Cismar Monastery
The Cismar monastery was a Benedictine abbey in Cismar , municipality of Grömitz in Schleswig-Holstein from 1245 to 1561 , and today serves as a branch of the Schleswig-Holstein State Museum for art exhibitions .
Current state of construction
The building is built in the brick Gothic style , with numerous bricks being specially made for future use. It consists of a single-nave high church without a tower. The former lay section in the west was separated and rebuilt in the Baroque style as the apartment of the bailiff of the office of Cismar . This section is now used as a branch of the Schleswig-Holstein State Museum for art exhibitions in the summer. Other single-storey buildings enclose the square inner courtyard in the east and south, the outlines of the cloister are indicated by stone markings. The western component is no longer preserved. The western front is designed as a stepped gable. Excavations in 1965 revealed that the original building had already been significantly enlarged around 1320. The entire complex is enclosed by a moat and earth walls.
historical overview
The St. John's Monastery in Cismar was not re-founded, but moved from Lübeck to Cismar from 1245 onwards. The Lübeck Convention owned land in Ostholstein from the start. When the abbey was relocated, no place other than Cismar was in question.
From the beginnings to secularization
In 1177, after the bishopric was moved from Oldenburg to Lübeck , the Lübeck bishop Heinrich I of Brussels called Benedictine monks from Braunschweig to the city and consecrated a monastery there , the Johanniskloster . Presumably under Abbot Johann I, daughters and widows of Lübeck patricians were accepted as nuns . Canon law did not tolerate monks and nuns living together in a monastery. There were complaints about the grievances in the double monastery , "the monastery brothers do not behave like monks inside and outside the monastery walls". The Benedictine monks then had difficulties in leading a life according to the rules of the order.
The dispute over the relocation of the convent from Lübeck to Cismar began by 1230 at the latest. In a document dated October 25, 1231, on the order of Count Adolf IV., A relocation of the St. John's Monastery to Cicimeresthorp in the east of the still barely Christianized Wagrien peninsula was reported. The transfer of the monks' convent was not without difficulties, because there was a legal dispute over the legality of this transfer. Abbot Johann I and part of the convent moved to Cismar in 1245 and began to rebuild the monastery there. The clashes did not end until March 1256.
The Cismar Convention was never large in number. However, specific information is only available for the 14th and 15th centuries. In a document dated May 21, 1325, apart from Abbot Wiprecht and Prior Johann II, 18 monks document a sale. If the convention was bigger, it was certainly not much. In 1328 Abbot John VIII and 16 monks were named, while in 1346 next to Abbot John XI. 13 were monks. A document from 1361 shows that part of the monastery inmates died of the plague during the plague epidemic.
After the abbey became part of the Bursfeld congregation , 25 monks were listed in documents in 1502 and 21 monks in 1513. The document of December 16, 1502 is so far the only evidence for a list of names of all monks present in the local monastery. The certificate of attachment of the monastery to the Bursfelder Union dates from October 13, 1449, the Lübeck Bishop Arnold Westphal gave his consent to this connection on October 8, 1451. The monastery was in 1502 by the papal legate, Cardinal Raymond Peraudi , Bishop of Gurk, the jubilation discharge- granted.
Nine brotherhood contracts from the Cismar monastery have survived, two of which date from the time before the relocation to Cismar. In 1283 the monastery renewed a brotherhood contract with the Aegidienkloster in Braunschweig and in 1290 with the Ratzeburg cathedral chapter . The most important contract was signed on October 9, 1301 with the Benedictine monastery Stolpe on the Peene in Pomerania. With the Bordesholm monastery , Cismar concluded a friendship treaty on October 1, 1389, which also gave the Cismar convent a preponderance.
The Preetz Benedictine Convent temporarily subordinated itself to monks from Cismar for the management of spiritual and economic matters. Since there was no other monastery of the Benedictine order in the Lübeck diocese, the abbot of Cismar was the higher-level spiritual authority alongside the Lübeck bishop. They were also responsible for appointing the monastery provost. So two Cismar monks became provosts in the Preetz monastery. Konrad was provost there from 1275 to 1285, and the monastery church was built under him. From 1491 monk Hermann Kulpin was provost for only one year, because of his inability to manage the large business there.
In the first half of the 15th century, the monastery was leaning against his diocesan bishop and tried before the Council of Basle the exemption to reach, but failed. The petition then submitted to the Basel Council by the Lübeck Bishop Johannes Schele , in which he wanted support against the Cismar Abbot Thomas Lunow, was decided in his favor on June 1, 1436. The council found that the monastery was subject to the Lübeck monastery in everything and that it had to obey. However, the bishop did not succeed in removing the abbot because the convent was on the abbot's side. The Cismar abbot was ordained neither by the bishop nor by his representative. The relationship with the Lübeck bishop's chair did not improve in later years either.
The Cismarer abbot Walter Vechel was 1498 by Pope Alexander VI. Deployed several times as a visitor and reformer of the Benedictine order in the Mecklenburg monasteries of Dobbertin and Rühn in order to remove the disorder that had torn down in the monasteries there .
Economic conditions
By selling the village of Sycima (Cismar) in 1237 to the monks of the St. Johannes Monastery in Lübeck, Count Adolf IV of Holstein created an important prerequisite for the relocation of the monastery. The economic basis for the monastery was relatively good from the start, as it had already systematically expanded and rounded off its property in Wagrien , in the vicinity of the later Cismar monastery, in its Lübeck years . In the 13th and 14th centuries, the documents report pious foundations and reliquaries, lawsuits and dispute resolutions, as well as pension and real estate transactions. Their goal was consistently to expand the properties in Cismar.
The village of Grömitz , which is adjacent to Cismar , was acquired by the monks in 1322 from the Lords of Westensee . Count Johann III. von Holstein handed over the patronage of the church in Grömitz to the monks , around 1400 it was incorporated into the abbey .
In 1325 the Cismar Abbey owned a port directly in front of the monastery, 22 whole and two half villages near the monastery, twelve mills, lakes and fish ponds. In addition to two mills in Cismar, the monks also owned the Dammhusener mill west of Wismar . The extensive land holdings in Lauenburg came in Mecklenburg more villages and float added in rapid succession. In the years between 1303 and 1321, the monastery bought ten other properties to the west and east of Wismar in addition to the already existing villages of Krempin and Schmakentin , and by 1318 three farms from councilor Johannes de Crkow zu Wismar in the Vogtsgrube, today's Claus-Jesup -Straße in Wismar and up to 1321 parts and entire villages on the island of Poel .
The Cismar monks significantly promoted the development of the Wagrian land and set up an extensive service for the poor. Almost without exception, the monastery acquired its properties in Holstein with high and low jurisdiction . In the plague years around 1350, the land could often not be cultivated because many tenants died, fled or refused to pay the taxes. Towards the end of the 14th century, the monastery was already expanding its land holdings again. The battles for the Duchy of Schleswig between the Danish kings and the Holstein counts in the 15th century, when the monastery and property were devastated when Erich von Pomerania invaded Wagrien, brought new setbacks .
Buildings
Nothing is known about the beginning and progress of the construction of the church and monastery. A first monastery church, the establishment of which is to be set around 1245 because of the monks who had come from Lübeck, was extended to the east between 1260 and 1300 with two bays with a polygonal choir closure. The historical building studies carried out from 1965 to 1970 showed that the four-bay western section of the first monastery church was redesigned in the 14th century. An indoor lettner separated this part from the monk choir. The total length of the single-nave, arched building is 62 meters. The end of the choir is quite impressive in the simple size of the forms of Luebian early Gothic.
In order to be able to properly display the large reliquary treasure of the monastery, an elaborate three-winged high altar shrine was installed in the choir between 1310 and 1320 . The five deep niches in the middle part of the altarpiece, previously divided by borders, show motifs from the life of Jesus in 15 fields. In the right wing there are scenes from the life of Benedict and in the left wing from the legend of John the Evangelist , the monastery patron. Some of the figures were probably made around 1250. The wood-carved bas-reliefs still have the original color. The altar is attributed to the same workshop as the Bocholt stalls in Lübeck Cathedral ; it was probably created by Hermann Walther von Kolberg and his workshop. It is the oldest carved altar known in art history.
Over 800 valuable relics such as a drop of Christ's blood, a thorn of his crown, which was given to the Bishop of Lübeck by Heinrich II , and the sacred spring on the monastery grounds made the monastery an important place of pilgrimage . This also meant big income. Due to the plague and as a result of the armed conflict between the Danish king and the Holstein nobility, pilgrimages declined, and the income from the land was no longer sufficient to maintain the monastery. On May 23, 1432 Pope Eugene IV was asked for support for the maintenance.
The church and part of the refectory have been preserved from the monastery buildings. Much of the church has been converted into a residence. The cloister can be demonstrated by arches and consoles that are still visible. The grave slab of Lübeck councilor Heinrich von Hachede from 1473 is embedded in a brick pillar on the south side .
Abolition of the monastery
In the course of the Lutheran Reformation , the authenticity of the relics was withdrawn by the Lübeck bishop. This led to its importance as a place of pilgrimage dwindling. The decline of the monastery continued, but little is known about the actual effects in the Cismar Monastery. At the Rendsburg state parliament on March 9, 1542, the adoption of the Protestant church order was decided. The monastery was visited in 1542 by Bishop Nikolaus Sachow von Lübeck and fell to Duke Adolf von Holstein-Gottorp when the country was divided in 1544 , who appointed Joachim von Rantzau as bailiff.
The monastic community initially continued. The monastery was abandoned around 1560 and later converted into a state palace. The last document handed down by Abbot Augustine dates from December 20, 1559, Duke Adolf did not approve the decision of the abbot until December 2, 1560. The repeal was completed in 1561. The Cismarer Hof of the Cismar Monastery in Lübeck was sold in 1563.
Johannes Stricker was appointed the first Protestant pastor in Cismar and introduced by the bailiff of the monastery in Cismar in autumn 1561. Stricker was expelled from Holstein in 1572 and went to Lübeck, where he died in 1599. The first evangelical clergyman of the Grömitz patronage church was Andreas Grote, who got a lifelong right of residence there in 1559. On January 28, 1561, Benedikt von Ahlefeldt was appointed bailiff and in the same year 1561 the monastery was finally secularized and the monastery area was converted into an office. Since Abbot Augustine presumably was in old age and the convent submitted without contradiction, the abolition of the monastery seemed to have taken place without any problems without any escape or expulsion.
Abbots of Cismar
Names and dates indicate the documented mention as abbot .
- 1219–1246 Johann I.
- Johann II. Stultus
- 1251–1252 Gottfried de Elbing
- 1253-1255 John III. from Landesbergen
- 1256 Herbord I.
- 1258 Dietrich I. von Vlothow
- 1263-1276 Herbord II.
- Hartwich from Stolpe
- 1276–1278 Johann IV. Of Lüneburg
- 1280–1286 Johann V. von Lüneburg (resigned)
- 1290–1296 Heinrich von Brilow (resigned)
- 1296–1305 Johann VII. Von Stolpe
- 1306 Johann VII von Ledereke
- 1308-1325 Wiprecht
- Konrad (not documented)
- Christian (not documented)
- 1326-1328 John VIII. Bowekendorp
- 1329-1363 Johann IX. Parchimus Hovemann
- 1368–1371 Ludolf
- 1389–1400 Nikolaus Sidenkrul
- 1411 Johann X.
- 1426–1427 Lorenz I
- 1432 Georg
- 1436–1447 Thomas Lunau
- 1449–1459 Gerhard II. Bruzevitz
- 1460–1464 Dietrich II.
- 1465–1473 Gerhard III.
- 1473–1494 Heinrich II. Von Minden
- 1495–1504 Walter Vechel
- 1504–1512 Lorenz II.
- 1513–1542 Johann X. Vechel
- 1542–1560 Augustin (with him closes the Copenhagen abbot list) he was almost certainly the last reigning abbot of the monastery.
Priors of Cismar
Names and years indicate the documented mention as prior .
- 1227 Friedrich
- 1232 Arnold I.
- 1241 Herbord
- 1256 Johann I.
- 1283 Otto
- 1296 Bertram
- 1310 Arnold II.
- 1318–1331 Johann II.
- 1345-1347 Bruno
- 1361–1363 Ludolf (from 1368 abbot of Cismar)
- 1368–1370 Nicholas II.
- 1389-1400 Christian
- 1409 Georg (abbot of Cismar from 1432)
- 1411 Johann III.
- 1432–1441 Marquard Wheel
- 1449-1454 Henning
- 1460 Tilemann
- 1465–1466 Mathias I.
- 1467–1470 Heinrich (probably abbot from 1473 as Heinrich von Minden in Cismar)
- 1473–1488 John VI.
- 1491 Albert
- 1494–1502 Johann V.
- 1507–1510 Mathias II.
- 1518–1529 Augustin (later was abbot of the monastery and ruled it until it was abolished)
- 1546 Mathias III. Grunderbeke
- 1558 John VI. (last verifiable prior of the Cismar monastery)
seal
The seal of the Cismar convent shows a backward-looking, soaring eagle, the emblem of the Evangelist John, under whose patronage Cismar stood. In its claws the eagle holds a banner with the opening words of the Gospel of John: IN PRINCIPIO ERAT VERBUM. The description is: S + CONVENTUS + S + IOANIS + EWG + I + SICIMER + The seal comes from a document of the Diocese of Lübeck from June 22, 1305, Eutin.
After the abolition of the monastery
After the dissolution of the monastery community, their property fell to the Gottorf ducal line in 1561 , who converted it into a castle with an estate. A further reconstruction took place in 1768, when the grand ducal bailiff David Reinhold Sievers of the western part of the church was separated and through retirement zweiner false ceilings in an apartment as the seat of the bailiff was transformed. After that, the monastery served for a long time as a barn, bailiff's apartment, storage location for Kiel University Library during World War II, refugee hostel, youth hostel, school - until it threatened to deteriorate.
Famous is the large and rich monastery library, which first came to Gottorf Castle and was moved to the Danish Royal Library in Copenhagen after 1712 , where 110 Latin manuscripts and 149 incunabula from Cismar can still be found today .
Further use
Since 1987, after extensive restoration and expansion from 1982 onwards, the Cismar Monastery has become the branch of the Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Foundation . Here changing exhibitions of national importance take place, in the winter half year in the vaulted hall top-class concert events of the Förderkreis Kloster Cismar eV The monastery festival Cismar on the second weekend in August is known far beyond the national borders, a very demanding craft market with approx. 150 marketers and 60,000-80,000 Visitors per year. 25% of the surpluses generated by the Förderkreis Kloster Cismar eV go to the Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Foundation for use in Cismar, the remainder to the maintenance and design of the monastery and the cultural revitalization of the monastery island (concerts, readings, cultural awards, etc.).
literature
- AF Nissen: Economic description of the office of Cismar. In: New Schleswig-Holstein Provincial Reports 1, 1811, pp. 18–53, 122–146.
- C. Kiss: The former monasteries of the Benedictine order in the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. In: Staatsbürgerliches Magazin 9, 1829, pp. 600–694.
- CF Mooyer: Chronological index of the abbots of the Lübeck Benedictine monastery Cismar. In: Journal of the Association for Lübeck History, I., 1860, pp. 184–196.
- R. Haupt: The Lübeck St. Johannis Monastery, its establishment and expansion in Wagrien and the Cismar Monastery. In: Lübeckische Blätter 63, 1921, p. 296 ff.
- Carsten Fleischhauer: Cismar Monastery . 2nd, completely revised edition. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich, Berlin 2004 (DKV Art Guide No. 229/4)
- Kurt Borchard: The oldest winged altar shrine. Cismar and its sights. Dialog-Verlag 1996, ISBN 3-923707-01-0
- Jan Martin Meissner: The monastery church to Cismar ( large architectural monuments , issue 229). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich, Berlin 1969
- Jan Martin Meissner: Building history and reconstruction of the Benedictine monastery in Cismar / Ostholstein. Kiel 1976
- Amadeus Eilermann (OSB): GERMANIA BENEDICTINA VI. The Benedictine monasteries in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Bremen. St. Ottilien 1979 ISBN 3-88096-606-0 , pp. 101-108.
- Anna-Therese Grabkowsky: The Cismar Monastery . In: Sources and research on the history of Schleswig-Holstein . Neumünster 1982 ISBN 3-529-02180-6 , pp. 9-182.
See also
Web links
- Publications on the Cismar Monastery in the Opac of the Regesta Imperii
- Homepage of the place
- Information about the monastery
Individual evidence
- ^ Document book of the city of Lübeck (UBStL) I. 104 p. 103, I. 136 p. 71.
- ↑ Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburgische Regesten und Urkunden (SHRU) I. 490 p. 226, 227.
- ↑ UBStL I. 226 p. 206, 207.
- ↑ Anna-Therese Grabkowsky: The Brotherhood contracts. In: Das Kloster Cismar , 1982 pp. 64–66.
- ↑ SHRU II. 633 p. 251.
- ^ Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch MUB III. (1865) No. 2081.
- ↑ SHRU III. 16 pp. 7-9.
- ↑ SHRU VII. 837 p. 592.
- ↑ Anna-Therese Grabkowsky: The relationship to spiritual institutions of the Lübeck diocese. In: The Cismar Monastery , 1982 pp. 60–63.
- ↑ State Main Archive Schwerin (LHAS) 1.5-4 / 3 documents Dobbertin Monastery Regesten No. 194, 196.
- ↑ MUB VII. (1872) No. 4653
- ↑ Amadeus Eilermann (OSB): architectural and art history . In: GERMANIA BENEDICTINA VI. 1979 p. 105.
- ↑ Landesarchiv Schleswig-Holstein (LAS) UA 115 No. 86, 87.
- ^ Archives of the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (AHL.Hs.) 900.b. P. 677.
- ↑ Amadeus Eilermann (OSB): Abbots of Cismar . In: GERMANIA BENEDICTINA, VI. 1979 p. 105.
- ↑ Anna-Therese Grabkowsky: ABTS and Prior list . In: The Cismar Monastery , 1982 pp. 113–120
- ↑ Anna-Therese Grabkowsky: The monastery Cismar . 1982 pp. 119-120.
- ↑ Ulrich Kuder u. a. (Ed.): The library of the Gottorfer dukes. Nordhausen: Bautz 2008 ISBN 3-88309-459-5 , p. 45
Coordinates: 54 ° 11 ′ 24 ″ N , 10 ° 59 ′ 9 ″ E