Upcoming Gartow

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Gartow Castle

The Kommende Gartow was a branch of the Order of St. John of the Brandenburg Ballei in the Gartow district ( Lüchow-Dannenberg district , Lower Saxony). The house and town of Gartow as well as the accessories (23 villages, farms or individual properties) were acquired by the Order of St. John in 1360/64. The Coming is mentioned for the first time in 1371. Around 1300 the area of ​​the Kommende Gartow still belonged to the Altmark and thus to the Mark Brandenburg . After the Ascanians died out, the dukes of Lüneburg penetrated the area, and from around the 15th century Gartow belonged to the Principality of Lüneburg . As early as 1438, the Order of St. John sold the area of ​​the Kommende Gartow to nobles in the surrounding area for an inheritance. The Kommende Gartow must not be confused with the Kommende Gardow in Mecklenburg (later called Commandery Nemerow ).

history

Gartow and the area of ​​the so-called Kommende Gartow for the first time in 1371 was in the area of ​​interest of the Brandenburg margraves, the Welfs with their lines in Lüneburg and Braunschweig and, for a short time, the Dukes of Mecklenburg, who were able to bring the Land Lenzen opposite Gartow under their control. Therefore, a brief overview of the political situation prior to the acquisition of Gartow is of interest.

prehistory

According to Wolfgang Podehl, Gartow was an Ascanic border castle belonging to the Altmark to the Principality of Lüneberg at the beginning of the 14th century. It was the ancestral seat of an aristocratic family that named themselves after this castle of Gartow or von der Gartow. According to their coat of arms, they belonged to the castle team of Burg Salzwedel. On August 14, 1319, the Brandenburg Margrave Waldemar died completely unexpected. Waldemar had assigned the possessions of Tangermünde, Gardelegen, Stendal, Salzwedel and Osterburg to the west of the Elbe as Wittum to his wife Agnes , daughter of the Brandenburg margrave Hermann , in the event of his death. In this power vacuum, especially at a time when there were two German kings, Duke Rudolf I of Saxony-Wittenberg secured guardianship over the margrave widow. In order to evade this guardianship, Agnes of Brandenburg married Duke Otto, known as "the Mild" of Braunschweig (-Lüneburg) , before December 1319 . The Altmark came now largely under the control of Duke Otto "dem Mild" and his wife Agnes, who had a very strong position towards her husband due to her extensive Wittum and also acted independently as the mistress of the Altmark.

It was not until 1322 that King Ludwig was able to prevail against his opponent, the counter-king Friedrich the Fair , in the battle of Mühldorf . King Ludwig withdrew the Mark Brandenburg as a completed imperial fief. In 1323 he appointed his only eight-year-old son Ludwig, "the Brandenburger", as the new Margrave of Brandenburg. His guardian and governor in the Mark Brandenburg was Count Berthold VII von Henneberg-Schleusingen until 1330 .

As early as the 1320s, Duke Otto "der Strenge" von Lüneburg tried to get hold of the whole of Gartow through purchase (1321 a quarter of Friedrich von Gartow's castle) and simple coercion. The von Gartow had to pledge to him in 1322 "the castle hat for ever". The little town of Schnackenburg to the east, with its important Elbe toll, fell to the Duke of Lüneburg as early as 1320 or 1321. Archbishop Burchard of Magdeburg tried to recapture Gartow and Schnackenburg as overlord of the Altmark; however, he succumbed. In 1322 Heinrich II. , Known as "the Lion", conquered the town that had appropriated the Prignitz and the Land of Lenzen on the other side of the Elbe. In the further course of the 1320s, the new Margrave of Brandenburg also appeared. In 1324 he reached a peace treaty with Rudolf von Sachsen-Wittenberg, in 1325 he was able to redeem Schnackenburg from Heinrich II. In 1327 there were fights between Margrave Ludwig and Duke Otto “the Strict”, which were initially ended with the so-called atonement of 1328 or the Peace of Lüneburg. In it, Duke Otto "der Strenge" of Lüneburg and his two sons Otto III committed themselves . and Wilhelm II to return Gartow when margreve Woldemar had it , and gave up their claims to Gartow and Schnackenburg. In return, Margrave Ludwig renounced his claims to the County of Lüchow . The quarter of the castle acquired by Duke Otto the Strengen was returned to the von Gartow family, and the von Gartow family took the Gartow castle as a fief from Margrave Ludwig.

But Duke Otto "der Milde" of Braunschweig did not feel bound by the agreement. With the help of his (distant) cousins, Dukes Otto and Wilhelm von Lüneburg, he conquered Gartow and the upstream Werder Hobeck anew. The castle in Gartow must have been destroyed at the same time or shortly before. Because around 1330 Duke Otto the Mild, with the consent of his (distant) cousins, Dukes Otto and Wilhelm von Lüneburg (their father Otto the Strict had died on April 10, 1330), built a new castle near Gartow, which they shared among themselves. The latter handed over half of the castle to the brothers Friedrich, Henning and Baldewin as ducal officials on February 5, 1332. Soon afterwards, the Brunswick dukes Otto der Milde and his brothers Ernst and Magnus handed their half of the castle over to their cousins ​​Otto and Wilhelm von Lüneburg, but received half of Werder Hobeck and its villages.

Apparently the dukes of Brunswick already owned this property in Margrave Waldemar's time. In 1318 Duke Otto der Milde awarded the village of Höhbeck to the knights Henning and Friedrich von Gartow. The von Gartow were then feudal people of the Brandenburg margraves and the dukes of Braunschweig. After Otto des Mild's death in 1344, his successor and brother Magnus I gave the Hobeck to the lame Friedrich von Gartow.

After 1332, the following ownership conditions were presented: The town of Gartow with castle and accessories (south of it) belonged to the von Gartow family as a fiefdom of Duke Otto III. and Wilhelm von Lüneburg. In contrast, the Hobeck and its villages belonged to the Dukes of Braunschweig, and the Werder Krummendeich with its villages and the town of Schnackenburg belonged to the Mark Brandenburg.

As a result of the territorial policy of the Johanniter, the castle and town of Gartow, the Hobeck and the Krummendeich were united in the hands of the Order of St. John until 1360.

Acquisition of the territory of the Coming Gartow

Outbuilding, on the right the former brewery

In 1338 the brothers Friedrich, Henning and Boldewin von Gartow compared themselves with the city of Stendal. On February 19, 1340 Henning von Gartow sold half of the large farm in Getlitz ( Gedelitz ) to Dietrich Brewitz in Salzwedel. His son Heinrich gave his consent to the sale.

On July 17, 1346 Boldewin von Gartow sold some properties near Gartow and in Getlitz to Albrecht von Dannenberg and Wernher, Henrich and Henning von der Schulenburg. Heinrich von Gartow died in 1347. Then belehnte Margrave Ludwig his son Frederick of Gartow with the paternal goods, which were: four Zählstücke in Quarnstedt , four Zählstücke in Brunswick Village , in Holtorf , Crissow and the court Overland was estimated at two Zählstücke, the upper and lower court, but could also be up to ten counts. On September 1, 1355 Busso von Gartow sold a sixth of Gartow with capers, Restorf, Vietze and Brünkendorf to knight Albrecht von Dannenberg.

On January 16, 1360, the Brandenburg margraves Ludwig the Roman and Otto "the lazy" gave the Johanniter Lord Master Hermann von Werberg ownership of the island of Krummendeich. The villages Quarnstedt ( Quernstede ), Tzedemerstorp , Kryssow , Holtorf, Hof Overland , Hof Krughe , Kapern ( Koperen ), Gummern ( Gummeren ), Hof Pankeren , Hoghen Wenstorp , Brunstorp and Stresow are mentioned. But they reserved the city of Schnackenburg and the (Elbe) customs there. On February 1, 1360 Hannes von Gartow sold the Johanniter master craftsman Hermann von Werberg possessions on the Hoberg for six marks of Stendal silver.

On May 1, 1360, the brothers Werner (IV.) And Henrik (I.) von der Schulenburg and their cousins ​​Henning and Bernt sold their share of the house and town of Gartow with its accessories to the Order of St. John. The document also mentions that this share of Gartow had previously belonged to old Friedrich von Gartow and the long Henrich von Gartow. It is not known when they acquired this share. The certificate also describes the accessories or the villages belonging to Gartow (some of which no longer exist today):

  • Quarnstedt ( quarstidde )
  • Brunstorp (?)
  • Holtorf ( holtorp )
  • krissow (?)
  • hogen wentorp (?)
  • Gummern ( Gummern )
  • courtyard tu pangken (?)
  • hof to the ouerland (?)
  • courtyard to the jug
  • to tzedemerstorp (?), a hoof
  • de light up the bloutenberg , half a hoof
  • de light to the bridge
  • Restorf ( Redekestorp ), vief visschere de long hinrikes weren, and drye visscherie, the olde fredereks werin
  • Four ( vire ) whole village
  • Tczichow half
  • Vietze ( grozen vitze and lutteken vitze allent )
  • Pevestorf ( to beyden Pywestorp )
  • nygendorp entirely
  • Wuluesholte , half
  • Meetschow ( Metzkow ), half
  • Prezelle ( beczelle ), half
  • werle , half
  • Santekow , quite
  • and wat olde frederik and long hinrik hadden in the dorpe hangesforde
  • met vyscheryge, met Jaget, met molnen, wintmolnen and watermolnen, met all teghden large and small, met korntegheden and vleschteheden, met all dishes highest and sidest to help and to hand.

On June 16, 1360, Margrave Ludwig the Romans and Otto allowed the Order of St. John and the master ( masters and staid ) Hermann von Werberg to purchase Gartow with the proviso that Gartow Castle was kept open to them. Gartow then belonged to the diocese of Verden .

In 1364, Duke Wilhelm von Braunschweig and Lüneberg also gave his consent to the sale of Gartow and the town by von Schulenburg to the Order of St. John, represented by the Ghemene Bedere (Lord Master) Bernd von der Schulenburg. Gartow with accessories was a fiefdom of Duke Wilhelm. However, the approval was tied to many conditions, including: a. the right to redemption and opening of the lock. Apparently Gartow should first be subordinated to the Kommende Süpplingenburg . A Komtur was appointed by 1362 at the latest, when Albrecht von Dannenberg was mentioned as the first Komtur of Gartow.

On October 16, 1371, Duke Magnus II confirmed the Johannitern ownership of Gartow again. Shortly afterwards, the Order of St. John planned to sell the Kommende Gartow again, because on November 24, 1375, Duke Magnus II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg gave his permission to sell Gartow. In the end, however, it didn't come up for sale.

1375 the Kommende Gartow is also mentioned in the land book of Charles IV . The area around Gartow was then again or still counted as part of the Altmark. Gartow is here next to Werbyn , Tempelhofe , Lysen and Gorgast under the heading Castra et domus ordinis s. Johannis Jerosolimitani listed. In 1376 Bernhard von der Schulenburg took part in the chapter meeting in Heimbach.

In 1378 Heinrich von Dannenberg, with the consent of his cousins ​​Otto and Segeband, sold a farm near Holtorf, called the Hof van deme krughe , for ten Mark Brandenburg silver to the Order of St. John.

In 1390 Gartow and Schnackenburg were besieged and conquered by the dukes Bernhard I and Heinrich I of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. The reasons for this are not entirely clear.

On May 20, 1438, the then Meyster and g. bedyger Nyckel terebach to inherit half of Gartow for 1,500 good Rhenish guilders and 600 Lübeck marks to Werner von der Schulenberg the Elder. On the same day Ficke von Bülow and his son Hinrick von Bülow issued a fiefdom lapel about the other half of the house and town of Gartow, half of the Hobeck, on the heath and the Krummendeich; no purchase price is given here. Manecke states that the purchase price is 4,500 Rhenish guilders. In 1441 Vicke von Bülow is said to have bought her share from the von der Schulenburgs. The von Bülow also owned Gorleben Castle . Gartow then remained in the possession of the von Bülow family until 1694. In that year, Andreas Gottlieb von Bernstorff , Chancellor of Duke Georg Wilhelm zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg and later first minister of the Elector of Hanover, later King George I of Great Britain, bought the Gartow estate with 24 villages from cousins ​​Kurd and Jobst von Bülow for 34,000 thalers. Gartow then remained in the possession of von Bernstorff. Gartow remained formally in fiefdom of the Brandenburg Ballei of the Order of St. John. Gartow Castle and large estates, mostly forest areas, still belong to the family today.

Commander / Commendators

The commander or commendators of the Kommende Gartow have not yet been fully determined.

  • 1362 Albrecht von Dannenberg
  • 1370 to 1376 Bernd von der Schulenburg, brother in Sunte Johan's order at Garthow (1372: function not handed down)
  • 1400 Busso from Alvensleben. In 1411 he was a frater in Werben and from 1418 to 1426 General Preceptor (or Lord Master) in the Ballei Brandenburg.
  • 1432 Heinrich von Redern 1435–37 Komtur in Wietersheim, 1438 to at least 1453 Komtur in Werben

literature

  • Johann Friedrich Danneil : The sex of von der Schulenburg, Volume 2. 779 S., Salzwedel, Commissioned by JD Schmidt, 1847 Online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated to Danneil, sex of von der Schulenburg, 2, with corresponding page number)
  • Josef Dolle: Gartow - Johanniter. In: Josef Dolle (ed.) (With the collaboration of Dennis Kniehauer): Lower Saxony monastery book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, commendants and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginnings to 1810. Part 2, Gartow to Marienthal. P. 461–463, Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2012 (hereinafter abbreviated to Dolle, Gartow - Johanniter with corresponding page number)
  • Christian Gahlbeck: Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk). On the question of the residence formation in the Brandenburg ballot of the Johanniter from 1312 to 1527. In: Christian Gahlbeck, Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Dirk Schumann (eds.): Regionality and transfer history of the Knightly Order Coming of the Templars and Johanniter in north-eastern Germany and in Poland. Pp. 271–337, Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2014 (Studies on Brandenburg and Comparative State History [9], also: Volume 4 of the "Writings of the State Historical Association for the Mark Brandenburg, NF") ISBN 978-3-86732-140- 2 (hereinafter abbreviated to Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk) with the corresponding page number)
  • Wolfgang Podehl: Castle and rule in the Mark Brandenburg: Investigations on the medieval constitutional history with special consideration of Altmark, Neumark and Havelland. 858 S., Böhlau-Verlag, Cologne, 1975 (Central German Research Vol. 76) ISBN 3412019755 (Gartow: S. 636/7)
  • Friedrich Schunder: The Johanniterordenshaus Wiesenfeld. In: Friedrich Schuder (ed.): The Upper Hessian monasteries. Regesta and certificates. First volume. S. 327–426, NG Elwert Verlag (Kommissionsverlag), Marburg, 1961 (Publications of the Historical Commission for Hesse and Waldeck, Volume 9; Monastery Archives Regesta and Documents, Volume 3)
  • Hermann Sudendorf: Document book on the history of the dukes of Braunschweig and Lüneburg. Part 3 (from 1357 to 1369). 299 p., Hanover, Carl Rümpler, 1862 (in the following abbreviated Sudendorf, document book with corresponding page number).
  • Adolf Wilhelm Ernst von Winterfeld: History of the knightly order of St. Johannis from the hospital in Jerusalem: with special consideration of the Brandenburg ballot or the masterclass of Sonnenburg. XVI, 896 S., Berlin, Berendt, 1859 Online at Google Books (in the following abbreviated, Winterfeld, history of the knightly order with corresponding page number)

Source editions

  • Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel : Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis Collection of documents, chronicles and other sources for the history of the Mark Brandenburg and its rulers. A. First main part or collection of documents for local and special regional history, Volume 3. 512 p., Berlin, FH Morin 1843 Online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated CDB, A 3 with certificate number and corresponding page number)
  • Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel: Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis. Collection of documents, chronicles and other sources for the history of the Mark Brandenburg and its rulers. A. First main part or collection of documents for local and special regional history, Volume 5. 500 p., Berlin, FH Morin, 1845 Online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated to CDB, A 5 with certificate number and corresponding page number)
  • Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel: Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis. Collection of documents, chronicles and other sources for the history of the Mark Brandenburg and its rulers. A. First main part or collection of documents for local and special regional history, Volume 6. 502 S., Berlin, Morin 1846 Online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated to CDB, A 6 with document number and corresponding page number)
  • Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel: Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis A. First main part or collection of documents on the history of the spiritual foundations, the noble families, as well as the towns and castles of the Mark Brandenburg, XVII. Band, The Altmark (continued). 516 S., Berlin, Reimer 1859 Online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated CDB, A 17 with document number and corresponding page number)
  • Adolph Friedrich Johann Riedel: Codex Diplomaticus Brandenburgensis or collection of documents on the history of the spiritual foundations, the noble families, as well as the towns and castles of the Mark Brandenburg, A. First main part, XVIII. (18.) Volume, The Neumark. 524 pp., Berlin, Reimer 1859 Online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated to CDB, A 18 with certificate number and corresponding page number)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sudendorf, Urkundenbuch, S.CII (= 102) Live on Google Books .
  2. ↑ CDB, A 17, Urk, No. XIX (= 19), p. 239 Online at Google Books
  3. ↑ CDB, A 6, document no.XXXIX (= 39), p. 28. Online at Google Books
  4. ↑ CDB, A 6, document no. XLIII (= 43), p. 30/1. Online at Google Books
  5. ↑ CDB, A 6, document no. L (= 50), p. 33. Online at Google Books
  6. ↑ CDB, A 6, Urk. No. LIII (= 53), p. 35. Online at Google Books
  7. ↑ CDB, A 6, document no. LV (= 55), p. 37. Online at Google Books
  8. ↑ CDB, A 6, document no. LVI (= 56), pp. 37-39. Online at Google Books
  9. ↑ Danneil, The sex of the von der Schulenburg, vol. 2, p. 37 online at Google Books .
  10. ^ Danneil, The sex of the von der Schulenburg, Vol. 2, p. 44 Online at Google Books .
  11. ↑ CDB, A 6, document no. LII (= 52), p. 34/5. Online at Google Books
  12. ↑ CDB, A 5 document no. LXXXVII (= 87), p. 340 online at Google Books
  13. ^ Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk), p. 287.
  14. ↑ a b Dolle, Gartow - Johanniter, p. 463.
  15. ↑ CDB, A 6, document no. LIX (= 59), p. 40 Online at Google Books
  16. ↑ CDB, A6, document no. LXI (= 61), p. 41/2 Online at Google Books
  17. ↑ Johannes Schultze : Das Landbuch der Mark Brandenburg von 1375. Brandenburgische Landbücher Volume 1. Commission publishing house by Gsellius, Berlin 1940 (p. 61)
  18. ↑ a b Schunder, Johanniterordenshaus Wiesenfeld, p. 342.
  19. ↑ CDB, A6, document no. LXII (= 62), p. 42 Online at Google Books
  20. ↑ a b CDB, A 6, document no. CDV (= 405), p. 245 Online at Google Books
  21. ↑ CDB, A 6, document number LXXX (= 80), p. 54 Online at Google Books
  22. ↑ CDB, A6, document no.LXXXI (= 81), p. 56/7. Online at Google Books
  23. ↑ a b Urban Friedrich Christoph Manecke: Topographical-historical descriptions of the cities, offices and aristocratic courts in the Principality of Lüneburg. Volume 2, Celle, Capaun-Karlow'sche Buchhandlung 1858 Online at Google Books (p. 175)
  24. ↑ Adolf Wilhelm Ernst von Winterfeld: History of the Knightly Order of St. Johannis from the Hospital in Jerusalem: with special consideration of the Brandenburg Balli or the Sonnenburg Lordship. XVI, 896 S., Berlin, Berendt, 1859 Online at Google Books , p. 702.
  25. ^ Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv: Online research: Letter of ownership by Emperor Charles IV, King of Bohemia, for the Count of Gartow, Bernhard von der Schulenburg, on all possessions of the Order of St. John in the Mark Brandenburg (copy); (1373)
  26. ↑ CDB, A 18, document no. LII (= 52), p. 33/4. Online at Google Books
  27. ↑ CDB, A 3, document no. IX (= 9), p. 294/5 Online at Google Books
  28. ↑ Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk), p. 335.
  29. ^ Gahlbeck, Lagow (Łagów) or Sonnenburg (Słońsk), p. 311.
  30. ↑ CDB, A6, document no.LXXVIII (= 78), p. 56/7. Online at Google Books

annotation

  1. ↑ Riedel often confused Gartow with Gardow. But even in the Brandenburg monastery book of 2007 (vol. 2, p. 806) the town of Gartow with the castle was moved to Mecklenburg.
  2. ↑ Riedel refers the document to the Gardow Commandery in Mecklenburg.

Coordinates: 53 ° 1 '  N , 11 ° 27'  E