St. John's Monastery (Lübeck)
The St. John's Monastery in Lübeck was founded as a Benedictine monastery by Bishop Heinrich I at the time of Henry the Lion and was consecrated to the Evangelist Johannes in 1177 . It belonged to the Diocese of Lübeck . After it was in the meantime a double monastery , it was converted into a Cistercian monastery in 1246 and continued as a virgin monastery until 1803 after the Reformation .
historical overview
founding
In 1158, the Duke of Saxony Heinrich the Lion forced Count Adolf II of Holstein to cede Lübeck to him. Two years later the bishopric was moved from the distant and insignificant Oldenburg to the rapidly growing Lübeck. Bishop Konrad was also a supporter of the Duke of Saxony, who died on his pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1172. The monk Heinrich of the Benedictine monastery of St. Aegidien in Braunschweig and abbot there from 1162, was elected bishop of Lübeck as Heinrich the Lion's closest confidante. When he came to Lübeck in June 1173, there were two town churches, St. Marien and St. Petri, as well as a wooden cathedral . At that time there was no monastery in the city. A medieval city that is rapidly gaining importance is hardly conceivable without a monastery.
Bishop Heinrich therefore tried to get monks from his former monastery and began building the monastery. On Aegidiustag, September 1, 1177, he was able to consecrate church and monastery. His foundation in Luebeck received the same cartridge as the monastery in Brunswick: the Virgin Mary , John the Evangelist, who gave as the main patron of the new monastery named Archbishop Auctor and Giles . The latter two were taken over by the Brunswick Benedictine monastery. The most important evidence for the foundation of the monastery is the founding document of Bishop Heinrich I of Lübeck and Arnold's Slavic Chronicle .
The newly founded monastery was occupied by Benedictine monks. In a transcript handed down by the abbot and convent on August 20, 1283, it is expressly reported that the first monks came from Braunschweig, Ecclesia beati Egidi in Bruswich, de qua originem traximus et tanquam a matre filia egressi et translati sumus. The first abbot was the monk Arnold from St. Aegidien in Braunschweig, who moved to Lübeck with some monks, books, paraments and other essentials for life and became known there as the chronicler Arnold von Lübeck . At Arnold's express request, the monastery received from two popes, in 1191 from Pope Celestine III. and in 1198 by Pope Innocent III. , a letter of protection and confirmation of all possessions. The emerging tensions between the bishop and the self-confident citizens of Lübeck will have prompted him to do so. The monastery was in the favor of the bishop, survived the changing political situations without damage and quickly gained importance and property. Abbot Arnold led the monastery for almost 40 years and his reign was recognized in the abbot list.
Double monastery
Presumably under his successor Abbot Gerhard I, nuns were also accepted into the monastery. The Benedictine monks then had difficulties in leading a life according to the rules of the order. The lack of discipline in the monastery was justified in 1245 with the monks floating around the city . But for the legate Albrecht, not only the wandering was evidence of a lack of monastic discipline . Living together with the nuns is also said to have contributed to the bad reputation in 1246 . The allegations made against the monastery about living with the nuns should not have been the sole reason for the later transfer. The grievances of this double monastery only knew how to paint a detailed picture of the 18th century.
How numerous the nobility were represented in the convent cannot be established.
After the death of the founding bishop Heinrich I, the successors in Lübeck, the bishops Berthold and Johann I, tried to reform the monastery. Archbishop Gerhard II of Bremen confirmed the transfer of the monks as early as 1231 because of economic and disciplinary difficulties . On January 2, 1245, Bishop of Lübeck notarized the separation of the St. John's Monastery in Lübeck, which had become a double monastery. He ordered the transfer of the monks to Cismar in Ostholstein and the introduction of Cistercian nuns to the Lübeck monastery. The certificate of consent dates from the same January 2, 1245. As early as January 14, 1245, Archbishop Gerhard II of Bremen, in his capacity as Metropolitan, confirmed that of his proxy, the Dominican prior Ernst of Hamburg and the Franciscan brother, Count Adolf IV of Schaumburg, and the bishop Johann von Lübeck ordered the transfer of the monks to Cismar. Abbot John I and part of the convent moved to Cismar and began to build the new monastery there. The differences over the final evacuation of the Lübeck monastery with the remaining group of opposing monks dragged on for another two years. It was not until 1247 that all monks seem to have left Lübeck.
The St. John's monastery with the three remaining Cistercian nuns was headed from 1245 by the first abbess Clementina after the Cistercian observance and kept the patronage of the apostle and evangelist Johannes. Even with the division of property between the nunnery and the monastery there were persistent and protracted negotiations for years.
Relocation of the monks' convent
The transfer of the monks' convent of St. John's Monastery from Lübeck to Cismar was not without difficulties. A legal dispute arose, on the one hand about the legality of this relocation and on the other hand about the compensation of the monks who were moved to Cismar by the nuns of the Cistercian order who had moved to the Lübeck St. Johannes monastery. It was first reported in 1231, but it was not until 1238 that Count Adolf IV of Holstein notarized the transfer of the place Cismar to the monks. The reasons given for the relocation were the monks' lack of discipline, the deterioration of worldly goods, the high cost of living in the city, which is not very suitable for monastic life, and the disagreement with the Lübeck council.
After the death of Bishop Johann von Lübeck in 1250, the monks received a new investigation into their transfer issue by appealing to Pope Innocent IV . In a confirmation bull on October 25, 1251 , the Apostolic Delegate Archbishop Suerbeer of Livonia , Estonia and Prussia confirmed all decisions regarding the transfer of the Benedictines to Cismar, the conversion of the Lübeck monastery into a Cistercian nunnery and the separation of the monastery properties. It was remarkable that part of the Lübeck cathedral chapter openly sided with the monks. These canons were banned from church in 1254 by Archbishop Albert, the administrator of the Lübeck diocese, together with the Cismar convent. Among the banned were the cathedral scholaster Johannes, the canon Otto and the cathedral canon Pylatus. The cathedral scholaster Johannes belonged to the Holstein knight family von Tralau, in contrast to Adolf IV, and was bishop of Lübeck from 1259. Canon Otto may have been a patrician son from Lübeck from the Bocholt family, and he was probably on the side of the Benedictines from the start.
Economic conditions
Around 1183 Abbot Arnold notarized the conditions under which some of the properties bought by Bishop Heinrich I for the monastery from his own resources were transferred. The new foundation was initially provided with around 30 Hufen land by the local bishop.
Count Adolf III. von Holstein sold the village of Lugendorp and the forest of Grunswedighe to the monastery in 1195. Since the land around Lübeck was in firm possession towards the end of the 12th century, the Johanneskloster struggled for land in Wagerin. In 1201 Abbot Arnold acquired from Count Arnold III. Kassedorf, while Count Albert von Holstein gave the village of Kükelühn as a gift. Heinrich Burwin von Mecklenburg sold the village of Schmakentin to the monks with all rights and benefits and gave the village of Krempin as a gift . Around 1219, Bishop Brunward von Schwerin sold half of the tithe from the villages of Krempin and Schmakentin to the Lübeck monastery. Over the years, property in Mecklenburg was added.
The monastery also had milling and fishing rights in Lübeck, as well as land near the city. However, the transfer of the village of Sycima Cismar to the Lübeck Benedictine monastery is particularly significant for the relocation of St. John's Monastery, which was ordered in 1231 . This was made possible by an exchange contract between Abbot Johannes and Count Adolf IV of Holstein . The monastery received high and low jurisdiction over the areas in Wagrien from the sovereign .
Most of the rich possessions in the surrounding area, such as today's Lübeck districts of Wulfsdorf, Beidendorf, Blankensee and Kücknitz as well as the villages of Utecht and Schattin on the east bank of the Ratzeburg Lake , were administered by the city as municipal monastery villages .
Buildings
When the Benedictines began to move to Cismar, they had almost completed the western part of the St. Johann monastery church in Lübeck. It was a 53 meter long, three-aisled basilica with a nave in a bound system, a central nave three bays in length and a transept. The choir and the secondary choirs were closed by apses. Nothing is known about other monastery buildings.
The occupation of the orphaned St. John's monastery from 1245 on with Cistercian women also brought structural measures with it. The Romanesque apses were demolished and replaced by a trapezoidal choir. The low side aisles were raised and brought under one roof with the central nave. Since there was no tower, a turret with a lantern roof was placed over the yoke on the west side, which Diebel clearly stated in his woodcut from 1552.
Most of the monastery buildings including the Romanesque three-nave monastery church were demolished in 1805/1806. While almost the entire equipment was lost, the organ in the church of Groß Grönau was rebuilt. The altar from 1709 came to Oldesloe in the Soherrschen new building of the Peter-Paul-Kirche from 1757/64, where it was largely destroyed during a comprehensive renovation in 1960.
Forty-eight medieval tombstones have survived for the Johannes monastery and its church, one of which was erected in 1396 in the monastery garden on the north wall, but is currently not verifiable. The rest are definitely missing except for eight. Three copies were sold to Bothmer Castle when the monastery church was demolished between 1806 and 1809 and are placed there in the burial place of the von Bothmer family in the new cemetery in Klütz , one is in the school yard of the Johanneum in Lübeck and the rest in St. Anne's -Museum in Lübeck. A Lübsche saga refers to each of the two non-preserved tombstones for three sisters each, who were all nuns of the monastery, which thematizes their violent end.
The forest property of the monastery was administered by its own chief forester from the forest house Waldhusen .
Evangelical women's pen
After the Reformation , the monastery remained as a monastery for unmarried women under the name of the St. Johannes-Jungfrauenkloster Foundation and claimed imperial immediacy to the city council , which it actually had until the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803 . After nationalization , the monastery was run as a municipal institution from February 25, 1803. As early as January 4, 1804, the Lübeck council took over the entire inventory and sold it.
Further use
Around 1900 the large monastery property was divided. The Johanneum grammar school and the “new” main fire station were built on the northern part by 1906 . The grammar school now uses the remaining medieval refectory of the former monastery for music education.
Compared to the Johanneum, on the street at that time through the monastery grounds continuing Johannisstraße (now Dr.-Julius-Leber-Straße ) was 1903/1904 built a new building with 43 apartments for the elderly under the name of St. John's virgins pen , which the The tradition of the monastery continues as an urban retirement home. The main fire station was built next to a steam mill and moved into the very last remnant of the Johanneskloster, a wing of the summer refectory. Round-arched friezes made of green-glazed shaped stones are evidence of Romanesque origins.
Abbots and Abbesses of St. John
Names and years indicate the documented mention as abbot or abbess
- 1177–1213 Arnold von Lübeck
- 1214–1217 Gerhard I.
- 1219–1246 John I.
- 1245- Clementina
- - 1296 Alberg Helle
- - 1309 Windelburg de Ponte ( from Bruges )
- - 1335 Adelheid Morum
- - 1347 Kunigunde of Bremen
- - 1348 Ida Vorrade
- - 1370 Hildegund Güstrow
- - 1401 Mechthild Wulf
- - 1404 Gertrud Safferan
- - 1417 Windelburg Pleskow
- - 1449 Gertrud Slüters
- - 1475 Elisabeth Kröpelin
- - 1502 Heilwig Saling
- - 1516 Gertrude Hoveman
- 1517–1538 Taleke / Adelheid Brömse (* 1471), daughter of the Lübeck mayor Heinrich Brömse . With reference to the imperial immediacy of the monastery, she averted its abolition during the Reformation .
- - 1552 Christina von Kempen
- - 1569 Elisabeth Salige, daughter of the Lübeck councilor Johann Salige
- - 1584 Mette / Mathilde Plönnies (1508–1584), daughter of the Lübeck mayor Hermann Plönnies
- 1584–1619 Magdalena Tegetmeyer
- ...
- 1663 Hardeke Henninges
- ...
- 1728–1740 Elsabe Hasenhart (1693–1740)
literature
- JR Becker : Cumbersome history of the imperial and the Holy Roman empire freyen city of Lübeck. I., Lübeck 1782, pp. 198-203.
- Georg Wilhelm Dittmer : History of the St. Johannis Jungfrauenkloster zu Lübeck. Lübeck 1825 ( digitized version ).
- Georg Wilhelm Dittmer: Documents about some of the properties in Meklenburg that were previously part of the St. Johannis Monastery in Lübek and the uplifts related to them. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher. Volume 21, 1856, pp. 193-214.
- Friedrich Techen : The tombstones of the churches in Lübeck , Rahtgens, Lübeck 1898, pp. 116–121 ( digitized version )
- R. Main: The Lübeck St. Jonannis monastery, its establishment and spread in Wagrien and monastery Cismar. In: Lübeckische Blätter. 63, 1921, p. 296 ff.
- Johannes Baltzer , Friedrich Bruns , Hugo Rahtgens: The architectural and art monuments of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck. Volume IV: The Monasteries. The town's smaller churches. The churches and chapels in the outskirts. Thought and way crosses and the Passion of Christ. Nöhring, Lübeck 1928. Facsimile reprint 2001, ISBN 3-89557-168-7 , pp. 3–34.
- Lutz Wilde : On the building history of the church of the Johanniskloster in Lübeck. In: The car . 1965, pp. 46-54.
- Amadeus Eilermann: Lübeck, St. Johannes. In: Germania Benedictina. Volume VI: Northern Germany. The Benedictine monasteries in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Bremen. St. Ottilien, 1979, ISBN 3-88096-606-0 , pp. 321-234.
- Anna-Therese Grabkowsky: The Cismar Monastery. Neumünster 1982, ISBN 3-529-02180-6 , pp. 13-29.
swell
- Letter of protection from Pope Celestine III. (1191 May 21) for the St. Johanneskloster in Lübeck (PL 206, 872 D-873 C)
- Arnoldi Lubecensis Gregorius peccator. Edited by G. von Buchwald, Kiel 1886.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Anna-Therese Grabkowsky: The foundation of the St. John's Monastery in Luebeck. In: The Cismar Monastery , 1982; Pp. 13-16.
- ↑ Landesarchiv Schleswig-Holstein (LAS) UA 115 No. 63 ... well-preserved monastery seal on the document dated February 3, 1488.
- ↑ Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburg Regesta and Documents (SHRU) I. 136 p. 71, 72.
- ^ Document book of the city of Lübeck (UBStL) I. 104 p. 103.
- ↑ Document book of the city of Lübeck (UBStL) I. 114 p. 112
- ↑ Amadeus Eilermann (OSB): Cismar . In: GERMANIA BENEDICTINA, VI. North Germany 1979, p. 101.
- ↑ Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch MUB I. (1863) No. 388.
- ↑ SHUR I. 578 pp. 260, 261.
- ^ Document book of the city of Lübeck (UBStL) III. 7 p. 11, I. 214 p. 195.
- ↑ Friederici, cathedral chapter H 2 p. 284.
- ↑ Friederici, cathedral chapter H 2 p. 31.
- ↑ Amadeus Eilermann (OSB): Lübeck, St. Johannes. In: GERMANIA BENEDICTINA VI. North Germany 1979, p. 323.
- ^ Rainer Andresen: Lübeck. History, churches, fortifications. I. 1988, p. 33.
- ^ Rainer Andresen: Lübeck. History, churches, fortifications. I. 1988, p. 33.
- ^ Klaus Krüger: Corpus of medieval grave monuments in Lübeck, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg 1100-1600 , Jan Thorbeke Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, pp. 771-799, ISBN 3-7995-5940-X
- ↑ Name of the grave slabs in the footnotes according to Klaus Krüger: Corpus of the medieval grave monuments in Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg.
- ↑ Grave slab "LÜJO * 2"
- ↑ Grave slab "LÜJO * 3"
- ↑ Tomb slab "LÜJO * 11"
- ↑ Grave slab received in Klütz "KLSO1"
- ↑ Grave slab received in Klütz "KLSO1"
- ↑ Grave slab "LÜJO * 17"
- ↑ Tomb slab "LÜJO * 26"
- ↑ Tomb slab "LÜJO * 27"
- ↑ Tomb slab "LÜJO * 31"
- ↑ Preserved grave slab, in St. Aegidien "LÜAE4"
- ↑ Tomb slab "LÜJO * 38"
- ↑ Tomb slab "LÜJO * 40"
- ↑ Tomb slab "LÜJO * 43"
- ↑ Grave slab "LÜJO * 46"
- ↑ Tomb slab "LÜJO * 47"
- ↑ Grave slab "LÜJO * 48"
- ↑ Grave slab received in Klütz "KLSO3"
- ^ Preserved double grave plate with the prioress Anna Smedes. Set up in 1939 in the schoolyard of the Johanneum in Lübeck "LÜSO1"
Coordinates: 53 ° 52 ′ 0 ″ N , 10 ° 41 ′ 33 ″ E