Order Office Friedland

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The Friedland Ordensamt was a civil lordship in Lower Lusatia that had already come into the possession of the Order of St. John (Balley Brandenburg) in the first half of the 16th century . The area of ​​the former religious office is now around the town of Friedland in the Oder-Spree district , Brandenburg . The castle, probably built in the 13th century, and the small town that developed under the protection of the castle came into aristocratic ownership early on and became the seat of a small aristocratic lordship with around 14 villages, the lordship of Friedland , whose ownership changed frequently. The Order of St. John was then able to maintain its possession until 1811. After that the property was converted into a royal Saxon office. After Niederlausitz passed to Prussia in 1815, this became the Friedland Rent Office , which existed until 1874.

Castle courtyard at Friedland Castle

history

Probably around the middle of the 13th century, a castle was built at the junction of the north-south-running Beeskow - Lieberose to Neuzelle , at the transition of this street over the valley of the Dammmühlenfließ, and a settlement to protect it. The castle and town were probably laid out by Margrave Heinrich the Illustrious of Meissen.

Coat of arms of the city of Friedland (Niederlausitz)

14th Century

In 1301 the castle and town ( castrum et oppidum ) were first mentioned in a document. As early as 1307, the castle and town came into the possession of Timo von Strele (Strehla). The coat of arms of Friedland shows the three scythe blades of the coat of arms of Strele , who at that time also sat in Beeskow. Presumably, the area around Friedland originally belonged to the castle in Beeskow, as also suggests that Friedland belonged to the Sedes (Archpriest's Chair) Beeskow during the Middle Ages. In 1367 Lower Lusatia came to the Kingdom of Bohemia and remained under Bohemian feudal sovereignty until 1815.

15th century

In 1415 the castle and town were owned by Otto von Kittlitz, who also ruled Spremberg . In the 1430s the rifle guild in Beeskow donated the Corpus Christi and the Sebastian altar in the Marienkirche in Beeskow. In 1432 three citizens of the city pledged the interest of ten Hufen in Reudnitz to the Schützengesellschaft for 33 shock 40 groschen of Bohemian coin . This interest amounted to five bushels of wheat and oats, ten lots of pfennigs and ten chickens. This interest was a fief of Johann IV von Biberstein, who gave his consent. If Reudnitz already belonged to the Friedland dominion at that time, Johann IV. Von Biberstein would have also owned the Friedland dominion at that time.

In 1438, 1449 and 1453 the von Lossow family owned the castle and town of Friedland. Hans v. In 1438 Lossow had sold the Große Heide and the village of Briesen to the Carthusian monastery in Frankfurt (Oder) (in order to acquire the dominion of Friedland?). Since 1443 his sons Hans and Caspar were also enfeoffed. In 1452 Margrave Friedrich II of Saxony had to settle a dispute between Hans and Caspar von Lossow and their mother on the one hand and the city of Beeskow on the other. In 1468 the rulership passed into the possession of Henning Quast. In 1472 two Beynewitz brothers were enfeoffed with the rule of Friedland, and in 1477 Nickel Bennewitz sat in the castle. Probably soon after the sale of their previous regular property, the Wehlen estate (today the city ​​of Wehlen ), Niclas von Köckritz acquired the Friedland estate and the Schenkendorf estate near Guben , and in 1485 also the Lieberose estate ( Lieberose in the Dahme-Spreewald district ). Niclas von Köckritz became bailiff of Lower Lusatia in 1490, an office he held until 1494. In 1496 he also bought the Lübbenau estate . The four lordships included over 40 localities; At that time Niclas von Köckritz was the richest landowner in Niederlausitz.

16th Century

Niclas von Köckritz died in 1499 and in the same year his seven sons Hans, Nickel, Heinrich, Dietrich, Caspar, Lippold and Poppo were enfeoffed with the extensive property. The life stories of five of the seven brothers are not known in detail. Hans became Chancellor of the Polish King and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund . During the time of Sigismund as a prince, when Sigismund was governor of Niederlausitz from 1504 to 1506, he was his representative in Niederlausitz. The brothers could not keep the extensive property together. In 1503 they sold the Lübbenau estate for 9,000 guilders to Werner von der Schulenburg. In 1512 the rule of Schenkendorf had to be sold to the Order of St. John for 12,000 guilders .

In 1518 Caspar von Köckritz, who had obviously inherited the property, died and left four sons, only the eldest son Georg was of age. Since the rule was heavily in debt, the Lower Lusatian Landvogt Heinrich Tunkel von Bernitzko, as representative of the feudal lord and guardian of the three children Hans, Andreas and Peter von Köckritz, sold the Friedland rule for 16,750 Rhenish guilders to the Order of St. John and Master of St. John, Georg von Schlabrendorf . In 1519 the Lieberose estate, a Sternberg fiefdom, was sold to Jacob and Richard von der Schulenburg for 16,000 guilders. The quick sale and the comparatively low purchase price of the Friedland rule suggest that there was a deliberate game behind it, especially if you follow the further course of the story. When the brothers came of age, they challenged the sale. Although King Ludwig II had initially given his approval for the sale in 1523, he later withdrew it. The bailiff of Lower Lusatia Heinrich Tunkel von Bernitzko ignored the royal order, whereupon the captain of Cottbus, Hans von Pannwitz, was instructed to reinstate the Köckritz brothers in Friedland. In 1527 the new Bohemian king, the Habsburg Ferdinand I , formally enfeoffed the brothers Georg, Hans and Andreas with the rule of Friedland. But they had to pledge their property again to the order master of the Johanniter, now Veit von Thümen . In 1533 they finally had to sell the rulership to the Order of St. John for the somewhat better price of 21,500 thalers. The rule at that time included:

The Friedland dominion has now been converted into an office of the order, the income of which went to the master of the Balley Brandenburg as table and chamber goods. The office of the order was administered by an order captain who resided at Friedland Castle. Since 1460, the Brandenburg elector had the right of nomination for the election of the Lord Master of the Balley Brandenburg and thus in fact had control over this part of the Order of St. John. In 1538 the Brandenburg Elector Joachim II converted to Lutheran teaching. The Brandenburg Ballei under their master master Veit von Thümen (1527–1544) followed him in this step. After the death of Veit von Thümen there was a scandal. He had signed an inheritance contract with the Brandenburg elector and left him his cash fortune. This also aroused covetousness in the Landvogt of Lower Lusatia, Albrecht von Schlick, Count von Passaun, who was in Prague and instructed the captain in Friedland to keep the locks in Friedland and Schenkendorf locked until King Ferdinand, who was in Speyer, had spoken out on the matter. Joachim von Quast, the captain of the order in Friedland, however, opened the castles to the Brandenburg Elector Johann who had arrived. So he could receive his inheritance. In addition, the new master of the order Joachim von Arnim could be introduced into the two dominions Friedland and Schenkendorf. The master of the order also addressed the king directly. He probably thought that the governor had gone too far, because both the king and governor took no further steps. In 1545 the master of the order Thomas Runge received the enfeoffment from the governor instead of the king.

17th to 19th century

The former rule Friedland remained in the possession of the Order of St. John until 1811. Due to the ownership of the two dominions Friedland and Schenkendorf, the order master had a seat and vote in the gentlemen's curia at the state parliaments of the Lower Lusatian Estates Assembly. There was regular friction between the abbot von Neuzelle and the master of the order over the first place in the gentleman's curia. Both were entitled to state parliament, i.e. H. had a seat and vote in the Herrenkuria. However, the master of the order was higher in rank than the Abbot of Neuzelle. The master of the order was, however, only the owner of a class rule that ranked after the Neuzelle monastery. From 1643 to 1650 the Swedish Colonel Johann Wittkopp had illegally appropriated the Friedland Order.

In 1811 the Balley Brandenburg was abolished. The last master master was August Ferdinand Prince of Prussia . The Friedland Ordensamt was drafted by the then Saxon King Friedrich August I and converted into a royal Saxon office. In 1815 the Kingdom of Saxony lost more than half of its territory to Prussia, including Lower Lusatia. The Saxon Office Friedland was converted into a Prussian Rent Office. In 1816 the administrator of the rent office was Oberamtmann Jänichen. 1854 belonged to the Friedland Rent Office (after Berghaus)

The Friedland Rentamt was dissolved in 1874.

Captains, bailiffs and general tenants

  • 1691–97 Christian Hönicke
  • around 1700 Hans Caspar von Klitzing
  • 1793 Karl August Hubert, general tenant (also managed the Zossen office)

supporting documents

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Klaus Neitmann: Lay world and church in late medieval Beeskow. In: Ekkehard Krüger, Dirk Schumann (ed.): Sankt Marien zu Beeskow. Pp. 41–73, Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2012 ISBN 978-3-931836-32-0 at Google Books (p. 60)
  2. ↑ On the Johanniter Ordensamt Friedland see Christian Gahlbeck, Ralf Fee, Dirk Schumann: Sonnenburg (Słońsk). Johaniter Order Castle. In: Heinz-Dieter Heimann , Klaus Neitmann , Winfried Schich u. a. (Ed.): Brandenburg monastery book. Handbook of the monasteries, pens and commander by the mid-16th century . (= Brandenburg historical studies, Volume 14). Volume 2. Be.bra-Wissenschaft-Verlag, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-937233-26-0 . Pp. 1148–1175, here pp. 1155f.
  3. ↑ Cf. property of the Johanniter Ordensämter Friedland and Schenkendorf (map), in Klosterbuch 2, p. 1172
  4. ↑ Winfried Töpler : The Neuzelle Monastery and the secular and spiritual powers 1268-1817. Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-931836-53-3 , p. 288 ( view on Google Books )
  5. ^ Official Journal of the Royal Prussian Government in Frankfurt ad Oder, year 1816, No. 22 of May 29, 1816 Online at Google Books (p. 247)
  6. ^ Heinrich Berghaus : Land book of the Mark Brandenburg and the Markgrafthum Nieder-Lausitz in the middle of the 19th century; or geographical-historical-statistical description of the province of Brandenburg. Third volume. Adolph Müller, Brandenburg 1856, pp. 653ff. ( View on Google Books )
  7. ↑ Subjects zu Klein Muckrow against the bailiff zu Friedland Christian Hönicke because of court services etc. (1691–1697) Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv: Online research
  8. ↑ Götz Freiherr von Houwald : The Niederlausitzer manors and their owners. Volume VII Kottbus District. 278 S., Neustadt an der Aisch 2001, Verlag Degener & Co. ISBN 3-7686-4206-2 (p. 51)
  9. ^ HH Müller: Domains and domain tenants in Brandenburg-Prussia in the 18th century. In: Otto Büsch, Wolfgang Neugebauer (Hrsg.): Modern Prussian History 1648-1947: An anthology. 1. Volume , pp. 316-359, De Gruyter, Berlin, 1981 ISBN 3-11-008714-6 , p. 344