Upcoming temple castle

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The Kommende Tempelburg was originally a branch of the Templar Order in Tempelburg in Hinterpommern (today Czaplinek in the Powiat Drawski of the Polish West Pomeranian Voivodeship ). The land of Tempelburg was donated to the Templars by the Polish Duke Przemysł II in 1290. With the dissolution of the Templar Order in 1312, the Templar possessions were to pass to the Johanniter, as determined by Pope Clement IV. Presumably, however, the Bishop of Cammin took possession of the state of Tempelburg and gave it to feudal people. It was not until 1345 that the Order of St. John came into the possession of the state of Tempelburg and set up a commander again. In 1368 the land of Tempelburg was ceded to the Polish King Casimir. In 1407 the Kommende went under and was attached to the Starostei Draheim. This belonged to Poland until 1668. Then the Starostei Draheim was pledged to Brandenburg and finally a Pomeranian office ( Amt Draheim ).

Catholic Church Holy Trinity; it goes back to the Johanniter time

location

Tempelburg / Czaplinek is located about 80 kilometers southeast of Kolberg ( Kołobrzeg ) and 110 kilometers east-northeast of Stettin between the Jezioro Drawsko (Dratzigsee) and the Jezioro Czaplino (Zepplinsee). With the Jezioro Nątlino (Nüthlingsee) a third small lake touches the urban area.

In Czaplinek, the DK 20 trunk road from Stargard to Danzig crosses with the DW 163 from Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) to Deutsch Krone ( Wałcz ).

history

On November 21, 1290, Duke Premislaus II donated the land of Tempelburg to the Knights Templar. At that time it was still desolate , uninhabited or hardly inhabited land. The Templars soon founded the city of Tempelburg, because as early as 1301, Tempelburg was mentioned as "civitas Tempelburgiensis". The expansion of the country with mainly German-speaking settlers (as the place names of the state of Tempelburg suggest) made rapid progress. In 1291 a tithe contract was concluded with Bishop Jan II Gerbicz Nałęcz of Poznan.

After Lüpke, the state of Tempelburg came under Brandenburg state sovereignty between 1296 and 1300. Brbestowicz does not go into this assumption by Lüpke. According to Lüpke, Margrave Waldemar replaced the contract with Bishop Andreas von Posen with the Vietmannsdorf Treaty of December 27, 1312. The Bishop of Posen waived his tithing and received 50 silver marks in return.

Dissolution of the Knights Templar and transfer to the Johanniter

In 1312 Pope Clement V abolished the Knights Templar in order to transfer the Templar goods to the Knights of St. John. However, almost everywhere the sovereigns took possession of the Templar estates. In the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Margrave Waldemar seems to have taken possession of the Templar estates. In 1318, the authorized representative of the Order of St. John Paul von Mutina (also Paolo de Modena) negotiated with Margrave Waldemar about the surrender of the Templar goods. He achieved this in the Kremmen contract of January 29, 1318. However, the Johanniter had to pay the very high price of 1250 Mark Brandenburg silver for it.

After Lüpke, the commander came into the possession of the Brandenburg margrave. This would have meant that the Kommende Tempelburg would also have come under the provisions of the Kremmen Treaty. On the other hand, Bishop Heinrich von Cammin had taken the Kommende Tempelburg under his administration from 1312 onwards. On May 2, 1312 Pope Clement V entrusted the Archbishop of Gniezno and the Bishops of Cammin and Posen with the administration of all Templar estates in their dioceses. The goods were supposed to be handed over to the Hospitallers immediately, which then probably did not happen. Because on December 1, 1318, the Pope once again warned the dean of the cathedral chapter, the guardian of the Dominican monastery and the guardian of the Franciscan monastery in Cammin , to check the income from the Templars and to estimate what these goods add to the heavy financial burdens of the Johanniter could help in their fight against the Moors . After Brbestowicz, the Bishop of Cammin decided to hand over the Templars to the Johanniter.

It is possible that the Kommende Tempelburg von Waldemar was actually handed over to the Knights of St. John by the Bishop of Cammin in 1318/19 after the Kremmen Treaty or after the papal letter of 1318. In any case, in 1320 Gebhard von Bortfeld is referred to as commendator in Tempelburg ( preceptor in Tempelborgh Caminensis diocesis ). It is not clear whether he actually had the coming one or whether it was more of a claim to possession ("titular commendator"). After the sudden death of the Brandenburg Margrave Waldemar on August 14, 1319, the political turmoil soon set in, which cost the Mark Brandenburg many areas. Parts of the Uckermark were occupied by the Pomeranian dukes and alienated from the Mark Brandenburg. At the latest during this time, the Pomeranian bishop in Cammin took possession of the Kommende Tempelburg and possibly alienated it again from the Hospitallers. Also noteworthy is the addition to the title of Gebhard von Bortfeld from 1320 Caminensis diocesis , since Tempelburg belonged to the diocese of Posen . It is possible that the Bishop of Cammin followed the practice still common in the 13th century that the national borders were followed by the diocese borders.

The coming will be withdrawn from the Johanniter

In any case, after 1320, their comrades were estranged from the Johanniter, the exact circumstances are not known. Otherwise, the transactions from the years 1334/35 can hardly be explained conclusively. In the 1320s Gebhard von Bortfeld was also commander of the commander-in-chiefs of Braunschweig , Goslar and Quanthof, and from 1323 also general president of the Johanniter for the order of Saxony, Mark, Wendland and Pomerania, and stayed mainly in Braunschweig. In the various documents of the 1320s and 1330s, he is never (no longer) referred to as commander of Tempelburg.

In 1334 the Pomeranian nobleman Ludolf von Massow bought half of the palace, town and country of Tempelburg from a Hermann Roden. In 1335 he was able to acquire the other half from the Bishop of Cammin, who in turn had acquired his half from a Wizkin von Vorbeck. In 1334 Ludolf von Massow made the oath of feudal oath to the Camminer bishop Friedrich von Eickstedt for the state of Tempelburg. According to Lüpke, it must be particularly emphasized that the bishop made no obligation to defend his feudal man and to give him a guarantee for the land. A more than clear indication that the bishop did not feel safe in possession of the overlordship.

It is unlikely that the Johanniter would have voluntarily renounced the possession of the state of Tempelburg or would have sold it, as Brstitowicz assumes as a possibility, especially since the land Tempelburg was granted to them again in 1345, i.e. also that they never on their claims to the land Tempelburg had waived. The assumption by some older authors that the Pomeranian nobles named in 1334/35 were already vassals appointed by the Brandenburg margrave Waldemar, Lüpke considers to be unprovable. This also contradicts the documents. After all, Gebhard von Bortfeld, a commander of Tempelburg, is named in 1320 (Waldemar died in 1319). If one were to follow the opinion of the authors, one would have to assume that Gebhard von Bortfeld was really only titular commander of Tempelburg in 1320. Had the Johanniter taken over the nobles allegedly appointed by Waldemar as vassals, they would have had to appear as feudal lords in the transactions of 1334/35, and not the Camminer bishop.

In 1336/37 Gebhard von Bortfelde had either withdrawn from his office as General President of the Johanniter or was deposed. The latter may possibly be the case, as he no longer appears as a commander of a Johanniterkommende. After that he stayed in the retinue of the Brandenburg Margrave Ludwig the Elder , from 1340 to 1344 he was Chancellor of the Danish King Waldemar IV. During this time he probably saw no possibility of regaining possession of his upcoming temple castle. Presumably around 1344 it was reported to him that Margrave Ludwig had regained the sovereignty of the state of Tempelburg and now used his influence to get Tempelburg back into the possession of the Johanniter.

The Johanniter came back into possession of the Kommende Tempelburg in 1345

In the Treaty of Berlin of September 10, 1345, the Brandenburg Margrave Ludwig the Brandenburger granted the state of Tempelburg to the Johannites again. However, Ludwig reserved an opening and occupation right for the important castle in Tempelburg. It is unclear how the state of Tempelburg came into his possession. He maintained good relations with the Johanniter and probably still felt bound by the provisions of the Kremmen Treaty of January 29, 1318. In 1347 Gebhard von Bortfeld was then (again) commander in Tempelburg. He probably died around 1349/50.

In two documents dated November 2, 1350, Margrave Ludwig promised his vassal Henning von Wedel the elder the Land of Tempelburg as a replacement for the land of Bernstein, which had been ceded to Pomerania. But that did not happen because Henning von Wedel was enfeoffed by Margrave Ludwig with the towns of Kallies ( Kalisz Pomorski ) and Nörenberg ( Ińsko ). Lüpke interprets this process as a possible vacancy in the Kommendatorstelle, and possible sales intentions of Johanniter. A transfer of the state of Tempelburg by Margrave Ludwig to a vassal without the consent of the Johanniter would be unthinkable. In 1354 Ludwig was once again guaranteed the opening and occupation rights for the Tempelburg Castle in the event of a military conflict with Pomerania. On August 15, 1361, the General President of the Johanniter for Saxony, the Mark, Slavia and Pomerania, Hermann von Warberg, stayed in the Kommende Tempelburg, who at that time was Bernhard von der Schulenburg as commander. He gave the brothers Ludekin and Georg von der Goltz joint ownership of the two villages of Blumenwerder ( Piaseczno ) and Carsbaum (fallen desert) and four lakes; the Böskauer See, the Brotzener See, the Buberowsee and the Großer Petznicksee in the state of Tempelburg. Two days later, Hermann von Warberg issued another document for the brothers Hermann and Heinrich de Banczen and Ludekin von der Goltz, in which he described them with the castle and village of Machlin ( Machliny ) and the villages of Milkow (fallen in desolation) and Brotzen ( Broczyno ) enfeoffed.

The Johanniter try to sell the upcoming temple castle

The acquisition of the Templar goods cost the Johanniter a lot of money, since the respective sovereigns transferred the Templar goods to the Order of St. Sometimes they had to pay dearly (see the provisions of the Kremmen Treaty as an example). Brother Hugo von Werdenberg had incurred high debts for the upper Ballei ( superior provincia sive Bacilia Alamanniae ). In 1366, the Grand Prior of the Johanniter in Germany, Conrad von Brunsberg, received permission from the General Chapter, which met in Avignon, to pay off the debts of the order, with the approval of the Tempelburg, Schöneck, Lagow and Aka , belonging to the Ballei Sachsen, Mark, Wendland and Pommern Lords master of the Brandenburg Balli for sale.

The Kommende Schöneck was actually sold to the Teutonic Order in 1370 and was incorporated into the Teutonic Order, while the other three Kommende Tempelburg, Lagow and Zachan ( Aka ) found no buyer and remained in the possession of the Order of St. John.

The land and the upcoming Tempelburg come under Polish sovereignty

In the Dramburger Treaty of February 12, 1368, the new Margrave Otto V. the Lazy had the sovereignty over the Land Tempelburg and with it the upcoming Tempelburg to the Polish King Casimir III. resign. The state of Tempelburg came under Polish sovereignty.

In 1378 the Pomeranian Duke Swantibor I besieged the castles Tempelburg and Machlin and conquered them. The castle in Tempelburg was probably destroyed in the process. In 1401, however, peace reigned again between the Pomeranian Duke Bogislaw VII and the Hospitallers, and the order even managed to acquire the Pomeranian village of Neuwuhrow ( Nowe Worowo ), which the order could buy from the Thydeke and Tonneghes brothers from Borne.

The end of the coming temple castle

In 1407 the (Alt-) Draheim Castle was finally stormed by the troops of the Lithuanian-Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło and the upcoming Tempelburg was apparently dissolved. In any case, no more Johanniter are mentioned in the state of Tempelburg in the further course of the story. By 1438 at the latest, Draheim had become the seat of a Starostei and had taken over the function of the administrative seat of the state of Tempelburg.

The state of Tempelburg comes into pledge possession in Brandenburg

In 1657, the Starostei Draheim with the city of Tempelburg came into pledge possession in Brandenburg for 120,000 thalers. The handover did not take place until 1668, however, in 1669 Tempelburg was removed from the jurisdiction of the Draheim office and declared an immediate city. In 1773 Warsaw renounced the right of redemption and Tempelburg and the Starostei Draheim was attached to Pomerania as Draheim Office.

Commendators / Commander

  • 1303 Nicholas, master
  • 1320 to? Gebhard von Bortfeld, 1318–1323 and 1328–34 commander in Braunschweig, 1328-1323 (1336?) Commander in Goslar, 1318 to 1328 commander in Quanthof, 1323 to 1336/37 general president
  • (1345? To) 1347 (1349?) Gebhard von Bortfelde
  • 1361–68 Bernd / Bernhard von der Schulenburg, was previously Kommendator in Süpplingenburg in 1359 , in 1370 he became Kommendator von Gartow , 1370/71 Deputy General President, 1372 General President

literature

  • Albert Breitsprecher: The Commandery Rörchen-Wildenbruch. History of the country railways and Wildenbruch. 272 p., Verlag Leon Sauniers Buchhandlung, Stettin 1940 (in the following abbreviated broadspeaker, Commandery Rörchen-Wildenbruch with corresponding page number)
  • Grzegorz Jacek Brnahmowicz: The abolition of the Templar order in the Neumark and in Pomerania. In: Christian Gahlbeck, Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Dirk Schumann (Hrsg.): Regionality and transfer history Coming from the Knight Order of the Templars and Johanniter in north-eastern Germany and in Poland. P. 63–76, Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2014 (Studies on Brandenburg and Comparative State History, Volume 9, also: Volume 4 of the writings of the State Historical Association for the Mark Brandenburg, New Series) ISBN 978-3-86732-140-2 (In the following, abbreviated Brbestowicz, abolition of the Templar Order with corresponding page number)
  • Christian Gahlbeck: Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk). On the question of the residence formation in the Brandenburg ballot of the Johanniter from 1312 to 1527. In: Christian Gahlbeck, Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Dirk Schumann (eds.): Regionality and transfer history of the Knights' order of the Knights Templar and Johanniter in northeast Germany and Poland. Pp. 271–337, Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2014 (Studies on Brandenburg and Comparative State History Volume 9, at the same time: Volume 4 of the publications of the State Historical Association for the Mark Brandenburg, NF) ISBN 978-3-86732-140-2 (im In the following abbreviated to Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk) with the corresponding page number)
  • Helmut Lüpke: The State of Tempelburg. A historical-geographical investigation , Baltic Studies, New Series, 35: 43–97, 1933 Online at Digital Library Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (hereinafter abbreviated to Lüpke, Land Tempelburg with corresponding page number)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brbestowicz, Abolition of the Templar Order, p. 158
  2. ↑ a b Brbestowicz, Abolition of the Templar Order, p. 157
  3. ^ Lüpke, Land Tempelburg, pp. 52/53.
  4. ^ Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk) , p. 306.
  5. ↑ Brbestowicz, Abolition of the Templar Order, p. 167
  6. ^ Lüpke, Land Tempelburg, p. 56.
  7. ^ Lüpke, Land Tempelburg, p. 57.
  8. ↑ Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel : Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis A. First main part or collection of documents on the history of the spiritual foundations, the noble families, as well as the towns and castles of the Mark Brandenburg, XXV. Tape. 500 S., Berlin, Reimer 1856 Online at Google Books (p. 37)
  9. ↑ Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel : Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis A. First main part or collection of documents on the history of the spiritual foundations, the noble families, as well as the towns and castles of the Mark Brandenburg, XVIII. (18.) Volume, The Neumark. 524 pp., Berlin, Reimer 1859 Online at Google Books (p. 124)
  10. ^ Lüpke, Land Tempelburg, p. 60.
  11. ↑ Leopold von Ledebur: The Johanniter Ordenshaus Aka. Weekly newspaper of the Johanniter-Ordens-Balley Brandenburg, 2 (14): 64, Berlin 1861 Online at Google Books
  12. ^ Heinrich Kaak: Defense and culture of the Johanniter Ordensballei Brandenburg from the Reformation to the present. In: Christian Gahlbeck, Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Dirk Schumann (Hrsg.): Regionality and transfer history Coming from the Knight Order of the Templars and Johanniter in north-eastern Germany and in Poland. P. 467–496, Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2014 (Studies on Brandenburg and Comparative State History 9, also: Volume 4 of the writings of the State Historical Association for the Mark Brandenburg, NF) ISBN 978-3-86732-140-2 , p. 468
  13. ↑ Lüpke, Land Tempelburg, p. 62.
  14. ↑ Broadspeaker, Commandery Rörchen-Wildenbruch, p. 70.
  15. ↑ a b Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk) , p. 335.
  16. ↑ Pflugk-Hartung, Beginnings of the Johanniter Order, p. 119, document no. 10.

Coordinates: 53 ° 34 '  N , 16 ° 14'  E