Rühn Monastery
The Rühn Monastery is a former Benedictine monastery in Rühn five kilometers southwest of the town of Bützow in the Rostock district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . The monastery church belongs to the Rostock provost in the Mecklenburg parish of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany ( Northern Church ).
history
Foundation and religious affiliation
Messrs Nicolaus I. von Werle and Heinrich Borwin III. von Rostock donated 100 hooves to the diocese of Schwerin in the state of Bützow and two villages with 60 hooves for a monastery on March 27, 1232 . On July 8, 1233, Bishop Brunward von Schwerin granted him the monastery of Rühn, which was founded and settled with an unknown founding convent. On May 14, 1233, the Archbishop of Bremen, Gebhard II. Zur Lippe, confirmed the founding of the Rühn nunnery and prescribed the Benedictine Rule . Designation 1233 - 1264 Jungfrawen-Closter Rune, 1290 Rhune, 1350 Ruhn, Rone, 1489 ... Priorisse Monasterii Runensis ordinis sancti Benedicti Zvverinensis diocesis.
Monastery history up to secularization
The history of the Rühn monastery can be divided into two phases: the time as a Benedictine monastery from 1233 to 1557/67 and the period as an evangelical women's monastery and princely appanage from 1575 to 1756. In 1234 the cathedral chapter from Schwerin approved the establishment and furnishing of Rühn. A charter of foundation is not known, nor is the origin of the first convention. On February 3, 1235, Pope Gregory IX. from the monastery the important letter of protection and confirmation. On October 19, 1268 Pope Clement IV confirmed the facilities of the monastery as a privilege.
A fire on May 29, 1292 in the Rühn monastery not only caused major fire damage but also resulted in the loss of documents. The news of the monastery fire was so important to the citizens of Lübeck that it was recorded in Detmar's Lübischer Chronik. By the sulven tiid ... in the night, waited pre-fire date closter to Rune van mortbernen, dar van de juncvrowen quemen in great harm.
In 1295 Nicolaus II von Werle donated the patronage of the village church Frauenmark with the branch church Severin as a building support. The monastery had developed rapidly afterwards and was completed again around 1360 as the Rune monastery thanks to the support of Hanseatic bourgeois families, the local nobility and the Schwerin bishops .
At first the convent consisted mainly of citizens' daughters from the surrounding cities of Schwaan , Laage , Rostock , Wismar and Lübeck . At the end of the 15th century almost only daughters of the local landed gentry were accepted. After the visit on October 28, 1495 by the Schwerin bishop Konrad Loste , Johannes Thun , Nicolaus Speck and Nicolaus Moller as well as the secular councilors of the Mecklenburg dukes, 33 nuns belonged to the Rühn convent, predominantly of noble origin: Prioress Ermegart Linstow, Kerstina Moltken, Beke Axkow , Margarete Platen, Ide Kerkdorps, Tonnige Blücher, Beke Beckendorps, Anne von Ortzen, Elebe von Gummeren, Catrina Bornitz, Caterina von der Lue, Annecke Lire, Alheit Parum, Anne vom Gummeren, Anne Primer, Katharina Drieberg, Wille Preen, Pelle Plessen , Magdalena Axkow, Benedicta Bekendorpes, Engele Bekendorpes, Ermigart Preen, Elisabeth Grabowen, Dorotea Parem, Allheit Bersze. In addition to the coveted persons , an unknown number of maidservants and conversationalists also lived in the monastery .
Ownership history
With the grant from the bishop in 1233, the newly founded women's monastery received the surrounding villages of Rühn, Bernitt , Peetsch , Groß Tessin (Klein Sein), Moltenow (Altona) and the long Hagen with the later villages of Hermannshagen, Käterhagen, Bischofshagen. Up until the end of the 13th century, the nuns' possessions were supplemented by the transfer of smaller property grants. In 1287 the monastery bought the nearby village of Nienhof. In 1290 the village of Warnkenhagen was added with all rights and the low and high court. In the 14th century the nuns were no longer able to acquire larger properties. In 1354 half the lake from Holzendorf near Dabel was bought . In 1355 a farm in Baumgarten was acquired and in 1384 the village of Benitz bei Schwaan was added. There is little left from tradition for the 15th century.
A total of 18 smaller villages belonged to the monastic property, including Pustohl, Herrmannshagen and many others. The monastery also had property in distant places, such as Reinshagen near Doberan , Granzin near Lübz , and Krassow near Wismar . Only a few goods (Rühn, Pustohl, Peetsch and Baumgarten) were in the vicinity of the monastery. The main property was ten kilometers northwest of the monastery at Moisall .
Personalities
Names and years indicate the documented mention as provost and prioress. The provosts of Rühn were elected by the convent and appointed by the bishop for the administration of the monastery.
Toast
- 1237 - Thedelin, Theodoricus / Dietrich provost in Dobbertin monastery since 1227
- 1256 - Markwart
- 1260 - 1261 Johannes, Canon of Ratzeburg
- 1268 - 1280 D. Heinrich I.
- 1286-1295 D. Dietrich
- 1300 - 1305 D. Heinrich II.
- 1325 - 1341 Rötger I (Rothger)
- 1343 - Johannes Klenedynst
- 1345 - Lambert
- 1352 - Rötger II.
- 1354 - 1356 Nicolaus Schutten, was a monk in 1392.
- - 1360 Volrad
- 1360 - Herman
- 1365 - 1367 Rötger III.
- 1367 - Herder, administrator.
- 1368 - 1370 Bernhard Billerbeck
- 1371 - Marquard
- 1452– Clement van Bulow (von Bülow)
- 1474 - Johannes Sperlingk, chairman.
- 1475 - Johannes Kleneveldt, provisional.
- 1477 - Johannes Batenest, rotten.
- 1480 - 1482 Johannes Roggemann
- 1486 - Johannes Thun
Vicars
- 1468 - Conrad Scherch
- 1474 - 1476 Werner Dellbrugg (Dellbruggen)
- 1482 - Henning Schwartau (Hinrik Swarte)
- 1492 - Conrad Escherde
- 1493 - 1497 Johannes Vossken
- 1529–1542 Matthäus Blomberg, chaplain.
Prioresses
- 1277 - Helywig (Hedwig)
- 1336 - Johanna
- 1360 - Gertrude I.
- 1368 - Mechthild
- 1387 - Margaret
- 1391 - Gertrude II.
- 1397 - Elisabeth
- 1401 - Adelheid (Alheit)
- 1408 - Ermegard Sapekendorp
- 1451 - Anna Nortmann
- 1495 - Ermegart (von) Linstow
- 1525–1537 Katharina (von) Drieberch (Dryberg)
Subpriorities
- 1474 - 1475 Ghese Baroldes
- 1525 - Benedicta Bersen
After the Reformation
The conversion of the Benedictine convent into an evangelical women's monastery took place gradually between 1557 and 1567 with the change of confession, and it was repealed in 1756. In 1567, Stephanus Richardus was named Rühn's first Lutheran pastor. After the Reformation , Duke Ulrich gave the monastery to his wife Elisabeth of Denmark and Norway in 1575 . This converted the monastery into a Protestant women's foundation and founded the first girls' school in Mecklenburg in Rühn. Numerous conversions and extensions can be attributed to them.
The monastery was destroyed in the Thirty Years War . Duke Adolf Friedrich I renounced the confiscation of the spiritual goods granted to him as a result of the war and appointed his daughter Sophie Agnes as dominatrix and regent of the monastery. It was rebuilt during the tenure of Domina Duchess Sophie Agnes von Mecklenburg (1625–1694), who had a park with a lime tree avenue built in the former cloister garden.
Other ducal daughters took over the reign of Rühn as dominae of the convent. March 8th / 15th June 1576 the Duchess Ulrike Sophie renounced the Rühner regency in exchange for compensation. The area of the monastery continued to be the seat of the ducal (domanial) office of Bützow-Rühn.
Reuse, later fate
The monastery area came into the private ownership of several Mecklenburg noble families in the 19th century. From 1849 to 1869 it belonged to the von Stein families , then until 1876 to the von Plessen families . From 1876 it went to Chamberlain Friedrich von Voss . His widow ran a rest home for young girls in part of the building from 1905 to 1915. Her son leased the monastery buildings in 1920 to the hotelier Paul Utesch, who turned it into a hotel and guesthouse with a public restaurant. In 1927 the von Voss family sold the monastery to the Rostock local health insurance fund, which wanted to set up a sanatorium here. The lease agreement with Martha Utesch, the widow of the hotelier Utesch, remained in force until 1934. Renovation work began, but the sanatorium could not be opened because the Reich Labor Service was housed in the monastery .
After the Second World War it was used to house war refugees, resettlers and orphans. During the GDR era, there was a youth workshop here from 1950 .
After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1991, the Jugendwerkhof was closed and the buildings were empty for almost 15 years. A sale to a prospect in 1995 did not change anything as no investments were made. Through the sale of land belonging to the monastery, some private houses were built on the monastery grounds. In 2005, the entire system was sold to the oil and mustard mill GmbH owned by chef Michael Lrecken . After the insolvency of Öl- und Senfmühle GmbH in 2006, the monastery association Rühn eV, founded two years earlier, bought the monastery complex in 2008 and began to secure and renovate the individual buildings in accordance with listed buildings.
Mistresses (Dominae)
- 1654–1694 Sophie Agnes, Princess of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], daughter of Duke Adolf Friedrich I.
- 1695–1701 Juliane Sibylle, Princess of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], sister of the previous one
- 1705–1712 Marie Elisabeth zu Mecklenburg , Princess of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], sister of the previous one
- 1719–1728 Marie Sophie, Princess of Mecklenburg [-Strelitz], daughter of Duke Adolf Friedrich III.
- 1728–1756 Ulrike Sophie , Princess of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], daughter of Duke Christian Ludwig II.
Building history
The Rühner monastery complex with its almost 800-year history occupies a plateau at the height of a ridge between the wide Warnow valley and the Sülzpfuhl near the village . The church and the closed building were built on good ground. The temporary building stock is divided into the church in the north, an elongated east wing, a short south wing around the Kreuzhof and a long south wing that delimits the farmyard on the east side. In three arms, a cloister that was never completed surrounds the eastern half of the Kreuzhof.
The oldest building on the monastery complex that is still standing is the church. Due to the stone material and construction details, construction began around 1260. The consecration of the Marien Chapel is recorded for the autumn of 1270.
The monastery church
The monastery church is a single - nave, flat-roofed hall church . It was built with an unusual length of almost 45 meters and a width of twelve meters.
The monastery church with late Romanesque style elements is a typical brick building.
The square bell tower that exists today with a boarded structure on the southwest corner was not built until after the Reformation.
The church was initially only accessible via the two portals on the north and south sides, which are now walled up. The north side was the entrance for the village population and the south side served as the entrance for the nuns. The west portal was used between 1270 and 1280. Three smaller windows on the west side had to give way to this portal.
The west gable, decorated with pointed arches and circular screens, is adorned with three staggered arched windows; the east side behind the altar was designed in a similar way.
In the western part of the church was the lay room in the middle is the choir stalls and in the east the chancel . Around 1300 a gallery was built for the nuns. The gallery was later extended to the west gable. There are no references to a sacristy .
There are remains of a cloister on the south side of the brick building. The wooden tower built in to the southwest dates from the 16th century and houses two bells from this period. The nave has the shape of a hall with a straight choir closure. Duke Ulrich's wife redesigned the interior of the church after the Reformation.
A triptych by court painter Cornelius Krommeny from 1587 can be seen on the main altar . The Holy Communion is depicted in the middle and portraits of the ruling couple on the side wings. The princely gallery with elaborate carvings and leaded glass windows and the pulpit also date from this period . The baroque epitaph of Domina Sophie Agnes is located in the altar area . In the late 19th century the church was rebuilt in the typical neo-Gothic style. The Friesian organ dates from 1870 and was restored in 1999. There are also numerous tombstones from the 14th to 18th centuries in the church. Century. Also worth seeing is the mural Jesus and the disciples at the lake from 1905.
East wing
To the east of the church is the sixty-meter-long east wing. The building was probably two-story earlier. The wing once contained almost all of the cloister rooms, the chapter room (assembly room), the calefactorium , the kitchen (but so far not verifiable) and above that the dormitory . The utility rooms were also housed here. The wing was probably two-story, which speaks for the importance of the monastery at that time. In the 19th century there was a garden room in the northern part of the building with a covered terrace facing the park. In 1954 the Jugendwerkhof built workshops on the ground floor and bedrooms for the youngsters in the attic. A guest house with sixty rooms was planned here in the 1990s. However, this plan has not yet been implemented.
The former provost's office was probably located on the courtyard side of the building . During excavation work in 2005, strong foundations were found that speak for this assumption. The provost was responsible for the administration of the monastery property. In contrast to the monks, the nuns themselves did not do field work and the monastery goods were carried out by monastery servants.
South wing
The south wing contained the refectory (dining room). The south wing was probably previously connected to the church via a convent building or a cloister . The original building was built after a fire in the monastery complex in 1292. The refectory took up the entire ground floor of the building. The high two-aisled hall had a base area of 9 by 12 meters. On the south side there were pointed arches, while the north side was completely windowless. No paintings were found anywhere in the room. Only the walls were blackened with smoke by open fireplaces. After the abbey was dissolved and the Bützow office rebuilt it in 1756, only the outer walls remained. The former vaults were removed, new rectangular windows were added and a beamed ceiling was installed. The building was also given a baroque arch.
After further renovations, there is an information point with a sales room in the western part, while the rear part of the building is used as a monastery tavern.
Todays use
A wide variety of concerts are held in the monastery church and in the former dormitory, organized by the local monastery association, which is active in the field of monument preservation and culture, and the parish.
The monastery association Rühn eV has owned the monastery since mid-2008. Under his patronage, the monastery will be renovated in the next few years to make it suitable for historical monuments. The Klosterschänke has been leased since April 2010 and the oil and antipasti production since December 2013. Various traditional handicrafts and food factories are to be located on the site, whose products will be sold under the umbrella brand "Kloster Rühn". In the oil mill, herbs and fruits of nature are prepared according to old tradition with oil, vinegar and mustard. The sale takes place u. a. via the farm shop of the Rühn monastery.
Others
The educator and teacher at Chamberlain von Voss, Johanna Klemm , was inspired to write her first and most famous novel for young girls: The little nun .
The legend of the Rühn monastery
In the distant past, a nun there had given her heart to the young knight von Bülow , but that already before, when the father decided to save his noble child in the solitude of the monastery for good.
The young knight, however, did not want to suffer this fate which made him so unhappy; he was drawn impetuously near his beloved. He therefore hired himself to work in the cloister courtyard, unrecognized, to find a secret entrance to her room in the cloister.
While the storm and rain tirelessly shook the solid walls of the old monastery on a cold autumn night, he crept secretly into the bedchamber of his loved one, the long-awaited reunion was big and hot. An old nun observed the morning farewell, and obediently she informed the strict prioress of her awareness, because visiting a male person was strictly forbidden in the monastery.
Without further ado the accused was ordered to a hearing. With tears she frankly revealed her heartache and expressed her deepest wish to be kindly released into worldliness. But the prioress relentlessly recalled the recently made vow to serve the Lord for life. A nunnery is therefore not free to enter into a worldly marriage. The young nun's misconduct was then followed up strictly, and the bishop spoke to Bülow to instruct others that she must atone for this crime with her life.
But since the condemned bore the fruit of her love under her heart, the execution was suspended and the strictest guards ordered. The young knight learned of all this, and in his deep need he decided to forcibly fetch the unfortunate woman from the monastery. When he stepped over the monastery wall under cover of night, mercenaries lay in wait, and an unerring crossbow arrow pierced his desperate heart. The loving knight fell dead on the dew-soaked grass. The nun was still allowed to give birth, the hide was given to an unsuspecting, childless stupid.
The one destined for death was then walled up alive in a niche in the monastery wall. Her plaintive voice is said to be still to be heard today on moon-clear nights. The punishment of righteousness overtook the young nun and the knight, for they had committed serious sin.
During a renovation of the monastery in 1899, the skeleton of a young woman was found in a walled-up niche. The owner of the Rühn Monastery, Chamberlain Friedrich von Voss, assumed that this find was the remains of the nun who was once walled in alive, and that the tradition was therefore based on truth. The skeleton was kept by the von Voss family for a number of years and was not buried until the end of the Second World War.
literature
- Susanne Böhland: The Protestant monastery Rühn in the Stiftsland Schwerin and its legal relationships since the beginning of the Lutheran Reformation.
- Doreen Brandt: The tombs of the former monastery and later women's monastery Rühn (= corpus of the tombstones in Mecklenburg. Volume 2). University of Rostock, Rostock 2011, ISBN 978-3-86009-108-1 .
- Rühn Monastery. An eventful history. Ed .: Klosterverein Rühn eV Klatschmohnverlag Bentwisch / Rostock, 2012, ISBN 978-3-941064-38-6 .
- Gerhard Schlegel, Mareike Wulfert, Jens Christian Holst, Kristina Hegener, Cornelia Neustadt: Rühn. Monastery of S. Maria, S. Johannes Evangelist (Ordo Sancti Benedicti / Benedictine Sisters). In: Wolfgang Huschner , Ernst Münch , Cornelia Neustadt, Wolfgang Eric Wagner: Mecklenburg monastery book. Manual of the monasteries, monasteries, comers and priories. (10th / 11th - 16th century). Volume II., Rostock 2016, ISBN 978-3-356-01514-0 , pp. 986-1019.
swell
Printed sources
- Mecklenburg record book (MUB)
- Mecklenburg Yearbooks (MJB)
Unprinted sources
-
State Main Archive Schwerin
- LHAS 1.5-4 / 20 documents from the Rühn monastery.
- LHAS 1.5-4 / 23 Rühn Abbey, inventory of documents from around 1630. Rhünische letters, which are in Copenhagen.
- LHAS 11.11 monasteries, regest of Mecklenburg documents from 1600.
- LHAs 2.12-3 / 2 monasteries and orders of knights, Rühn.
- LHAS 2.12-3 / 5 church visits.
- LHAS 12.3-6 / 2 folder Rühn. Plans and drawings by Adolf Friedrich Lorenz .
- Archive of the Hanseatic City of Wismar
- AWH Dept. II, Repository 1, A (Spiritual Documents), XLV, A, No. 1–3.
- Rostock University Library
- Description of the Klosters-Ambts-Rühne 1654. Mss. O. 108.
- Miss. Meckl. A 182. Album with views of Mecklenburg places, cities and castles (between 1653 and 1703), including Rühn after Merian 1653.
- Stock in Copenhagen
- From the Ny Kronologisk Raekke (NKR) at least three documents belong to the Rühner inventory: NKR, nos. 118 (1294, May 1), 1645 (1397, February 1), 2220 (1409, June 15).
Web links
- Literature about Rühn monastery in the state bibliography MV
- History ( Memento from October 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- Rühn Monastery Association
Individual evidence
- ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 398.
- ^ Gerhard Schlegel: Rühn. Monastery of S. Maria, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2016, 988.
- ^ A b Georg Christian Friedrich Lisch : About the foundation of the monasteries in Bützow and Rühn. In: Yearbooks of the Association for Mecklenburg History and Archeology. Volume 8, 1843, ISSN 0259-7772 , pp. 1-8, here p. 6.
- ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 417
- ^ Gerhard Schlegel: Rühn. Monastery of S. Maria, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2016, p. 988.
- ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 431, 440.
- ↑ Detmar-Chronik, in: The chronicles of the cities of Lower Saxony. Lübeck Volume 1 (= complete series Volume 19), Leipzig: Hirzel 1884 restricted preview in the Google book search = archive.org , § 383, p. 373.
- ↑ MUB IVX. (1886) no.8747.
- ↑ LHAS 11.11, No. 22744.
- ^ Gerhard Schlegel: Rühn. Monastery of S. Maria, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2016, p. 990.
- ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 398, 420.
- ↑ MUB II. (1864) No. 1010, 1428. MUB III. (1865) No. 1913, 2071.
- ↑ MUB XIII. (1884) No. 8029.
- ^ Gerhard Schlegel: Rühn. Monastery of S. Maria, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2016, p. 990.
- ↑ MUB I. (1863) No. 463.
- ↑ LHAS 2.12-3 / 2 Monasteries and orders of knights. No. 416 List of provosts.
- ^ Horst Alsleben : Compilation of all personalities of the Dobbertin monastery. Schwerin 2010-2013.
- ^ Fridrich Lisch: The Church of Frauenmark. In: MJB 25 (1860), p. 303.
- ^ Gerhard Schlegel: Rühn. Monastery of S. Maria, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2016, p. 988.
- ^ Gerhard Schlegel: Rühn. Monastery of S. Maria, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2016, p. 989.
- ^ Jens Christian Holst: Rühn. Monastery of S. Maria, S. Johannes Evangelist. 2016, p. 996.
- ^ Heinz Hornburg: Paths to the white nun. From the Rühner legends. Karl Keuer print shop, Bützow 2011.
Coordinates: 53 ° 49 '26.4 " N , 11 ° 56' 15.9" E