Historic Lübeck enclaves
The former Lübeck exclaves emerged from the 14th century mainly to strategically secure the political trade interests of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, which has been free from the empire since 1226 . The changes in the population of these areas are part of the foreign policy of this former city-state. With the mediatization of the Lübeck state system by the Greater Hamburg Law in 1937, the last remaining exclaves were added to the Prussian and Mecklenburg districts.
Duchy of Lauenburg
The focus and importance of the exclaves in the area of the Duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg exceeded all other territorial dimensions of Lübeck outside of its medieval Landwehr ; After all, they served to secure trade with Hamburg , the salt city of Lüneburg and the inland areas as the hinterland of the Baltic Sea port. The Duchy of the Dukes of Saxony-Lauenburg had split up into the two lines of Ratzeburg-Lauenburg and Mölln-Bergedorf during the 14th century. The Mölln-Bergedorfer line had no direct successor and was in financial straits. This resulted in opportunities for the Lübeckers to gain territorial security for the trade routes along the Alte Salzstrasse and the Stecknitz Canal , which they knew how to use.
Bergedorf
The largest exclave was the two-city office of Bergedorf , which was administered together with Hamburg from 1420 to 1868 , consisting of the city of Bergedorf , the Vierlanden (with Altengamme , Neuengamme , Curslack and Kirchwerder ) and Geesthacht . The joint rule of the two Hanseatic cities went in 1359 to a pledge of Bergedorf to Lübeck by Duke Erich III. from Sachsen-Lauenburg ahead. The bailiff Otto von Ritzerau , appointed by Lübeck , was forcibly expelled from the pledged property in 1401 by the nephew and heir of the pledger, Duke Erich IV of Saxony-Lauenburg . At this time Lübeck was weakened by internal unrest and was only able to recapture the pledge in 1420 with the help of Hamburg. In the Perleberg Treaty of August 23, 1420, the repossession was confirmed to the mayors Jordan Pleskow for Lübeck and Hein Hoyer for Hamburg. However, the last appeals against this were finally rejected by the imperial court on January 21, 1672 in favor of the two Hanseatic cities. The joint management ended in 1868 with the sale of the Lübeck stake in Hamburg.
Mölln
The longest trial before the Reich Chamber of Commerce was undoubtedly over the Lübeck liens on the strategically important city of Mölln , which is about halfway between Lüneburg and Lübeck on the Alte Salzstrasse and the Stecknitz Canal . The city was acquired in 1359 by purchase and mortgage for 9,737.50. The process aimed at redeeming the pledge or repurchase ran from 1580 to 1747. Duke Julius Franz paid 90,000 marks to Lübeck to redeem the pledge in 1683, but was initially only recognized by Lübeck as a partial service. The Möllner trial was not established by a judgment, but by the comparison of Hanover (1747) about the so-called Möllner pertinence between the Electorate of Hanover, which was in personal union with Great Britain under King George II, as the legal successor to the dukes of Saxony-Lauenburg, which had meanwhile become extinct in the male line the Hanseatic City of Lübeck and ended in 1759 with the establishment of the definitive border. As a result of this comparison, Lübeck lost a number of villages, especially in the area around the city of Mölln.
Nuts
Nusse was acquired by Lübeck in 1370 and remained an exclave until 1937.
Behlendorf
Behlendorf is a village that originated in the 12th century. Together with Giesensdorf, Albsfelde and Harmsdorf, it was acquired by the city of Lübeck from the miner Volkwin Grönow in 1424.
Ritzerau
Ritzerau was bought by the knights Hans and Otto von Ritzerau in 1465/68 along with Düchelsdorf , Sierksrade , Tramm and Schretstaken . Approval by the Duke of Saxony-Lauenburg took place in 1472. Subsequent dukes of Saxony-Lauenburg revoked this recognition and the legal dispute was after the court rulings in 1747 between the City Council of Lübeck and King George II of Great Britain in his capacity as Herzog von Lauenburg compared, the demarcation in this area was then stable until 1937. The city of Lübeck remained the owner of Stadtgut (250 hectares until 1990) and Forst Ritzerau (650 hectares ) even after 1937 .
Holstein
Malkendorf , Kurau , Dissau , Krumbeck in the former Ahrensbök office , now part of the municipality of Stockelsdorf .
Mecklenburg
After it had belonged to the Johanniskloster until 1375, Utecht was transferred from the cathedral chapter of the Ratzeburg cathedral to Lübeck in 1747 . The Lübschen villages Schattin an der Wakenitz and Utecht with Campow at the northern end of the Ratzeburger See opposite Rothenhusen fell in 1937 to the 1933 "reunified" state of Mecklenburg, which had to give up its exclave Hollenbek to the Prussian district Duchy of Lauenburg as compensation .
Indirect possession
Since secularization, the city of Lübeck has been running the business of the former monasteries and religious brotherhoods in the city, which were converted into foundations and which traditionally owned extensive property and villages in the Holstein and Mecklenburg area, the so-called Stadtstiftsdörfer . Stadtstiftsdörfer in contrast to the chapter church villages of the Lübeck cathedral chapter such as Genin, Vorrade, Nieder- and Oberbüssau, the latter also the four Landwehr villages of the cathedral chapter because they were within the spacious Lübeck Landwehr . The latter no longer belonged to Holstein since 1326 and were no longer subject to Holstein jurisdiction since 1419.
The city had to accept the biggest cut in the stock after the disadvantageous comparison with Kurhannover of 1747 in the course of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 and the resulting negotiations with the Oldenburgers. Section 26 of the "main conclusion of the extraordinary Reichsdeputation" stated in the extract for Lübeck:
“In future, the College of Imperial Cities will consist of the free and immediate cities: Augsburg , Lübeck, Nuremberg , Frankfurt , Bremen and Hamburg. They enjoy full sovereignty and all jurisdiction over the entire extent of their respective territories without exception and reservations; however, the appeal to the highest imperial courts without prejudice. They enjoy unconditional neutrality, even in Imperial Wars. At the end of the day they are always exempt from all ordinary and extraordinary war contributions, and completely and necessarily released from all participation in the deliberations of the Reich in all questions about war and peace. In addition, they receive as compensation, remuneration and approval, namely: ... The city of Lübeck, for the assignment of the villages and hamlets in Mecklenburg that are dependent on their hospital: the entire district of the diocese and cathedral chapter of Lübeck, with all and every rights, buildings, property and income, which is comprised between the Trave, the Baltic Sea , the Himmelsdorfer See and a line drawn from there above Swartau at a distance of at least 500 French Toisen from the Trave , the Danish Holstein, and the Hanoverian. There will be an amicable agreement on the individual pieces that are dependent on the city of Lübeck and that lie outside the above-mentioned district in the lands of the Duke of Holstein-Oldenburg.
The hospital villages, formerly owned by the Heiligen-Geist-Hospital in Mecklenburg, were according to § 9 Warnekenhagen (Warnkenhagen, district of Kalkhorst ), Altenbuchow ( Alt Bukow ) and Crumbrook (Krumbrook near Hohen Schönberg, district of Kalkhorst) as well as part of Poel : Brandenhusen, Neuhof, Seedorf, Wangern, Weitendorf.
The negotiations with the Duchy of Oldenburg led to a strong concentration and consolidation in the " Travemünder Winkel " north of the Trave. The exclaves in the former Principality of Lübeck were preserved in Lübeck.
Even with the increasing threat to state independence at the beginning of the 20th century, the non-consolidated property of the city as the treasury was exchanged as far as possible with the property of the Heiligen-Geist-Hospital and Johanniskloster foundations close to the city in order to safeguard civil property . In 1935 the city received the Mönkhof and Falkenhusen goods, which had previously belonged to the hospital and were located within the city limits, and the Heiligen-Geist-Hospital Foundation received the Behlendorf (259 ha ), Albsfelde (123 ha) and Behlendorfer See (70 Ha).
The municipal monastery villages in the Stormarn district included Gut Frauenholz, today a district of Rethwisch (Stormarn) , and the villages of Westerau , Pölitz and Barkhorst, today a district of Lasbek .
structure
- In 1852 Lübeck and the enclaves belonging to it were structured as follows:
- In 1871 the city office and the country office are merged - Lübeck thus consisted of:
- In 1879 the office of Travemünde was abolished - that was all that was left for all of Lübeck
responsible.
The regulation of the Greater Hamburg Law for Lübeck
The provisions of the law were kept extremely brief because the rest of the implementation was left to the legal understanding of the time, in accordance with the legislator, so that it can be reproduced here in the parts that are essential for the Lübeck state territory:
Other area associations
(1) The state of Lübeck, with the exception of its communities in the state of Mecklenburg , Schattin and Utecht, is transferred to the state of Prussia .
(2) The city of Lübeck is allocated to the administrative district of Schleswig and the municipalities of Düchelsdorf , Sierksrade , Behlendorf , Hollenbeck , Albsfelde , Giesensdorf , Harmsdorf , Nusse , Poggensee , Ritzerau , Groß Schretstaken , Klein Schretstaken and Tramm to the administrative district of Duchy of Lauenburg , administrative district Schleswig. The allocation of the municipalities of Kurau (lüb. Share), Dissau , Krumbeck and Malkendorf is regulated by § 8 Paragraph 2. [...]
(2) The Oldenburg region of Lübeck passes over to the State of Prussia and, together with the previously Lübeck municipalities of Kurau ( Lübeck share), Dissau, Krumbeck and Malkendorf, forms the district of Eutin in the administrative region of Schleswig. [...]
(3) From the previously Lübeck rural area, the municipalities of Schattin and Utecht are incorporated into the district of Schönberg . "
literature
- Fritz Endres (Hrsg.): History of the free and Hanseatic city of Lübeck. Otto Quitzow, Lübeck 1926, Weidlich, Frankfurt M 1981 (repr.). ISBN 3-8035-1120-8
- Georg Fink: Lübeck's city area. History and legal relationships. In: Ahasver v. Brandt and Wilhelm Koppe: Urbanism and the bourgeoisie as historical forces. Commemorative writing for F. Rörig . Lübeck 1953, pp. 243-296
- Antjekathrin Graßmann (Ed.): Lübeckische Geschichte. Schmidt-Römhild , Lübeck 1989. ISBN 3-7950-3203-2
- Lübeck Lexicon. The Hanseatic City from A to Z. Ed. By Antjekathrin Graßmann. Lübeck: Schmidt-Römhild 2006. ISBN 3-7950-7777-X
- Erich Keyser (Ed.): German city book. Urban History Handbook. Vol. 1. Northeast Germany. On behalf of the Conference of the Regional History Commissions of Germany with the support of the German Municipal Association. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1939.
- Peter von Kobbe : History and description of the country of the Duchy of Lauenburg. Altona 1837. ISBN 3-7777-0074-6
- Werner Neugebauer : Nice Holstein. A guide through the country between the Elbe and Fehmarnbelt. Lübecker Nachrichten , Lübeck 1957.
- Gerhard Schneider: Endangering and Loss of Statehood of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck and its Consequences. Schmidt-Römhild, Lübeck 1986. ISBN 3-7950-0452-7
- E. Schulze: The Duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg and the Luebian territorial policy. Neumünster 1957
- Heinrich Christian Zietz : Views of the free Hanseatic city of Lübeck and its surroundings. With 16 copper engravings, Friedrich Wilmans , Frankfurt M 1822, Weiland, Lübeck 1978 (repr.).
- Dr. William Boehart: The Greater Hamburg Law - A Review 70 Years Later . In Lichtwark issue No. 71, November 2006. HB-Werbung, Bergedorf. ISSN 1862-3549 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Peace of Perleberg
- ^ Peter von Kobbe: History and description of the country of the Duchy of Lauenburg. Volume 3, Altona 1837. ISBN 3-7777-0074-6 , pp. 152 - 167 The Möllner trial.
- ^ Graßmann: Lübeckische Geschichte. P. 503.
- ↑ a b Werner Neugebauer: Beautiful Holstein. A guide through the country between the Elbe and Fehmarnbelt. Lübecker Nachrichten , Lübeck 1957, p. 424 f.
- ↑ Hans Rathje Reimers: Lübeck's territorial development, part 2: The exclave Ritzerau. In: Lübeckische Blätter 2012 issue 4 ( digitized version ; PDF; 3.4 MB), p. 56 f.
- ↑ Hans Rathje Reimers: Lübeck's territorial development - Part 3: The Behlendorf exclave. In: Lübeckische Blätter 177 (2012) ( digitized ; PDF; 8.3 MB), p. 128 f.