Pforta Cistercian Abbey
| Pforta Cistercian Abbey | |
|---|---|
 Church facade |
|
| location |
 Germany Saxony-Anhalt |
| Lies in the diocese | at the time Naumburg |
| Coordinates: | 51 ° 8 '32 " N , 11 ° 45' 9.6" E |
| Serial number according to Janauschek |
60 |
| Patronage | Assumption of Mary, John the Baptist |
| founding year | 1132 |
| Year of dissolution / annulment |
1540 |
| Mother monastery | Walkenried Monastery |
| Primary Abbey | Morimond Monastery |
|
Daughter monasteries |
Altzella |
The monastery Pforta (lat. Porta ; Sancta Maria ad Portam ; Portense Coenobium . And the like.) Is a former Cistercian - Abbey in the district Schulpforte of after Naumburg (Saale) eingemeindeten Bad Kosen in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany . The monastery is a station on the Romanesque Road .
history
Count Bruno im Pleißengau (according to scientific findings from 2003 a fictional count, just as invented as the alleged document from allegedly 1140) founded a Benedictine monastery in 1127 in Schmölln , which was occupied in 1132 with Cistercians from Walkenried monastery from the filiation of the Morimond primary abbey . Bishop Udo I von Naumburg moved the monastery to the Saale in 1137 and gave it the name claustrum apud Portam (monastery to the portals) or Sanctae Mariae ad Portam (St. Mary to the porte). The monks cultivated the land around the monastery and made it one of the richest monasteries in East Thuringia. The abbey church from around 1140 was rebuilt from 1251 to 1320. As early as 1209, 27 places are named as belonging to the monastery, which was under special protection of the Saxon dukes, with a total of 163 hooves, plus forests and meadows. The abbey later became one of the largest landowners in northern Thuringia through inheritances, gifts and purchases.
After the Reformation, in the first church visitation in 1537, the monastery was counted as belonging to: Hassenhausen , Spielberg , Rehehausen , Obermöllern , Lißdorf , Kleinjena , Mertendorf , Leutenthal , Sachsenhausen , Neuengönna , Henschleben , Gößnitz .
After the dissolution of the Cistercian abbey in 1540, the Saxon Duke Moritz founded one of the three Saxon princely schools there on May 21, 1543 , in the tradition of which the Pforta State School, which is housed in the former monastery buildings, still exists today (for further history see this main article). The monastery properties were combined in the “ Pforta School Authority ”, whose bailiff also managed the school's economic affairs.
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Plant and buildings
The monastery church without a tower, the cloister, the so-called abbot's chapel, the electoral “house”, the former gate and farm buildings have been preserved from the complex, which is largely surrounded by a medieval wall.
Former monastery church
The abbey church was originally (1137–1150) a cruciform Romanesque pillar basilica with a four-bay central nave and two low side aisles, with a flat beamed ceiling immediately above eight arched windows over the arcades on both sides of the central nave, “for Germany the oldest example of a Cistercian church from already distinctive type ”( Georg Dehio ), made of large-square masonry. The interior was divided into the chorus monachorum (monk's choir) and the chorus conversorum by a simple rood screen at the height of the first yoke pillar of the nave . Various entrances went from the cloister directly into the church, which was not accessible from the outside. In the eastern parts the church was built according to Saxon customs. To the left and right of the apse there were two smaller barrel vaults . The two left facing the cloister have been preserved and bear the inscription: "Patroni sunt St. Petrus ..." , which is why they are called the Peter and Paul Chapel. The north wall of the church and the two vaults mentioned above are still preserved from this old basilica.
The church was expanded around 1170 by increasing the transept arms and demolishing and rebuilding the apses, and around 1240 by increasing the transept arms again and adding ribbed vaults.
The later Gothic new building, begun in 1251 and completed in 1268, used large parts of the Romanesque building and retained its floor plan. The central nave was extended by two and the south aisle by four (in the bound system), the church was raised by a total of seven meters and provided with new ribbed vaults. It also received three-part pointed arch windows. The elaborately designed choir, which echoes the west choir of Naumburg Cathedral, received two rectangular yokes and a choir polygon with a 5/8 end and seven tall, narrow Gothic windows. It is flanked by two barrel vaults on both sides, above each of which there is another chapel (Trinity Chapel and Margaret Chapel) with a ribbed vault. The south aisle was widened and continued around the transept. In order to give this building support, buttresses were added to the south wall; on the north wall and the central nave, due to the lack of space, this was only possible by pulling them into the existing monastery building. The pillars that were supposed to support the raised central nave are still visible from the monastery courtyard. Inside, the round arches were no longer strong enough, which is why curved intermediate pillars were used. Since these intermediate pillars are much narrower than the Romanesque ones and the warriors are at different heights, the rhythm of the pillars lacks uniformity.
The church also received a new facade, which was completed around 1300.
On October 2, 1268, the abbey church, the construction of which had been financed largely from indulgences, was consecrated and, in addition to St. Mary, also made John the Baptist a patron saint. In 1450 a fire destroyed the roof stalls and part of the outbuildings. For the subsequent reconstruction, the abbot had to sell part of the property to the Paulinzella monastery .
Further chapels (Evangelistenkapelle and Moritzkapelle) were added. Renovations took place from 1854, from 1959 and from 1989.
A total of four themes can be seen on the west facade, designed as a representative entrance portal, framed by two protruding buttresses, which shows a degree of ornamentation alien to the Cistercians, and on whose gable there is a large finial. The fall of man represented by Adam and Eve, the law of the people of Israel represented by Moses, the crucifixion and the teaching of the Gospels. In the center of the gable is the crucifixion group, which shows Christ with a sloping head and loincloth. Under the arms of the cross are St. Mary and the disciple John as well as Mary Magdalene and Mary Cleophas , who carry ointment bowls. Left and right you can see two crucified sinners, one repentant, the other obstinate. Their arms disappear into the wall, separating them from the scene. The relics of various saints were walled behind this group. The four evangelists are depicted on the portal itself. The apostles Peter, Paul, James and John are attached as figurative decorations above the portal. A coronation of the Virgin Mary used to be seen on the console between them. The portal was created during the renovation and was later redesigned after the addition of the baptistery, with elements of the old portal being reused. Even the major renovation had been financed through large-scale indulgences and pilgrimages. The important function as a place of pilgrimage continued afterwards and is evident in the design of the large west facade, which was heavily redesigned in the 19th century.
Furnishing
A wooden triumphal cross from the 13th century, painted on both sides, hung over the rood screen of the Romanesque basilica , which is now hung at the height of the third yoke in the nave.
Some keystones from the time of the first renovation have been preserved, especially in the south aisle. In the so-called Evangelist Chapel, a continuation of the south aisle, the four evangelists with the animals assigned to them can be found as images on the keystones. Each has a scroll with the beginning of the Gospel and is represented with a halo. The last of these stones, which already belongs to the aisle, shows a winged lion carrying the Gospel of Mark. The evangelist chapel was used as a burial chapel.
In the south aisle, a dove can still be seen as a symbol for the Holy Spirit and a lamb with a flag as a symbol for Christ. In the central nave there is a keystone on which the risen Christ is depicted with nails and two angels. In the north aisle, the only remaining keystone shows a monk; it is assumed that it is the builder of the church. Otherwise, the jewelry is rather simple, as was customary with the Cistercians, and is limited to very detailed foliage.
The statues in the choir, two each to the right and left of the altar, represent Udo von Naumburg on one side and the patron saints of the church, St. Mary and John the Baptist.
In the period between 1945 and 1989, the furnishings, including the organ, the pulpit and the stalls, were lost. Neither could one find anything of the original wall painting, which is said to have partially depicted the abbots of the monastery. In 1998, the reconstructed glass windows from the Gothic period were installed in the choir.
Exam
The cloister is to the north (left of) the church (compare for example Maulbronn Monastery ). It is about the length of the Romanesque nave. The western, northern and southern tracts essentially date from the 12th century. The southern wing of the cloister adjoining the church has two aisles (see Walkenried Monastery ). Originally on the east side of the chapter house, the portal and two walled triforias on the sides have been preserved. Around 1725 all the enclosure buildings were redesigned. The refectory in the north wing received a beamed ceiling in 1802.
Bells
According to a publication from 1905, there were three church bells at the time ; two from 1439 - one with a diameter of 136 centimeters and the inscription Quando maria sonat , the other with a diameter of 98 centimeters and the inscription O protege domine - and one undated with a diameter of 55 centimeters and the inscription hilf got maria berot .
More buildings
The Princely House was built around 1570 on the former infirmary. The early Gothic abbot's chapel was originally the chapel of the infirmary. The gatehouse was built between 1854 and 1860 using older components.
Varia
- The church is a regular venue for mostly classical concerts, such as the MDR music summer .
- Occasionally, performances have also been recorded for publication on phonograms. One example is the CD "Gott b'hüte dich - the choirs of the Pforta State School sing in the monastery church St. Marien ad Portam" from 1996, published by Mitra Schallplatten Bonn.
See also
literature
- Georg Dehio (first name): Handbook of German art monuments, Saxony-Anhalt II: Dessau and Halle administrative districts. German Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-422-03065-4 , pp. 767-779.
- Peter Pfister : monastery leader of all Cistercian monasteries in the German-speaking area. 2nd Edition. Éditions du Signe, Strasbourg 1998, ISBN 2-87718-596-6 , pp. 466-467.
further literature identified in the main article school gate
Web links
- Landesschule Schulpforte in the former Pforta monastery on doatrip.de (with numerous pictures and description)
- Landesweingut Kloster Pforta with vinotheque on the former monastery grounds
- Heinrich Bergner : Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the Naumburg district (country) . Issue 26 of the series Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the province of Saxony. With 159 illustrations and a map by H. Großerler. Published by the Historical Commission for the Province of Saxony and the Duchy of Anhalt. Halle (Saale) 1905, pdf format, accessed on July 19, 2017 - therein detailed descriptions of the gate on pages 53–180 (based on the original page count)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Fake deed to found the monastery ( memento from April 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Holger Kunde: The Cistercian monastery Pforte. The forgery of documents and the early history up to 1236. Verlag Böhlau, 2003, ISBN 3-412-14601-3 .
- ↑ Wilhelm Paul Corrsen: About the monastic buildings of the royal state school Pforta. 1865, p. 218.
- ^ Robert Pahnke: School gate. Leipzig 1956, pp. 68-69.
- ↑ Wilhelm Paul Corrsen: About the monastic buildings of the royal state school Pforta. 1865, p. 258.
- ↑ Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the Province of Saxony from 1905, pdf format, accessed on July 19, 2017, p. 239.
- ↑ Source: CD template