Stolpe Monastery
| Cistercian Abbey of Stolpe | |
|---|---|
 Ruins of the west tower of the St. Johannes monastery church |
|
| location |
Germany Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
| Coordinates: | 53 ° 52 '23.7 " N , 13 ° 33' 41.2" E |
| Serial number according to Janauschek |
697 |
| founding year | 1153 by Benedictines |
| Cistercian since | 1304 |
| Year of dissolution / annulment |
1535 |
| Mother monastery | Pforta Monastery |
| Primary Abbey | Morimond Monastery |
|
Daughter monasteries |
Kärkna Monastery (1305) |
Kloster Stolpe is a former monastery in Stolpe on the Peene near Anklam . It was the first and therefore the oldest monastery in Pomerania . The remains of the western basement of the monastery church can be viewed in Stolpe.
Foundation as a Benedictine monastery
The monastery was founded on May 3rd, 1153 by Duke Ratibor I and Bishop Adalbert von Pommern in Stolpe an der Peene. Stolpe was a place with a jug and customs, the jug in the Groswin country , the ship's toll on a Ribenitz river and a market town with arable land and meadows located there. Between 1147 or 1148 (according to other sources, 1134 and 1136), the brother of Peene Ratibor, Duke Wartislaw I , who had converted to Christianity, was slain here. There is no evidence that his murderer was a pagan Liutizen . It is possible that there was a Slavic cult site in Stolpe. Due to the small number of monks, little has been passed on from the first two decades of the Stolper Priory. Only again when, in connection with the Danish-Wendish battles in 1164, Henry the Lion and the Danish King Waldemar I met in Groswin Castle to agree on a family bond between the two princes. Waldemar then went to the priory in Stolpe and Heinrich the Lion moved to Demmin . On 15 August 1176 was the stumbling Propst Helmwig together with the future abbot of the monastery Kolbatz , Eberhard, the Bishop Conrad I the blessing received.
development
The first Benedictine monks Hirsauer Observanz came with the founding convention sent by Abbot Arnold of the Benedictine monastery Berge near Magdeburg. The establishment of the Stolpe Monastery is also an initial result of Magdeburg's church policy in Pomerania. In addition to the provost Helmwig, the first monks to come were the priests Dietrich and Bruningus from the Berge monastery.
When it was founded, the monastery was not equipped very extensively and so the village of Stolpe formed the first land ownership. In the 13th century, the monastery was able to expand its possessions primarily through bishop and ducal donations. Was the first phase of employment, the end of a document from Duke Bogislaw I from 1182 and one from Pope Honorius III. issued confirmation of ownership of 1226/27 is marked, still determined by priority acquisition of land in the vicinity of Stolpe, so now also more distant property complexes came into the interest of the convention. In the area of the Gützkow principality it was the villages Quilow , Polzin and several villages that no longer exist today. In 1222 the village of Liepen was donated to the monastery by Duchess Ingardis. Dobroslawa , daughter of Duke Bogislaw II. Transferred in 1226 as "Countess tho Gützkow" other goods from the Gützkower possessions . Over a hundred documented mentions of possessions of the monastery have been preserved, including since 1243 of the village of Korswandt , the Lassovniza stream, a forest and Lake Wolgast on the island of Usedom . The mills owned by the monastery represented an abundant source of income. 11 water and wind mills can be identified.
At the end of the 13th century the monastery fell into economic decline. There is almost no news about this, but the Convention itself also seemed to be in a serious crisis. On October 9, 1301, Abbot Gottfried signed an important brotherhood agreement with the Benedictine monastery in Cismar . It should serve as the basis for the reform of the Stolpe monastery by the Cismar monastery and change the existing abuses in the monastic discipline. The contract also stipulated that the two monasteries should accept each other's monks as if they were their own. The Cismar abbot was commissioned to visit the Stolpe monastery every two years together with two other monks. The contract with the Cismar monastery did not seem to have helped the Stolper monastery much. Because the Cistercian rule was introduced in Stolpe in 1304 and the abbot lost important privileges a short time later.
The monastery had not founded its own priories until then. Stolper church ownership goes back to the founding time when Bishop Adelbart transferred the church in Stolpe to the convent in 1153.
Transition to the Cistercians
In 1304, under Abbot Diethmar, the monastery converted to the Cistercian order . The general chapter in Citeaux designated Pforta monastery on the Saale as the mother monastery, while Dünamünde and Falkenau in Livonia became daughter monasteries of Stolpe. Dünamünde was sold to the Teutonic Order in 1305 . The local Cistercian convent moved to Padise near Reval in Estonia , where a new monastery was founded in 1310. The monastery was finally accepted into the Cistercian order in 1305. The monastery had patronage for the churches in Liepen , Neuenkirchen (1300), Rathebur , Wusseken (1296) and in Ziethen (1237) including the branch churches Rubkow and Bünzow.
The economic situation improved and consolidated through the increase in goods. The monastery had a hospital and a library. In 1348 the Stolper Convent had 13 members besides the abbot. Abbot Johann von Stolpe supported the founding of the University of Greifswald . Stolpe experienced an economic boom in the 14th century, but at the end of the 15th century, after the sale of properties, the monastery also began to decline spiritually.
reformation
During the visitation in 1520 a new abbot was elected to renew the religious life. But on August 27, 1532, the dukes Barnim XI agreed . and Philip I. zu Wolgast on the expropriation of the monastery. It is not known what position the monks took on the Reformation . The last abbot from 1531 to 1534 was Matthias.
During the secularization of 1534, decided by the state parliament in Treptow an der Rega , the monastery and its lands came into the possession of the Dukes of Pommern-Wolgast, who established the Stolpe office here. During the Thirty Years' War , the monastery was damaged by fire and looting. Imperial troops had holed up there and were shot at by the Swedish army. In 1648 Stolpe came to Sweden and in 1720 to Prussia.
building
Very few remains of the original monastery building have survived after the destruction of the Thirty Years' War . The first structural historical investigations were carried out together with archaeological excavations for the first time in the summer of 1957 to 1960 at the ruins. Recent excavation finds from 2002 allow a rudimentary reconstruction of the monastery church, which was built until 1190. It is a three-aisled field stone building without a transept. The choir was divided into two equally large rooms by a wide wall template and belt arches and separated from the central nave and only extended lengthways over the side aisles with its east, straight chancel . The church had two subsidiary choirs, of which the north was proven. Further excavations in this area were not possible due to the later overbuilding of the area with an estate. After the excavation in 2002, the dimensions of the monastery church with the excavated foundations of the pillars were marked by paving in the lawn. After the excavations were completed, the rest of the building was secured and a tent roof was erected over the ruins. This happened in preparation for the anniversary celebrations in 2003 (850 years of Stolpe Monastery). Unfortunately the tent collapsed after a storm in 2005.
The uniformity of the construction plan, the material and its treatment indicate that the church, including the west tower, was built without major interruptions in one construction phase. Today only the ruins of the west tower remain.
Other buildings at the beginning of the 15th century are documented, but these cannot be clearly located in the excavation area. The first construction phase should have started by the middle of the 12th century at the latest. The choir and nave were already completed in 1176 when Bishop Konrad I von Salzwedel and Duke Casimir von Pomerania were staying in the monastery for the consecration of a round chapel. The consecration of another chapel has been handed down from 1423. The capella rotunda , consecrated in 1176 , has not yet been archaeologically proven. The purpose of this round church, whose interpretation as a grave and memorial church for Wartislaw I is preferred to a baptistery, is also completely open.
Next to the ruins of the monastery is the office building, which was built from materials from the monastery. It served as the administration building of the ducal office of Stolpe. It later served as a church space until the Stolper Church was rebuilt. Today it houses a collection of trough mills and other millstones from the Neolithic to the Slav period.
During the destruction of the monastery complex by the Swedish troops on August 27, 1637, not all buildings seem to have been destroyed, because in 1654 remains of the round church were reported. These were razed in the following years and used to extract building material. An early Gothic gable on the southern side wing of the Stolpe manor house could still come from the days of the monastery. Two bells from the 15th century and eight votive discs with biblical representations are now in the church in Medow .
Abbots and provosts of the monastery
Names and dates indicate the documented mention as abbot or provost
Provost
- 1153–1156 Helmwig
Dept
- 1176–1183 Helmwig
- 1184 Heinrich
- 1186-1189 Hartung
- 1216-1219 Siegfried
- 1225–1252 Gottschalk
- 1251–1264 Günther
- 1267–1296 Rudolf (Radulf)
- 1276-1279 Hildebrand
- 1281 Hildebrand
- 1286-1287 Hildebrand
- 1299–1301 Gottfried
- 1303-1305 Dithmar
- 1531–1534 Matthias
seal
A convent seal was preserved on a document from Abbot Radulf from 1283, which is now in the Lübeck city archive . The certificate also bears the abbot's seal. The convent seal has been in the custody of the prior, the custodian and the cantor under three locks since 1301. The seal inscription reads: Sigillum Capituli (Stol) pensis ecclesie .
The seal of Abbot Radulf is pointed oval and shows in the seal picture an abbot figure enthroned on a chair decorated with swan necks with an open book in the right hand and with an abbot's staff in the left. The inscription read: S (igillum) Radolfi Abb (atis) S (an) c (t) i Ioh (ann) is in Stolp .
A coat of arms of the Stolpe Abbey has not survived.
literature
- F. Schulz: The foundation of the Stolp Monastery on the Peene. Baltic Studies 31, 1881 pp. 1–70.
- J. Fait: The Stolpe Benedictine Abbey. An excavation report, Greifswald-Stralsunder Jahrbuch 3, 1963 pp. 119-134.
- Werner Wöller: Prehistory and Early History, Middle Ages and Early Modern Times. In: Ortsgeschichtskommission Gützkow (Ed.): Gützkower Heimatgeschichte. Issue 2/1990
- 850 years of Stolpe on the Peene. Festschrift (Ed.) Municipality of Stolpe an der Peene, Stolpe 2002.
- Rolf Bahler: The Stolpe Monastery - The oldest monastery in Pomerania . In: Heimatkalender ANKLAM and surroundings 2003, year 74, new episode 12. Founded by Max Sander. Uckerland: Schibri-Verlag 2002, pp. 23-26, fig, ISBN 3-933978-67-X
- Christof Römer / Monika Lücke : The Benedictine monasteries in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Saxony. Volume X-2, St. Ottilien [among others] 2012, therein: Martin Schoebel: Stolpe. ISBN 978-3-8306-7571-6 pp. 1421-1439.
Individual evidence
- ^ Ingeborg Lohfink : Western Pomerania - encounters with the land by the sea. P. 28, Hinstorff Verlag, Rostock 1991, ISBN 3-356-00418-2
- ↑ Pomeranian Document Book 1 (1868) No. 67.
- ↑ PUB 1 No. 43.
- ↑ PUB 1. No. 421.
- ↑ Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburg Regest and Documents (SHRU) III. 16 pp. 7-9.
- ↑ PUB 4. No. 2002.
- ↑ PUB 4. No. 2187.
- ↑ PUB 4. No. 2190.
- ↑ Landesarchiv Greifswald , Rep. 1, Stolpe, No. 74.
- ↑ Martin Schoebel : Transmission of late medieval documents from Pomerania in the state archive. Problems and perspectives of an edition . Marburg 1998, pp. 61-79.
- ↑ Lübeck City Archives , Pomerania No. 22.
- ↑ PUB 4 No. 2002.