinae
1651 - Responsorum morialum libri sex

In Cologne

published posthumously
1716 - De Deo, de Angelis, de Actibus humanis et de Gratia

Manuscripts

Stored in Madrid, Salamanca, Karlsruhe, Malines.
De Anima
Philosophia
Logica
De Trinitate
De Visione Dei

literature

  • Juan de Lugo: De iustitia et iure . tape 1 . Laurent Arnaud, Philippe Borde, Pierre Prost, Lugduni 1646 (Latin, beic.it [accessed May 25, 2020]).
  • Juan de Lugo: De iustitia et iure . tape 2 . Philippe Borde, Laurent Arnaud, Pierre Prost, Lugduni 1646 (Latin, beic.it [accessed May 25, 2020]).
  • Juan de Lugo: Disputationes scholasticae de incarnatione dominica . Ed .: Pierre Prost. Philippe Borde, Laurent Arnaud, Lugduni 1646 (Latin, beic.it [accessed May 25, 2020]).
  • Juan de Lugo: Disputationes scholasticae et morales de sacramentis in genere . Philippe Borde, Laurent Arnaud, Claude Rigaud, Lugduni 1652 (Latin, beic.it [accessed May 25, 2020]).
  • Juan de Lugo: Disputationes scholasticae et morales de virtute fidei divinae . Philippe Borde, Laurent Arnaud, Claude Rigaud, Lugduni 1656 (Latin, beic.it [accessed May 25, 2020]).
  • Juan de Lugo: Responsa moralia . Philippe Borde, Laurent Arnaud, Claude Rigaud, Lugduni 1651 (Latin, beic.it [accessed May 25, 2020]).
  • Luis Gómez Hellín: The tragedy inédito "De Gratia" del Cardenal Juan de Lugo según un códice Salmantino . In: Gregorianum . tape 17 , no. 3 , 1936, pp. 321-354 , JSTOR : 23567444 (Spanish).
  • Fondazione Mansutti: Quaderni di sicurtà. Documenti di storia dell'assicurazione . Ed .: M. Bonomelli. Electa, Milan 2011, p. 204 .

Web links

Commons : John de Lugo  - collection of images, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Lugo y de Quiroga, Juan de
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Lugo, Juan de
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Spanish Jesuit and Cardinal
DATE OF BIRTH November 25, 1583
PLACE OF BIRTH Madrid
DATE OF DEATH August 20, 1660
Place of death Rome