Fort Ad Statuas (Ács-Vaspuszta)

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Fort Ad Statuas
Alternative name Ács-Vaspuszta Castle, Ad Statuas
limes Upper Pannonia
section 1
Dating (occupancy) early Trajan
to early 5th century AD
Type Cohort fort
unit a) Cohors I Hispanorum
b) Cohors IV Voluntariorum civium Romanorum
c) Foederati gens Marcomannorum  ?
size Stone fort: 106 m × 112 m
(= 1.2 ha)
Construction a) wood-earth;
b) stone
State of preservation Rectangular complex with rounded corners, the
site is not visible above ground in a wooded area
place Àcs -Vaspuszta
Geographical location 47 ° 44 '21.8 "  N , 17 ° 54' 28.4"  E
height 120  m
Previous Arrabona Castle (southwest)
Subsequently Ad Mures Castle (Ács-Bumbumkút) (east)
The location of Ad Statuas on the Upper Pannonian Danube Limes

The Ad Statuas fort is a former Roman cohort fort , whose occupation secured a section of the Upper Pannonian Danube Limes ( Limes Pannonicus ) . The fortification was built in the immediate vicinity of the Danube . Today the facility is located on the area belonging to the town of Ács north of the Vaspuszta homestead in Komárom-Esztergom County , northern Hungary .

location

As older finds discovered under the Roman layers show, the fort area was already settled during the Bronze Age. The fortification was part of the dense monitoring system along the Danube Limes and was built directly into the floodplain of the Danube floodplain. Due to the flat terrain, the chain of watchtowers stretching along the bank to the west and east of the fort could be clearly seen from here. A little further west of the garrison there was a junction to the Limes Road, which was kept relatively close to the river bank, and which runs quite precisely in a south-easterly direction to Tata . A Roman civil settlement was located there in antiquity . The proximity to the nearest eastern fort Ad Mures , which is unique in Pannonia, is astonishing . While the normal distance between garrison sites is around 15 to 18 kilometers (12 to 13 Roman miles), these two fortifications are only 5.4 kilometers apart. The Germanic tribe of the Quads had their seat on the opposite bank, which often became a dangerous enemy for Rome.

Research history

The ancient name Ad Statuas is first handed down through the Itinerarium provinciarum Antonini Augusti , a directory of the most important Roman imperial roads from the 3rd century AD. In one of the most important sources for the late antique Limes, the Notitia dignitatum from the 4th century, the camp no longer appears. The first reports of finds from the area of ​​the camp village (vicus) date from the early 19th century. In 1817 the Hungarian statistician and geographer Elek Fényes (1807–1876) reported that a “Roman cellar” with intact vaults on stone and brick pillars came to light on the Lovad farm. Possibly this was part of the heating system ( hypocaust ) of the fort bath. The first scientific investigations began in 1948 with an excavation by the archaeologist László Barkóczi . It was not until 1964 that Barkóczi continued his studies by making a few search cuts through the storage area. These not very informative investigations were followed by an emergency excavation at the fort between August 23 and September 22, 1966, followed by further campaigns in 1967 and 1970 to 1972, all under the direction of the archaeologist Dénes Gabler .

Building history

First wood-earth warehouse

Gabler conjectured the location of the earliest wood-earth store a few hundred meters further east of the later stone fort. The archaeologist assumed that the founding of this speculative facility could be in the early reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117).

Camp I.

The first archaeologically secured wood-earth warehouse was built at the same location as the later fortifications. Gabler assigned its establishment to the second half of the Trajan rule. Archaeologically understandable from this construction phase were, among other things, a remnant of the southern circumferential ditch, immediately in the rear area of ​​the later built stone staff building (Principia) and a piece of the 2.10 to 2.40 meter thick earth wall behind it. Gabler also found that on the inside of the northeast-oriented part of the trench - that is, on its northern edge - post pits were visible that must have belonged to this oldest camp. However, the floor plan and thus the size could no longer be determined. With the knowledge that there was a remnant of the decuman front in this section of the trench , it was possible to determine that the praetorial front, the narrow side of the fort facing the Barbaricum, was oriented to the north as with the two successor forts. The overall topographical orientation of the fort also remained unchanged over the next centuries.

Camp II

Due to the danger of flooding, shortly after AD 117, during the early reign of Hadrian (117-138), a new, second wood-earth store became necessary. It was built in the same place, but moved around 40 meters to the south. As the excavation findings showed, this new fort, built by the Cohors I Thracum equitata (first partially mounted cohort of the Thracians ), was only slightly smaller than the later stone structure. The earth wall of this rectangular system supported by a post and beam system was 3.60 to 3.80 meters wide. It was broken through on the two long and narrow sides by a total of four gates and had the rounded corners typical of that time (playing card shape). As a special feature, the new moat in front of the Porta decumana , the rear, southern gate of the garrison, was shaped as a clavicle . To this day there are no parallels to this on the Pannonian Danube Limes. In this zone, Gabler and his excavation team were also able to examine the remains of an earth wall that had been piled up behind the wooden defensive wall and supported the battlement.

Although the ground plan of the Principia of the wood-earth fort could no longer be reconstructed due to severe disturbances, remnants of red fresco fragments could be recovered from the area. As a later dismantled and paved north-south oriented stone wall could indicate, there is the possibility that at least parts of the staff building from this time were founded on a stone foundation.

Terra Sigillata from the Central Gallic pottery center in Lezoux near Clermont-Ferrand , which began production as early as the 1st century AD , was found under the broad berm of the later stone fort . This ceramic material could be assigned to the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161). Furthermore, sigillates from the Rheinzabern manufactory of the manufacturer Cobnertus were found in the layers of the wood-earth period II.

Stone fort

Principal time

After the destruction of the wood-earth fort in the Marcomann Wars (166–180), which could be demonstrated by a thick layer of fire, a new stone building was tackled between 170 and 178, which was based on the largely standardized type of fort of the principate's time . Its dimensions could still be determined quite well during the excavation, although the entire praetorial front and part of the front praetentura ( front camp ) had already been washed over by the Danube and were thus badly damaged. Overall, the stone fort was relatively small compared to similar garrisons with 1.2 hectares. The rear of the camp, which was still complete on the Dekuman side, was 106 meters wide, a stone block from the masonry of the former Porta praetoria , the main gate of the fortification, still visible in the Danube bed, still clearly indicated the former length of around 112 meters.

An attempt to reconstruct the Porta decumana of the Mautern / Donau fort shows how the rear gate in Ács-Vaspuszta could have looked.

The 1.10 meter wide stone defensive wall was erected directly in front of the leveled trench of the wood and earth fort. Exactly above the old ditch there was an earth dam, about five meters wide, piled up behind the stone wall to support the battlements. Behind the rounded corners there was a rectangular watchtower leaning against the defensive wall. The southeast corner tower, explored in 1967, covered an area of ​​5.25 × 5.40 meters, its internal dimensions were 3 × 2.82 meters.

Of the four gates of the fort, the two gates positioned on the flanks, the Porta principalis sinistra (south-west gate), the opposite Porta principalis dextra (north-east gate) and the rear Porta decumana (south-east gate) could be examined. A gate broke through the surrounding wall on all four sides of the fort. The gate towers structurally formed a unit with the compound of the defensive wall. The structure of the aforementioned Porta praetoria was already badly damaged by river damage. With the exception of the Porta decumana, the gates had a single-lane passage about four meters wide and were each flanked by two 6 × 4.70 meter rectangular towers. They easily jumped out of the line of the defensive wall - an important detail for the chronological classification. As usual for the time of construction, the passage of the Porta decumana was designed narrower and - in comparison with the other gate structures - differed slightly in its construction from the others. A new, relatively narrow pointed ditch with a width of 4 to 4.10 meters had been dug in front of the camp fence, the berm of which, on the other hand, was remarkably generous at 3.8 meters. At least in front of the Porta decumana it could be determined that there must have been a wooden bridge that overcame this moat.

The buildings inside the fort deviate very atypically from the main measuring axes of the camp, which Gabler took as an indication that some of these buildings could not have been built at the same time as the surrounding wall.

Excavations in the Latera praetorii , the central area of ​​the former fort, also brought to light the 25.50 × 25–27 meter staff building. The floor plan, rotated eight degrees from the axis, also largely corresponded to the typical mid-imperial building scheme. As a special feature, a small marble column with a spiral-shaped shaft could be recovered. It is believed that such columns stood on a low balustrade around the rectangular courtyard of the Principia and supported a roof structure. However, the find was not found in situ , but stored secondarily in one of the late Roman storage pits that cut through the layers of the Principia .

In addition to the Principia , another building was excavated in the Retentura , the rear storage area.

Late antiquity

Sketch of the altar in honor of Jupiter and the Severan imperial family, 202 AD

The corner towers attached to the inside replaced a Roman building command in the late Roman period with mighty fan-shaped towers that were 12 × 9.5 meters in circumference. The southwestern fan-shaped corner tower, examined in 1967 and 1970, protruded 11.40 meters from the rounded corner of the fort. A coin found in the Baracspuszta castle to the south, which was minted during the reign of Emperor Constantine II (337–340), is considered to be the earliest point in time for this renovation. At the same time or - as the archaeologist Endre Tóth believed - a little later, the passageways of the two gates on the flanks of the fort, the Porta principalis sinistra and the Porta principalis dextra , were bricked up. Since the foundations of the four fan towers reached into the area of ​​the previous weir ditch, it had to be filled in before construction began. As a replacement, a new trench 6 meters wide and 4.5 meters deep was built 13 meters in front of the camp wall. These reconstruction measures, during which, among other things , older inscription stones in Ad Statuas were walled up as spolia , could also be found in many other forts on the Pannonian Danube Limes. Gabler estimates these construction measures in the reign of the Constantinian imperial family (306–361).

At least one phase of renovation could also be determined on the staff building, but the precise timing of this remained unclear. A subsequent reinforcement with a particularly deep, very strong wall was observed on the northern front - possibly at the same time as the changes to the fort wall.

In contrast to the more or less elaborate construction work during the reign of Emperor Valentinian I (364–375), who died in the nearby legionary camp Brigetio , which was otherwise very often documented along the border , there was little evidence of this in Ács-Vaspuszta. Only in the southern part of the fort could a building made of dry stone and construction work on the Principia be found.

Even after Valentinian, only minor traces could be observed. In the late phase of the fort, the principia were obviously already damaged or destroyed. Gabler found five roughly the same size and regularly arranged, beehive-like grain pits, which cut through the stratigraphic layers of the staff building. From these pits the excavators mainly recovered rubble, the twisted marble column mentioned above, but also post-Valentine ceramic shards.

One of the most important sources for the late antique Limes, the Notitia Dignitatum , does not mention Ad Statuas or the neighboring Ad Mures . Andreas Mocsy assumes that there was no military in these two camps at the time when the last version of the Notitia Dignitatum was compiled. Possibly both already belonged to the province of Valeria . In Ad Statuas , a last, heavy layer of destruction was found in the southeastern fan-shaped corner tower. Gabler hid a hoard of 95 bronze coins from the reign of Emperor Constantius II (337–361) and Caesar Constantius Gallus (351–354) from the Siscien mint from the floor level . This hoard dates back to 351–354 AD and is associated with the invasion of the Quadi and Sarmatians during the reign of Emperor Valentinians I.

Brick stamps from the time of Valentinian I were missing, however, but ceramic decorated with smoothing was found. It is also noteworthy that the Notitia Dignitatum mentions not a single other fort on the 40 km between Arrabona and the Brigetio legionary camp , even though it would be a dangerously long stretch without safety systems for the times of crisis in the 4th century.

There are two possible explanations for these anomalies: The warehouse at Leanyvar, for example, is missing from the Notitia Dignitatum, although Valentine brick stamps were found there, which suggest that construction work was being carried out here for this period. Probably the list of troops of the camps around Brigetio was only incomplete, the vexillations of the Legio I Adiutrix , for example, are only listed with one unit, the Cohors quinta partis superioris . Second, there is the possibility that the Auxilia Ursarensia , which had been withdrawn from the Visegrád camp, were not transferred to Várdomb , but to the camp of the same name at Acs Vaspuszta. In this case, the finds of smoothed ceramics could also be explained in this way. Perhaps the camp was temporarily abandoned under Constantius II and reoccupied with the Ursarienses around 380 AD.

In the past, the finds of smoothed-in ceramics were regarded as reliable evidence of the camp's existence up to the early 5th century. In more recent publications, based on the findings from Ad Statuas and the ceramics of this type that were increasingly found there in the last decades of the 4th century, the consideration also arose as to whether the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni (previously living on the other bank) was here at that time possibly owned a settlement center. However, the theories about the smoothed ceramic are still diverse and very controversial.

Troops and officers

In 2001 the epigrapher Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012) compiled a list of the Roman units used in Pannonia. Gabler initially assumed that the Cohors I Thracum had built the early Trajan wood-earth camp. However, he later revised his view and favored the Cohors I Hispanorum as the founders of the Vaspuszta fort.

The following occupation units are known for Ad Statuas :

Time position Troop name comment
around 97 to around 101 AD / 106 AD Cohors I Hispanorum ,
("First Cohort of Hispanics ") 		This troop - which can only be traced back to the brick stamps found on site - probably built the first wood-earth camp of Ad Statuas in AD 97. At 106 it was probably moved to the province of Moesia superior .
AD 101 to 118/119 Cohors IV Voluntariorum civium Romanorum ,
("Fourth Voluntary Cohort of Roman Citizens") 		In the early 2nd century AD, this cohort replaced the Hispanics as the fort's troops.
from 118/119 AD Cohors I Thracorum equitata civium Romanorum ,
("First partially mounted Thracian cohort of Roman citizens") 		The Thracians took over after the voluntary cohort watchkeeping in Ad Statuas . In 1967, a large consecration altar, which was used as a spoil and was donated in honor of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and the Severan imperial family (193–211), was recovered from one of the late antique gate walls . According to the consular dating, the altar was made in the year 202, exactly at the time when Septimius Severus visited Pannonia. The real reason for the erection of the altar, however, was the rebuilding of a temple of Jupiter by the prefect (commander) of the Thracian cohort, Aemilius Pacatianus.
Late antiquity foederati
gens Marcomannorum  ?,
(mercenaries from the tribe of Marcomanni ) 		Nothing precise is known about the late antique occupations. On the basis of various find evidence, a unit of Marcomannic federations is assumed for Ad Statuas . As foederati research called semi-autonomous - mostly germanischstämmige - mercenaries, many of which were recruited in the late period of the Pannonian Limes border security (foedus) .

Beneficiaries and Veterans

The fragment of a once oblong-rectangular inscription tablet from the Antonine-Severan period, which comes from a sanctuary, names a “ beneficiary priest” (?) Who had a temple in Ad Statuas renovated from the ground up.

An officer, Marcus Aurelius Lucanus, was named on a grave stele inscription from the burial ground of the Vicus, which is now lost. He commanded a cavalry squadron (Ala) during the Severan dynasty (193–235) and left the army with honor after his service. Unfortunately, the name of his unit on the inscription was only badly mutilated. Lucanus certainly did not do his service in the fort of Ad Statuas , which is much too small for an ala , but had only settled here as a veteran. In 1966 a votive altar for Jupiter and Juno, also from Severan times, came to light below the fort on the steep bank of the Danube, which had also been erected on behalf of a veteran, Septimius Ursulinus.

Vicus

About 20 to 25 meters from the fort, the remains of a heated stone house of the civil settlement could be observed. The walls of the building, which were also criss-crossed by heating ducts, had an elaborate terrazzo plaster, covered with a thin layer of plaster on which simple wall paintings were applied. Further investigation revealed that the fresco fragments were red, green, white, orange and green-striped. Other segments consisted of black and green plant motifs that contrasted with a yellow and white background. A preserved motif showed u. a. a yellow and red fruit basket on a white background. An older decoration phase could still be detected under the terrazzo layer.

Limes course between Fort Ad Statuas and Fort Ad Mures

Traces of the Limes structures from Ács-Vaspuszta to Ács-Bumbumkút
route Name / place Description / condition
1 Ács-Lovadpuszta (Burgus Ad Statuas 1) The remains of this burgus are located 2800 meters south of the fort and can only be seen in aerial photographs or as a slight elevation of the terrain. The tower was located directly on the Danube, topographically aligned with the river bank, and was surrounded by a ditch with rounded corners. The trench measured 46 meters on the long side and was ten meters wide. In the center of the fenced area, no traces of building could be seen in the aerial photographs. During a field inspection, Gabler found Roman ceramic shards and fragments of burned clay plaster on a small hill that had already been partially torn away from the Danube. The hill came just up to the moat. Gabler suspected that there was once a wooden guard station here.
1 Ács-Felsőszőlnők (Burgus Ad Statuas 2) This watchtower is located around two kilometers west of the facility mentioned above. Its remains are said to have been clearly visible until the 19th century. The area was examined in 1951 by the archaeologist László Barkóczi, but he found only slight traces of Roman construction.
1 Ács-Bumbumkút (Ad Mures Castle) The Ad Mures fort is located east of Ács-Bumbumkút.

Lost property

The material from the excavations is kept in the Kuny Domokos Megyei Múzeum in the castle of Tata , in the Museum of Hungarian Culture and the Danube Region in Komárno and in the János Xántus Museum in Győr .

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Ad Statuas fort as well as all the other Limes facilities belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Jenő Fitz (Ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary (= Bulletin du musée roi Saint Etienne. Series A, Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976.
  • Dénes Gabler (Ed.): The Roman Fort at Ács-Vaspuszta (Hungary) on the Danubian limes. 2 volumes. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford 1989.
  • Dénes Gabler: Késörómai éremlelet Acs-Vaspusztáról (The late Roman coin find of Acs-Vaspuszta) . In: Archaeologiai értesítő 99, 1972, pp. 232–239.
  • Dénes Gabler Újabb feliratos kőemlék Ács – Vaspusztáról. (A new stone monument with an inscription from Ács-Vaspuszta.) In: Archaeologiai értesítő 96, 1969, pp. 199–206.
  • Dénes Gabler: Újabb feliratos kőemlék az ácsi táborból. (A new inscription from the Ács camp.) In: Archaeologiai értesítő 94, 1967, pp. 194–197.
  • Sandor Soproni: The last decades of the Pannonian Limes . Becksche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-406-30453-2 .
  • Krisztina Szirmai: Frescos from Ács-Vaspuszta. In: Communicationes archaeologicae Hungariae 1991, pp. 97–113 (with a contribution by: Márta Járó: Chemical analysis of wall painting fragments excavated in Ács-Vaspuszta. Pp. 106–113.).
  • Krisztina Szirmai: Newly discovered wall-paintings from the vicus of Ács-Vaspuszta. In: Communicationes archaeologicae Hungariae 2000, pp. 99-108. (with a contribution by: Márta Járó: Chemical analysis of some new wall-painting fragments from Ács-Vaspuszta. )
  • Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 .
  • Zsolt Visy: The Ripa Pannonica in Hungary . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 .

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c Dénes Gabler in: Communications of the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . 5, 1976, p. 209.
  2. ↑ a b c d Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 50.
  3. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 51.
  4. ↑ a b Kastell Ad Mures at 47 ° 44 '33.07 "  N , 17 ° 59' 11.22"  O .
  5. ↑ a b Dénes Gabler: Investigations on the Upper Pannonian Danube Limes. In: Studies on the military borders of Rome, II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania Inferior. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, pp. 297-312, here: p. 298.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Dénes Gabler: Ad Statuas castellum. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , pp. 70-72; here p. 70.
  7. ↑ a b Dénes Gabler: Investigations on the Upper Pannonian Danube Limes. In: Studies on the military borders of Rome, II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania Inferior. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, pp. 297-312, here: p. 301.
  8. ↑ a b Dénes Gabler (ed.): The Roman Fort at Ács-Vaspuszta (Hungary) on the Danubian limes. Part 2. B. A. R., Oxford 1989. p. 29.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. István Király Múzeum, Székesfehérvár 1976. p. 27.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 25; Dénes Gabler: Ad Statuas castellum. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , pp. 70-72; here p. 72.
  11. ↑ a b c d e Dénes Gabler: Investigations on the Upper Pannonian Danube Limes. In: Studies on the military borders of Rome, II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania Inferior. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, pp. 297-312, here p. 307.
  12. ^ Dénes Gabler (ed.): The Roman Fort at Ács-Vaspuszta (Hungary) on the Danubian limes. Part 2. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford 1989, p. 642.
  13. ↑ Dénes Gabler, Andrea H. Vaday: Terra sigillata in the Barbaricum between Pannonia and Dazien. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1986, ISBN 963-05-3879-2 , p. 35.
  14. ^ Dénes Gabler (ed.): The Roman Fort at Ács-Vaspuszta (Hungary) on the Danubian limes. Part 2. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford 1989, p. 71
  15. ↑ a b Dénes Gabler: Ad Statuas, Castellum. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 71.
  16. ^ Dénes Gabler (ed.): The Roman Fort at Ács-Vaspuszta (Hungary) on the Danubian limes. Part 2. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford 1989, p. 89.
  17. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 113.
  18. ^ Dénes Gabler: Use of marble in the northern part of Upper Pannonia. Relationship between art and business. In: Gerhard Bauchhenß (Ed.): Files of the 3rd International Colloquium on Problems of Provincial Roman Art Creation. Bonn 21.-24. April 1993. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1996, ISBN 3-7927-1516-3 , p. 43.
  19. ^ Dénes Gabler (ed.): The Roman Fort at Ács-Vaspuszta (Hungary) on the Danubian limes. Part 2. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford 1989, p. 73.
  20. ↑ Endre Tóth: Group C. Fortresses with fan-shaped corner and. U-shaped intermediate towers. In: Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. Archaeologiai Értesitő 134. Budapest 2009. p. 44.
  21. ↑ Endre Tóth: The late Roman military architecture in Transdanubia. In: Archaeologiai Értesitő 134, 2009, p. 52.
  22. ↑ a b Dénes Gabler in: Communications of the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 5, 1976, p. 208.
  23. ↑ a b Dénes Gabler: Ad Statuas, Castellum. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 72.
  24. ↑ Dénes Gabler: Késörómai éremlelet Acs-Vaspusztáról (The late Roman coin find of Acs-Vaspuszta) . In: Archaeologiai értesítő 99, 1972, pp. 232–239; slightly different in: Dénes Gabler: Ad Statuas, Castellum. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): The Roman army in Pannonia. Teleki Lázló Foundation, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-86388-2-6 , p. 72.
  25. ↑ Notitia Dignitatum Occ. XXXIII, 28: Praefectus legionis primae adiutricis cohortis quintae partis superioris, Bregtione .
  26. ↑ Sandor Soproni: 1985, p. 14.
  27. ↑ Friderika Horváth : Comments on the late antique ceramic material from the fortress of Keszthely-Fenékpuszta - first results . Workshop Leipzig, 8.-9. February 2008. Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences PDF ( Memento of June 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
  28. ^ Dénes Gabler (ed.): The Roman Fort at Ács-Vaspuszta (Hungary) on the Danubian limes. Part 2. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford 1989, p. 633.
  29. ↑ a b c Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliary troops in Pannonia during the principle time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 103.
  30. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 111.
  31. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 73.
  32. ^ AE 1978, 653 .
  33. ^ AE 1947, 36 .
  34. ↑ CIL 3, 11020 .
  35. ^ AE 1967, 380 .
  36. ^ Dénes Gabler (ed.): The Roman Fort at Ács-Vaspuszta (Hungary) on the Danubian limes. Part 2. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford 1989, p. 5.
  37. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003)
  38. ↑ Burgus Ad Statuas 1 at 47 ° 44 '27.46 "  N , 17 ° 56' 28.17"  O .
  39. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 . Pp. 27-28.
  40. ↑ Burgus Ad Statuas 2 at 47 ° 44 '21.93 "  N , 17 ° 57' 47.14"  O .
  41. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 . P. 28.