Trieste Cathedral
The Cathedral of San Giusto in Trieste is the cathedral church of the Bishop of Trieste with the title of a minor basilica . Dedicated to the city's patron saint, St. Justus , the cathedral towers over the city on the Capitoline Hill as one of the landmarks of Trieste. The current Romanesque building dates back to the 14th century. It includes the remains of the pagan, Christian and secular buildings that have followed each other on this site since Roman times .
history
prehistory
A propylon , a Roman basilica and probably a Capitoline temple were already on the floor of today's cathedral in Roman times .
The Propylon is the oldest building and was built around 80 AD. Its construction was probably initiated by Publius Palpellius Clodius Quirinalis, who began his career as Centurion of Legio XX Valeria Victrix and ended as prefect of the Ravenna fleet under Nero . The 17.20 meter long and 5.30 meter wide propylon was located at the end of the main road that led from the sea to the hill San Giusto and roughly corresponds to today's Via della Cattedrale. Remains of the propylon are visible under the forecourt of the cathedral, integrated in the campanile of today's church or exhibited in the nearby lapidarium .
The propylon probably served as a vestibule or access gate to a Capitoline temple behind it. The temple was dedicated to the three main Roman gods Jupiter , Juno and Minerva , as confirmed by an altar pyramid that was found. However, apart from the altar pyramid, nothing has been preserved or passed on from the temple. Its exact positioning is therefore unclear.
To the left of the propylon are the columns and remains of the Roman basilica. Fragments of various inscriptions suggest that the building was built at the instigation of Quintus Baienus Blassianus , who lived in the 2nd century AD and was, among other things, Prefect of Egypt under Marcus Aurelius . The 75 meter long, 23 meter wide and 20 meter high building was the seat of the local council ( decuriones ) and served as a place for public gatherings as well as court and business transactions.
After much of the propylon and the Capitoline Temple had fallen into disrepair, a primitive, early Christian basilica was built on the same site in the 5th century , the mosaic of which has been preserved in fragments in the floor of today's cathedral. The building, which was expanded in the 6th century under the Trieste bishop Frugiferus , was replaced by a much smaller St. In the same period, a small, square memorial chapel with a dome was built parallel to this on the south side. It was dedicated to the veneration of local martyrs , especially the relics of Saint Justus .
Building history
In the 14th century, both buildings were combined into a single, five-aisled church, as it still exists today, presumably at the instigation of the Trieste bishop Rodolfo di Pedrazzano (1302-1320). To this end, the two side aisles lying next to each other were torn down. The large, new central nave that was built in its place was provided with a ceiling in the form of a ship's keel and a new apse . There was also a new, simple facade made of sandstone, adorned with a rose window made of white karst marble .
Between 1337 and 1343 the bell tower was built around an already existing Romanesque bell tower.
To the left of the bell tower is the baptistery, built in 1380 and consecrated to John the Baptist , with a hexagonal baptismal font from the 9th century. To the right of the cathedral is the small church of San Michele al Carnale, which for a long time served as the chapel of the cemetery that was located where the city's lapidarium is today .
After the building complex was completed, the church was inaugurated on November 27, 1385 by Bishop Heinrich von Wildenstein .
architecture
facade
The asymmetrical sandstone façade of the neighboring Muggia , which ends with a triangular gable, is dominated by a large, Gothic rosette made of white karst marble . The wheel window was created towards the end of the 14th century when the two churches were united. The window was restored in 1932 by the Italian architect and monument conservator Ferdinando Forlati .
A Roman tomb with portraits of six members of the Barbi family from the 1st century AD was sawn in half for the 3.30 meter high goalposts of the central portal, with the image of the freed slave Tullia being added by a halo and the Trieste halberd was changed to that of Saint Sergios . Sergios is revered as one of the city's most important martyrs. The old wooden portal wings were replaced by new ones made of bronze in 1990 and 1992.
To the left above the main portal is a niche that originally contained a wooden statue of John the Baptist , which is now housed in the Castello di San Giusto . Next to it is a relief with the insignia and coat of arms of Enea Silvia Piccolomini, who was Bishop of Trieste from 1447 to 1450 and later Pope Pius II . Under the bas-relief there is an inscription in Latin hexameters celebrating the humanist pontiff who supported Trieste during the siege by the Republic of Venice in 1463 and saved it from destruction.
On a ledge above the main portal is a bronze bust of Pope Pius II, directly followed by the busts of two other Trieste bishops: the humanist Andrea Rapicio (1567–1573) and Rinaldo Scarlicchio (1622–1630), who holds the relics of Saint Justus discovered, as can be read in the Latin inscription under his coat of arms next to the main portal (1630). The three bronze busts are the work of Alberto Brestyanszky (1862).
Another inscription commemorates the attack by the Austrians and English against Napoléon's soldiers , who were entrenched in the neighboring castle and church tower in 1813 .
Campanile (bell tower)
Between 1337 and 1343 the bell tower was built around an existing Romanesque church tower, which in turn had been placed on the foundation walls of the Roman propyläum. The foundation of the Romanesque structure was uncovered by Pietro Nobile in 1816 and is visible today under the arches of the ground floor. In addition, the columns of the Romanesque building and a griffin image can be seen in the stairwell to the bell chamber .
The respect for antiquity is also evident in the Roman cornice , which came from the neighboring Roman Propyläum and which was integrated into the outer facade of the campanile. Above the cornice, under an ogival aedicule, there is a statue of Saint Justus from the 14th century. The patron saint of Trieste is dressed in a heavily folded tunic and holds a model of the city and a palm branch in his hands, the symbol of martyrdom. The church tower is rounded off by the single-arched windows in the bell chamber. The oldest bell is from 1497. Another bell is popularly called Campanon and was cast in 1829. The other two bells date from 1953 and are decorated with reliefs by Carlo Sbisà . On the roof gable of the church tower there was originally a coarsely ribbed attachment, which the Trieste people called melon because of its shape and made it one of the landmarks of their city. On the 1.13 meter high stone sculpture is the iron halberd of Saint Sergios , also a symbol of the city. In a lightning strike in 1421, the roof structure was destroyed and the melon removed. The following year it was erected on a pillar that was erected in the square in front of the cathedral. At the end of the 19th century, the melon was finally housed in San Giusto Castle.
Statue of Saint Justus on the cathedral bell tower
The melon from the top of the tower
Facility
In the shrine of the altar of the Pietà chapel there is a colored Pietà made of linden wood.
In the reliquary altar of the treasure chapel there are baroque, silver bust reliquaries and the halberd tip of St. To see Sergius .
The baroque, two-column aedicula altar of the Josefs chapel with a marble sculpture of the creator in the gable was built in 1704. His painting shows the engagement of Mary to Joseph.
The baptismal font in the Johannes chapel is also remarkable . The foot of the hexagonal, Romanesque basin made of Greek marble is part of a Roman column. The baroque, wooden top is painted in color and crowned by a small figure of John the Baptist.
Altar of the Pietà Chapel
In the middle row of niches of the reliquary altar of the treasure chapel is the halberd tip of St. To see Sergius
The altar of the Joseph's Chapel
Right altar of the cathedral
left altar of the cathedral
Baptismal font in the Johannes Chapel
organ
The organ on the large gallery was built in 1922 by the Mascioni organ building company and revised in the 1970s. The instrument has stops on three manuals and a pedal . The game and stop actions are electric today (previously: electro-pneumatic).
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Burial place
In a side chapel to the right of the nave are the graves of four Carlist pretenders to the Spanish throne - namely Carlos (V) , Carlos (VI) and Carlos (VII) as well as Juan (III) - who spent their exile in Trieste . San Giusto is therefore sometimes referred to as the "Carlist Escorial ". ( See Carlism .) The two wives of Carlos V, Maria Francisca of Portugal and Maria Theresa of Portugal , are also buried here.
The German archaeologist and founder of scientific archeology, Johann Joachim Winckelmann , who was murdered in Trieste in 1768 , was also buried in the cathedral.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Mario Mirabella Roberti , Marzia Vidulli Torlo (2001): The hills of San Giusto: The cathedral, the castle and the museums (Bruno Fachin), Trieste, p.8 ff.
- ↑ Marizia Vidulli Torlo (2003): Il Lapidario Tergestino al Castello di San Giusto , 2nd edition (Rotary Club Trieste), Trieste, S. 27f.
- ↑ Mario Mirabella Roberta, Marzia Vidulli Torlo (2001): The hill of San Giusto: The cathedral, the castle and the museums (Bruno Fachin), Trieste, p. 6 f.
- ↑ Giuseppe Cuscito (2008): La Cattedrale di San Giusto in: Medioevo a Trieste: Istituzioni, Arte, Società nel Trecento , ed. v. P. Cammarosano et al. a. (Silvana Editoriale), Milan, p. 153.
- ^ Rossella Fabiani (2003): Triest ( Mondadori ), Milan, p. 24.
- ↑ Pietro Riavez (2008): Urbanistica e Architettura in: Medioevo a Trieste: Istituzioni, Arte, Società nel Trecento (Silvana Editoriale), Milan u. a., p. 21.
- ↑ Michela Messina (2007): Il Castello di San Giusto a Trieste - Il Civico Museo e l'Armeria (Rotary Club), Trieste, p. 51.
- ↑ Information about the organ (Italian)
Coordinates: 45 ° 38 ′ 47.4 " N , 13 ° 46 ′ 21.2" E