Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx

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Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx (born March 10, 1796 in Karlsruhe , † October 2, 1877 in Göttingen ) was a German doctor and university professor .

Live and act

Marx was born the son of a Jewish antiquarian and attended the Karlsruhe Lyceum , where he took lessons from Johann Peter Hebel and Karl Christian Gmelin . From 1813 he studied philosophy and medicine in Heidelberg , where he was a friend of Heinrich Carl Alexander Pagenstecher in 1817 in the old Heidelberg fraternity . He was in contact with Jean Paul and, among other things, attended lectures by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , whose supporter he became. He finished his studies in 1817 and graduated with honors in 1818. His work on the prize question The Structure and Life of Veins. was awarded by the university. In 1818 he played a decisive role in the founding of the first Freiburg fraternity by being a member and mentor of the fraternity cooperative / association for the processing of scientific subjects in Freiburg, from which the Freiburg fraternity developed. When he went to Vienna for further studies, he became a corresponding member of the old Freiburg fraternity . In Vienna he got to know Karl Ludwig Sand through his fraternities . Sand murdered the poet in 1819 August von Kotzebue , Marx was in Vienna on 19 June 1819 due burschenschaftlicher machinations nine months detention taken and without judgment stated . In 1820 he was in Jena to the Dr. med. PhD . He then went to Göttingen, where he worked as an accessist at the Göttingen University Library , habilitated at the Medical Faculty in 1822 and became an associate professor in 1826 and a full professor in 1831 . He taught there until the end of his life, but also had his own practice . In Göttingen he also met Heinrich Heine , who discussed the common exchange on medicine and its treatise Goettingen in medical, physical and historical terms in his Harz trip. In Göttingen, Heine was also treated by Marx.

Role in medicine

Marx's demand to replace the Philosophikum for budding physicians with a previous scientific education (compare preclinical ) while maintaining the humanistic school education, shaped several generations of doctors. He still stuck to some of the theses of the ancient authors and remained stuck to the old humoral thinking, although he tried to do justice to the new solidarity pathology in his own way. For this reason, among other things, he was considered a nerd by many even after his death. Marx remained unmarried.

His efforts on medical ethics and his work on medical history are of lasting importance. He is one of the first to strive for a clear separation of theological pastoral care of the sick from the psychological attention and care by the doctor. In addition, the concept of “ euthanasia ” in the unadulterated sense of alleviating dying goes back to Marx - with Francis Bacon as the philosophical mastermind . According to Marx, the doctor has the moral task of making the dying easier for the dying person through encouragement, support and medication to alleviate his suffering. Such “death relief” corresponded to the zeitgeist of the time, but it was first included in the medical canon of medical duties by Marx.

He published writings on medical ethics and medical history . Together with Elias Henschel and other medical professionals, he published the first medical-historical journal Janus in Breslau from 1846 . Journal for the History of the Literature of Medicin . In his work, he linked medicine with intellectual and cultural history , which is why his medical and researcher biographies brought about a new medical-historical perspective. He was also the first to demand that the history of science become a subject of instruction in schools.

Marx is mentioned, among other things, in a memorandum by Heinrich Haeser on the causes of the current neglect of historical and medical studies in Germany . In contrast to the situation with exotic subjects, in which limitations in the subject often lead to a return to their history, the history of medicine found little interest as early as the 19th century and it took a long time for positions that became vacant to be filled again. In Haeser's memorandum, among other things, Marx's appointment and chair were presented as an important exception.

Honors

Publications (selection)

  • Goettingen in medical, physical and historical terms. Goettingen 1824.
  • De euthanasia medica prolusio. Goettingen 1826.
  • The doctrine of poisons in medical, judicial and police terms . First volume, first section: Historical presentation of the theory of poison. First division. Göttingen 1827 ( archive ), (digital copies : Abth. 1 in the Google book search, Second Department. Göttingen 1829 Abth. 2 in the Google book search).
  • General disease theory. Goettingen 1833.
  • On the doctrine of paralysis of the lower limbs. Karlsruhe / Baden 1838.
  • About the concept and meaning of pain relievers. Göttingen 1851 ( digitized in the Google book search).
  • About the services of the doctors in the disappearance of demonic diseases. Göttingen 1859. ( Archive )
  • About the relationship between the performing arts and the healing arts. In: Treatises of the Royal Society of Sciences. Volume 10, Göttingen 1861/62. ( Archives )
  • Konrad Victor Schneider and the catarrhs. Goettingen 1873.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl Gundermann: The members of the old Freiburg fraternity 1816-1851. Freiburg im Breisgau 1984/2004, p. 6. pdf
  2. ^ Heinrich Heine : Die Harzreise in: travel pictures volume 1. Hamburg 1826, p. 117.
  3. ↑ Katarzyna Jastal: body structures in the Early Prose of Heinrich Heine. Krakau 2009, p. 76 and p. 90 ff.
  4. ↑ Ulrich Koppitz and Alfons Labisch , Norbert Paul (eds.): Historizität. Experience and Action - History and Medicine. Stuttgart 2004, p. 143.
  5. ^ Markwart Michler:  Marx, Karl, Mediziner. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 16, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-428-00197-4 , p. 327 f. ( Digitized version ).
  6. ^ A b Institutionalization of Medical Historiography: Lines of Development from the 19th to the 20th Century , by Andreas Frewer , Volker Roelcke , in Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001 - (pp. 279–294) Peter Schneck About the causes of the current neglect of historical medical studies in Germany: About Haeser's memorandum from 1859 and the refilling of the medical history professorship in Berlin
personal data
SURNAME Marx, Karl Friedrich Heinrich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Marx, KFH; Marx, Karl FH
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German medic
DATE OF BIRTH March 10, 1796
PLACE OF BIRTH Karlsruhe
DATE OF DEATH October 2, 1877
Place of death Goettingen