Preetz Monastery
The Preetz Monastery was founded in Holstein in 1211 or 1212 under Danish rule as a Benedictine monastery . In the first years of foundation, the monastery experienced a change of location several times until it found its final seat in Preetz in 1261 .
The monastery area was enclosed and secured by the Mühlenau and Schwentine streams and an artificially created ditch. In addition to the residential buildings and the monastery church, the monastery had a farm yard with barns, cow, horse and sheep stables, a water mill and numerous outbuildings. These economic facilities existed until the farmyard was destroyed by arson in 1959.
In the course of the Reformation in 1542, the monastery was converted into a noble women's monastery of the Schleswig-Holstein knighthood , which still exists in this form today. For the noble ladies as well as for the nuns who left the monastery, several houses were built in loose buildings on the monastery grounds. More houses were added until the 20th century. The monastery includes an extensive forest area in Pohnsdorf near Kiel, the monastery forest Preetz.
The entire complex of the monastery as well as all monastery buildings are under monument protection .
history
Foundation and duration of the monastery operation
The first foundation of the Benedictine monastery to Preetz in the Diocese of Lübeck took place in 1211 or 1212 under the Danish governor in Holstein Count Albrecht von Orlamünde , son of the sister Forest Mars II. The founding date is clear from the records of the commands issued by the Provost Bockholt register from the year 1286 produced (see Section Bockholt's Register).
According to legend, Count Albrecht von Orlamünde appeared when he was hunting under a large oak tree, facing a stag, a sign that he interpreted that the place was sacred. In this place he had the monastery built. The oak in the monastery courtyard is said to date from the time when the Preetz monastery was founded, when there was still forest around it. According to research in 1999, the age of this tree is around 450–500 years, which does not exactly match the year it was founded.
Count Albrecht equipped the monastery with a large, uninhabited forest area in 1222, which stretched from the Honigsee lake west of Preetz to the Kiel Fjord.
In 1223, the Counts of Schauenburg, with the support of the troops of the cities of Lübeck and Hamburg, began to recapture the territories they had lost to the Danes in 1203 against the Danish king. In 1225 they were able to capture Count Albrecht and in 1227 defeat the Danish king in the Battle of Bornhöved . As early as 1226, the Schauenburger Adolf IV transferred to the monastery almost 4,000 hectares of forest and meadow areas as well as settlement land northeast of the Kiel Fjord. The monastery was consecrated to the Blessed Virgin Mary by Bishop Berthold von Lübeck on December 9, 1244 . Adolf IV renewed the foundation in 1226.
They soon left Marienfelde, which was first assigned to the nuns, to move to Erpesfelde, about 4 km west of Preetz, around 1230. Around 1240 the monastery came to Lutterbek for a few years , in the provost's office, where a church was built near the Lübeck bishop in Karcenhagen ( Probsteierhagen ). Around 1260 the monastery finally settled in Preetz , where it is today.
The Lübeck bishop Bertram Cremon consecrated the lay altar of the monastery church in 1360 and the Lübeck bishop Albert II. Krummendiek also paid a visit to the Preetz monastery in 1488 to consecrate the then new altar in the church's nuns' choir.
In view of their poverty, Bishop Berthold also awarded the nuns of the Preetz Marienkloster with tithes from all villages in the monastery area. The settlement of the now extensive monastery area made the establishment of parish churches necessary. The monastery church was again granted parochial church and the monastery the parish occupation right and the archdeaconate power.
In the last third of the 13th century, the monastery was very popular thanks to its rich furnishings. In a contract dated January 21, 1286, which regulates the income between provost, convent and priorissa , the number of nuns was limited to 70 with reference to an order from Bishop Burchard von Serken . For the first time there is talk of a priory. The register of Provost Conradus Bockholdt, the Registrum praepositorum et conventus in Porez , also dates from 1286 . As precise hard work, it proves clever and prudent administration and is to be regarded as a source of great historical value, especially in view of the beginnings of the monastery. With additions, the registrum was updated into the 16th century.
During the 25-year war between the Holsteiners and the Danish King Erich von Pommern from 1415 to 1440, the monastery was forced to support the warfare of the counts by consenting to the army succession of the rear passengers, the provision of horses and wagons and grain deliveries. The war time also drained the substance of the monastery to the point of loosening morals. In 1437 the Lübeck Episcopal Vicar Johannes Berthold forbade the Preetz nuns from all contact with the men under threat of excommunication . Nevertheless, the monastery school must have had a good reputation, the names of schoolgirls passed down from 1416 to 1491, most of whom came from the nobility or Lübeck patrician families.
At the end of the 15th century, the Preetz convent joined the Bursfeld congregation , which primarily pursued the return to the rule and the original Benedictine spirituality. In 1491, visits by Abbot Heinrich from the Benedictine monastery of Cismar, Primate Andreas von Bordesholm from the Augustinian Canons of Neumünster and the two nobles Benedikt Pogwisch and Ove Rantzau uncovered some grievances. It was then decided to avoid all unnecessary expenses.
For monasteries there was also the obligation to feed the sovereign and his entourage. When the country was divided in 1490, the Preetz monastery fell to the king to serve him. In 1526 King Friedrich I visited the monastery. It was the time when the Reformation was gaining ground in Denmark and the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
Secularization and abolition of the monastery
When the country was divided in 1490 between King Hans of Denmark and Duke Friedrich, the monastery fell to the king. In the course of the Reformation , an evangelical preacher preached in the monastery as early as 1526. However, the monastery lost its status as a Benedictine convent under King Christian III. After the adoption of the church ordinance in 1542, the latter confirmed the rights of the monastery on March 21, 1542 with the condition that the church ordinance should remain unclaimed . The nuns were free to leave the convent. The first evangelical provost was Wulf von Rantzau. The first prioress to head the monastery in accordance with the new church order was Dorothea von Rantzau. Even in Catholic times, the nuns were predominantly members of the Holstein nobility, which after the Reformation made it easier for them to be converted into a noble women's monastery until 1566.
In addition to the nunneries of Itzehoe , Uetersen and St. Johannis in front of Schleswig , the Preetz monastery also became a foundation for the daughters of the native and well-received Schleswig-Holstein nobility. For the monastery in Preetz, the maximum number of conventual women, including the priory, was set at 40.
Persistence as a noble women's monastery
The knighthood could essentially hold the goods of the four nunneries together. Christian III shook the inventory of the virgin monasteries. not from Denmark. The holdings had already been guaranteed several times, in 1533 by confirming the privileges, in 1541 in an instruction to visit and in 1542 in the church regulations. So the property of the monasteries remained untouched when they were converted into Protestant women's monasteries.
Since the Preetz monastery had long since moved away from its original mandate and developed into a care institution for the daughters of noble families, the conversion into a noble women's monastery resulted in only a few changes in their order, legal position and everyday life. The spiritual mission also remained the same: the communal worship and prayer, the education of young girls in the fear of God and good morals in school. What was new was that the conventual women were allowed to marry.
In 1590 and again in 1610 the rulers assured the continued existence of the women's monastery. In 1620 and 1625 Christian IV issued two monastery regulations, which were replaced on October 18, 1636 by the detailed revised monastery regulations and supplemented again in 1637 following objections from the knighthood. The noble ladies' pencils are still used today to care for unmarried daughters of the nobility.
Around 1,600 hectares of land and forest holdings have remained from the original monastery property. The Society of Friends of the Preetz Monastery was founded in 1981 to preserve and maintain the monastery church and buildings, whose main task, according to the statutes, is to "preserve and care for the art treasures of the Preetz monastery, especially the church in the monastery and to arouse the interest of citizens and visitors ".
Monastery buildings
The first monastery buildings were built under Provost Johannes. This also included a monastery church built between 1268 and 1280 , after the parish church had been used up until then. In 1307 a conflagration completely destroyed the church and enclosure of the monastery . The reconstruction of the monastery church in its current form took place in the period from 1325 to 1340. For this purpose, Bishop Heinrich II of Lübeck had announced a forty-day indulgence in 1330 .
Immediately on the north wall of the church was the former cloistered area with a large inner courtyard, the cloister with two entrances to the church, the chapter house, the refectory (today the Klosterhof 19 house) with the preacher's library (see the same section), a kitchen and the Room with the nuns' cells. Various floor plans of the enclosure from the 18th and 19th centuries have been handed down, but no views of the buildings. Due to dilapidation, the cloister buildings were demolished with the exception of the refectory around 1847 to 1849.
At the end of the 15th century, old buildings were renovated and rooms made heatable under the direction of Priory Anna von Buchwald. The large infirmary for the sick and the elderly, completed around 1497, became known beyond Holstein's borders. Remnants of construction seem to have been preserved in house 7 at today's cloister courtyard.
As a result of the conversion of the monastery into a noble ladies 'monastery, several ladies' houses with their own household were built in the 16th to the 18th century, as well as the houses of the priory and the provost and other buildings in the 19th century. Until the estate district was dissolved in 1927, the twelve conventual houses built by noble families belonged to the monastery complex. In addition to the houses of the conventual women, some of which are made of brick, some of which are half-timbered or in mixed construction, the Priörinnenhaus (cloister courtyard 6) stands out in particular. The two-storey plastered building with a flat gable roof and triangular gable with tendrils was built in 1847. The largest building is the Propstenhaus (Klosterhof 8), built from 1838 to 1839, a three-storey plastered building with early Tuscan renaissance style features. The gatehouse (Klosterhof 1) on Kieler Straße is a two-storey wide building and torrisalit with pilasters , basket arch opening and flat triangular gable from 1737. The buildings belonging to the farmyard burned down by arson on the night of October 2nd to 3rd, 1959 and were only partly rebuilt in 1960 (new gatehouse, cloister courtyard 2a).
Monastery church
The current monastery church, a three-aisled Gothic supporting basilica made of brick, was built between 1325 and 1340. The protruding central nave, the inner church , is separated from the side aisles by high walls except for the two western bays . It was the nuns' choir and is still the actual collegiate church today. The north nave formed a wing of the adjoining cloister.
The outer
The brick church is covered by a high gable roof that is half-hewn to the west . The baroque roof turret is an ingredient from 1783. The simple exterior is characterized by strong pillars .
The north aisle with the three portals , elongated pointed arched windows and the cross cornice were completely renewed from 1885 to 1889 - but not historically true. The new building was necessary because the north wall of the church was in a dangerously inclined position. A construction drawing by the architect Josef Eduard Mose for the demolition and rebuilding from 1886 and a photograph of the north side of the church after the outer wall was torn down from 1877 have been preserved.
A section of the former north wing of the monastery from 1456 has been preserved in the convent house. The roof structure is from the 14th century.
The inner
The interior of the monastery church is determined by the high, light one-bay choir with a polygonal five-eighth end into which the central nave with its high, pointed arcades opens. The ribbed vaults are supported by narrow service bundles. The central nave wall is structured by blind windows above the arcades. The nuns' choir in the three eastern bays of the central nave is separated from the side aisles used as a lay church by a half-height wall together with the choir bay. The interaction of the dim nuns' choir and the radiant choir head, with the baroque altar from 1743 in between, create an interesting spatial impression.
Remains of the seventy-seat Gothic nuns' choir stalls with rear walls divided by rods, parts of the folding seats and the two east cheeks from the second half of the 14th century have been preserved. The Gothic carvings show tracery and tendrils, small figures and coats of arms and in the middle a painted late Gothic picture of the mercy seat.
The medieval pieces of furniture include the carvings Christ on the Palm Donkey around 1300 and Christ the Man of Sorrows , probably a Lübeck work between 1420 and 1430. The votive picture with St. Gregory's Mass (oil on wood) belongs to the beginning of the 16th century.
In 1490, behind the 70 seats in the choir stalls, a picture Bible was made from 137 panel pictures in two rows one above the other. There are scenes from the Old Testament and from the life of Jesus Christ . They served to bring Christian teaching closer to the non-Latin speaking population. In the middle of the 17th century, the pictures z. Sometimes painted over and destroyed a picture.
The renaissance organ is the work of the Lübeck organ builder Hans Köster and dates from 1573. It was expanded by Ahasverus Schütze in 1686, supplemented by Johann Daniel Busch in 1767 and extensively restored in 1999.
In the choir head was the late Gothic high altar (approx. 1425-1430), which is now in the collection of medieval reredos in the National Museum in Copenhagen . It was replaced by Theodor Schlichting's late baroque high altar with pillar and column structure in 1743 .
In the north aisle is the carved oak altar by Hans Gudewerth the Younger († February 12, 1671). The altar originally stood in the church in Dänischenhagen (1656), in 1844 it was bought by the Preetz monastery.
The pulpit by Hans Gudewerdt the youngest is from 1674 and the choir grille, a valuable ironwork from 1738 and the chandeliers are from the 16th and 17th centuries.
In the north aisle, remains of Gothic inscription can still be seen on the sand-lime stone grave slab of the Priory of Buchwald † 1710.
Picture Bible
Picture Bible
Picture Bible
Detail from the late Gothic high altar with a depiction of Catherine of Alexandria
.JPG)
Monastery documents
Bockholt register
The Register Registrum praepositorum et convenentus in Porenz , initiated by Provost Conradus Bockholt (Bocholt, Bucholz) in 1286, contains the names of the bishops, a list of the provosts of the monastery with details of their origins and deeds, a list of the priories and a list of those who ruled the land and judiciary Villages belonging to the monastery and their taxes. The monastery authority in the area of the provost , which stretched over 40 villages and forest villages in the north and west of the monastery to the Kiel Fjord , had police power and jurisdiction until 1888.
The register proves the prudent administration and is of great value as a source in view of the beginnings of the monastery. Later, with a few additions, it was continued into the 16th century, probably by Provost Detlev von Sehestedt (Sehstede).
seal
Medieval seals are among the treasures of the monastery . The oldest seal with Mary and Baby Jesus is inscribed : Sigillu (m) ecclesie i (n) ca (m) po s (an) c (t) e Marie. Various other medieval seal inscriptions have been preserved. Including a seal of the provost Tetbernus (1286–1296) with the inscription: Sigillum Thitberni Praepositi Porenensis. Another seal has the inscription: Noli me tangere and reminds of Maria Magdalena. It is probably related to the apparition of Maria Magdalena in the battle of Bornhöved in 1227.
Book in the choir
Anna von Buchwald , prioress from 1484 to 1508, had already begun in 1471 as a nun and cantoress ( cantrix ) under the priory Heylewick Splitt to collect orally transmitted texts and customs and to write them down in a book, which is still preserved today as a so-called book in the choir Has. The opening words are: Anno domini MCCCCLXXI in vigilia omnium sanctorum est iste liber inceptus colligendo et querendo per me Annam de Bockwolde.
The texts were written partly in Latin and partly in Low German between 16 years and 1487. The book, today a unique document from the upheaval from the Middle Ages to the modern age, was divided into three parts - liturgy, monastery agende and business book - and provided with personal notes. It describes in detail the status quo of the time in the monastery, both the services and the day-to-day business of the convent. The last of three copies is the copy of the convent , which was extensively restored and digitized in 2003. In addition to the book in the choir, two liturgical books, an antiphonary and a gradual have been preserved from the time of the Benedictine nuns .
After Anna von Buchwald's resignation as priory in 1508 and the election of the new priory Anna von Qualen, Anna continued to be a simple nun in the Preetz monastery.
Preacher's Library
The Lutheran pastor Petrus Scheele , who was born in Preetz, compiled a scholarly library of around 2500 titles in the 17th century, which he donated to the Preetz monastery. The book collection was housed in the convent house (cloister courtyard 19) of the monastery in 1726 , where it is still located today and has been increased to 8000 books over the years. This makes it one of the greatest cultural treasures in the city of Preetz.
people
Prioryesses
Names and years indicate the documented mention.
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Toast
Names and years indicate the documented mention.
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Monastery preacher
- 1567–1569 Henning von Cleve
- -1606 Paul Lanies ( Leonysius )
- –1626 Peter Andreæ
- –1633 Vitus Barbarossa
- –1641 Richard Bennich
- > Vacancy? <
- 1646–1655 Tycho von Jessen
- 1656–1678 Johannes Schumann
- –1696 Heinrich Storning (Hinrich Störning)
- –1712 Heinrich Jönsen (Jansen)
- 1712–1737 Johann Nicolaus Führsen
- 1738–1742 Friedrich Hensler
- 1743–1753 Johann Paul Bruns
- 1754–1759 Johann Leonhard Callisen
- 1760–1795 Ernst Philipp Lilie
- 1795–1829 Siegfried August Georg Schmidt
- 1830–1843 Georg Ernst Friederici
- 1843 / 44–1859 Carl (Christian?) Wilhelm Brodersen
- 1860 / 61–1868 Heinrich Rendtorff
- ...
- 1891–1906 Franz Rendtorff , from 1896 also director of studies of the preacher's seminary
- 1907–1924 Amandus Weinreich , also director of studies
- 1924–1926 Heinrich Rendtorff , also director of studies
Literature (chronological)
- Johann Friedrich August villages: Chronicle of the monastery and place Preetz . In: New Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburg Provincial Reports , 3rd year Kiel 1813.
- Johann Georg Schmidt: The Probstei Preetz. A contribution to patriotism . Kiel 1813.
- Christian Kuss: The women's monastery in Preetz . In: Staatsbürgerliches Magazin 9, 1829.
- Gustav von Buchwald: Anna von Buchwald. Prioress of the Preetz Monastery 1484-1508 . In: ZSHG 9, 1879
- therein:
The provosts of the Preetz monastery 1211-1879 .
The priories of the Preetz Monastery 1266-1879 . - Diether Rudloff: The relations of the Preetz monastery to the Hanseatic city of Lübeck. In: Der Wagen 1955, pp. 60–67.
- Volker Jasper-Tönnies: On the economy of the Preetz monastery in the 16th century , dissertation Kiel 1956.
- Elfriede Kelm: The "book in the choir" of the priory Anna von Buchwald in the monastery archive in Preetz . In: Yearbook for local history in the Plön district , Vol. 4 1974.
- Ute Hayessen: The Preetz Monastery and its farmers before and after the unrest of 1612 , dissertation Kiel 1978.
- Christian Stocks, Bernhard Schütz: Preetz. Ev. Noble monastery, former Benedictine convent Campus Beatae Mariae. Schnell & Steiner, Art Guide No. 1030, 1975, ISBN 3-7954-4761-5 .
- Erwin Freytag: The monasteries as centers of church life . In: Schleswig-Holstein Church History 1. Neumünster 1977.
- Claus Rautenberg: Church building in the Middle Ages in Schleswig-Holstein . In: Schleswig-Holstein Church History 2. Neumünster 1978, pp. 71–180.
- Lorenz Hein: Preetz. In: GERMANIA BENEDICTINA Volume XI. The women's monasteries in Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Bremen . Sankt Ottilien 1984, ISBN 3-88096-611-7 , pp. 498-511.
- Jakob Hauschild: The former high altar reredos of the Preetz monastery church. In: Nordelbingen. Contributions to the art and cultural history of Schleswig-Holstein 64, 1995, pp. 23–39.
- Dieter J. Mehlhorn: Preetz Monastery . In: Monasteries in Schleswig-Holstein . 2004, pp. 64-73.
- Marlies Buchholz: Anna herself third. Images of a powerful saint (based on the clan altar in Preetz Monastery, see p. 4–27, p. 30ff. And p. 70f.). Koenigstein i. Ts. 2005 (= The Blue Books), ISBN 978-3-7845-2113-8
- Johannes Rosenplänter: Preetz Monastery and its manor. Social structure, economic relationships and religious everyday life in a Holstein convent around 1210–1550 . Neumünster 2009 ( sources and research on the history of Schleswig-Holstein , 114).
- Axel Attula: decorations for women. Evangelical women's pens in Northern Germany and their medals. Schwerin 2011, ISBN 978-3-940207-21-0 .
- Alison Altstatt: The music and liturgy of Kloster Preetz: Anna von Buchwald's Buch im Chor in its fifteenth-century context. Diss. University of Oregon 2011 ( full text )
- Christian Stocks: The noble monastery in Preetz. History, manorial rule, monastery courtyard . Society of Friends of Preetz Monastery eV, 2012
Web links
- Time travel: 60 years of the monastery fire
- Search for Preetz Monastery in the German Digital Library
- Search for "Kloster Preetz" in the SPK digital portal of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
- Entry on the monastery library in the manual of historical book collections
- Official website of the Preetz Monastery
- Website of the Klosterfreunde Preetz association on the monastery
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Stocks 2012 (lit.).
- ↑ Preetz monastery register ∙ campus beatae mariae Augustinian monastery project of the University of Kiel.
- ^ Green stations in Kiel, Klosterforst Preetz website of the state capital Kiel.
- ^ List of cultural monuments ( memento from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), Schleswig-Holstein State Government.
- ^ A b c Preetz noble monastery , German Foundation for Monument Protection.
- ↑ a b c Preetz noble monastery , Schleswig-Holstein Knighthood, 2010.
- ^ Preetz Monastery ∙ Benedictine Sisters, Ordo S. Benedicti (OSB) , monastery project of the University of Kiel.
- ↑ Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburgische Regesta und Urkunden (SHRU) 1, 194.
- ^ The chronicle of the noble Preetz monastery, Preetz Schützengilde.
- ↑ Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburg Regest and Documents (SHRU) 1, 237.
- ↑ Hein 1984 (lit.), p. 501.
- ^ Monastery archives, register p. 38, No. 15.
- ↑ Freytag 1977 (lit.) p. 165.
- ↑ http://klosterfreunde-kloster-preetz.de/startseite.html
- ^ Monastery archives, register p. 28, No. 10.
- ↑ Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburgische Regesten und Urkunden (SHRU) 3, 412.
- ↑ Time travel: 60 years of Klosterbrand , NDR October 27, 2019, accessed on October 27, 2019
- ↑ Mehlhorn 2004 (lit.).
- ↑ Rautenberg 1978 (lit.).
- ↑ Information on the historical organ ( Memento from January 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), viewed December 15, 2010.
- ^ Document collection of the Schleswig-Holstein-Lauenburg Society for Patriotic History I. (SHUS) Kiel 1839–1880 pp. 383–392.
- ↑ Kelm 1974 (lit.).
- ^ Society of Friends of Preetz Monastery: Restoration
- ↑ Altstatt 2011 (lit.), p. 1f.
- ↑ a b Dörfer 1813 (lit.).
- ↑ a b Buchwald 1879 (lit.).
- ^ Friedrich von Meyenn: Documented history of the von Pentz family . Vol. 2, Schwerin 1900, p. 362 as well as document no. 414. - Her two successors there too.
- ↑ a b Schmidt 1813 (lit.).
- ↑ Anna-Therese Grabkowsky: The relationship to spiritual institutions. In: The Cismar Monastery . 1982, p. 63.
- ↑ Johann Heinrich Bernhard Lübkert: attempt at a church statistics Holstein. A contribution to patriotism . Glückstadt 1837.
Coordinates: 54 ° 14 ′ 25.3 ″ N , 10 ° 16 ′ 59.8 ″ E