Agriculture of Brazil

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Brazilian agriculture is of great importance not only for the country itself but also for the rest of mankind. In theory, Brazil could feed around a billion people, which is why it is considered the breadwinner of the world. On average, 40% of the gross domestic product is generated with agribusiness and around 43% of all exports are agricultural goods, which means that agriculture plays an essential role in Brazil's trade balance. There is a total of 248 million hectares of agricultural land in Brazil, to which about 2 million hectares of new land are added annually.

Along the coasts, agriculture is practiced in small and medium-sized structures and food is produced for domestic consumption. In Central Brazil, on the other hand, there are holdings that cultivate areas of 100,000 hectares or more. They have made Brazil the cost leader in agricultural bulk commodities such as sugar, soybeans, corn, coffee, orange juice, beef, pork and poultry. The agricultural sector in Brazil has not yet exhausted its potential, there are still large reserves of land and by intensifying agriculture, the yields could be increased even further. The development of agriculture is mainly limited by deficiencies in the country's infrastructure, the distance between the cultivation areas and the export ports for agricultural products and the high capital expenditure for fertilizing the fields.

The Brazilian agriculture is criticized for the fact that the reclamation of former wilderness areas destroys species-rich biomes that are worthy of protection almost everywhere and are of international importance from a nature conservation point of view. In particular, the deforestation of rainforest areas has come under fire, as it inevitably means that many (especially endemic ) species are exterminated and ecologically valuable biological diversity is irrevocably lost. From the perspective of climate protection are in deforestation also important carbon sinks degraded. If they are converted into pasture for livestock farming , the meaning in the carbon cycle is even reversed , as grazing animals emit large amounts of the highly effective greenhouse gas methane . From the perspective of human rights , the curtailment of the rights of indigenous peoples through to the destruction of their livelihoods is mentioned in this context .

It is also criticized that huge amounts of artificial fertilizers and pesticides are used in Brazil , that products for export are grown in monocultures on very large areas and that the working conditions for agricultural workers are very poor. Many fields are now used for the production of export products or energy crops instead of growing food for the local population. Furthermore, the ownership structure is highly concentrated: around 50 companies, some foreign companies, dominate agriculture in Brazil and its upstream and downstream industrial sectors, while 150,000 farm worker families do not own any land.

Products

Cattle, beef and milk

A Nelore bull in the Centro-Oeste region

The breeding of cattle and the marketing of their products is one of the most important branches of the economy in Brazil. The country is the world's largest exporter of beef: 800,000 tons of beef were exported in 2011, bringing Brazil's sales of 4.2 billion US dollars in 2011. In addition, 45 kg of beef per person are consumed in Brazil every year. In 2012, 35 million cattle were slaughtered, resulting in 8.4 million tons of meat and 34 million hides.

In 1920 there were 34.3 million cattle in Brazil. That number rose to 128.1 million in 1985 and 176.1 million in 2006. Brazil had the second largest herd of cattle in the world after India in 2010. While the cattle population in Brazil is growing, the area grazed by cattle is shrinking. In 1985, 179 million hectares were grazed by cattle, compared with 159 million in 2006 .; Between 1940 and 2006 the grazing area per animal decreased from 2.56 hectares to 1.1 hectares in 2006. This is made possible through better pasture technology and genetic improvements in the animals, for example through intensive portion pasture, where an area of ​​250 hectares is divided into twelve sections and 240 cattle graze for one week each (pizza system). In regions with intensive sugar cane and orange cultivation (especially in the state of São Paulo) the animals are also fattened with 70% bagasse from sugar production, 10% cotton seed flour and 20% pomace from orange juice production.

There are 2.7 million holdings in Brazil that keep cattle. Most cattle live in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso , each with 21 million, another 20 million live in the state of Minas Gerais , 18 million in the state of Goiás and 14 million in the state of Pará . There is currently a change in Brazilian cattle farming. While the states on the coasts deplete their stocks, stocks in the interior are rising sharply. Between 1996 and 2006, the herd of cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul fell by 1.9 million and in the state of São Paulo by 1.8 million. Over the same period, the cattle herd rose 7.8 million or 130% in Pará state, 4.6 million or 117% in Roraima state and 6.2 million or 43% in Mato Grosso state. In the south of Brazil the keeping of domestic cattle dominates , in the rest of the country the keeping of zebus , whereby the animals have been made more productive by crossing into European breeds such as Angus , Simmental or Limousin . For these animals, it is usual to keep them on the pasture for two years, followed by a three-month final fattening period; when slaughtered, they weigh between 450 and 550 kilograms. Scientific research is also being carried out in Brazil to improve the genetics of cattle; in 2001, the country's first cloned cattle was born.

Around 1.3 million farms in Brazil produce milk. In total, milk production in 2006 was 20.6 billion liters, with productivity averaging 1618 liters per cow per year. Productivity in 1970 was 678 liters per cow per year. The largest milk producer in Brazil is the state of Minas Gerais, where 28% of the country's total milk production comes from. The most productive milk producers, however, are the states of Rio Grande so Sul, Paraná and Santa Catarina with 2406 liters of milk per animal and year. In Brazil, around 15–20% of bio-diesel is obtained from cattle tallow because it is cheaper than soybean oil.

Corn

Corn field in the state of São Paulo.

Corn is grown all over Brazil. The area planted with maize increased from 13.3 million hectares in 2003 to 15.8 million hectares in 2015. The harvest also grew, from 48.3 million tons (2003) to 85.3 million tons (2015). Productivity rose from 3.7 tons (2003) to 5.5 tons per hectare, but this value is well below the productivity in European or US maize cultivation. In 2011/2012, Brazil was the fourth largest corn producer after the USA, China and the EU. The main growing areas for maize are in the south of the country. Half of the 2006 harvest came from the four states of Paraná , Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina and São Paulo . This is also where the highest yields per hectare are achieved. Winter and summer harvests are possible in the most important growing areas. In 2006, 94 percent of the maize harvest grew on artificially irrigated fields, 82 percent was chemically fertilized, 74% treated with pesticides and about a third of the harvest was hand-picked.

In contrast to other countries on the continent, maize is only a small part of the human diet in Brazil. 75 percent of the maize harvested is used as animal feed, another 15 percent is used in the food and chemical industries. A large part, namely between 7.7 million tons in 2009 and 28.9 million tons in 2015, is exported.

Part of the increase in productivity that has been achieved in recent years is due to the use of genetically modified seeds. The use of such seeds rose from 39 percent in 2009/2010 to over 70 percent in 2011/2012. By using plants that are resistant to insect attack, Brazil has become the world's second largest producer of genetically modified maize. A total of 316 conventional and 173 genetically modified cultivars are grown in Brazil . Another part of the productivity increase comes from improved winter harvests, the yield of which exceeded the yield of the summer harvest for the first time in 2012.

Sugar cane, sugar and ethanol

Sugar cane cultivation in the state of São Paulo

The sugar cane plant was brought to Brazil by the Portuguese colonial rulers in the 16th century. The first plantations arose on the coast of São Vicente and Olinda . In the middle of the 20th century, São Paulo became the center of sugar cane cultivation. In 1933, the Brazilian Institute for Sugar and Alcohol was founded, for which an oversupply of sugar in the market was the cause. This institute aims to regulate the market and reduce the risk for producers. In 2010 sugar cane was grown on 9 million hectares. The harvested sugar cane was used to produce 45% sugar and the remainder bioethanol . Today sugar cane cultivation is regulated by the Zoneamento Agroecológico da Cana-de-Açúcar . This prohibits the cultivation of sugar cane in the Amazon, in the Pantanal and on the upper reaches of the Rio Paraguai and is intended to prevent the destruction of original vegetation.

In 2006 sugar cane was grown by 193,000 farms, which harvested a total of 407 million tons of sugar cane. The concentration of cultivation is high, however: 54% of all sugar cane was harvested by the 700 largest farms. 70% of the harvest came without irrigation, but 81% of the harvest was supplied with pesticides and 90% with artificial fertilizers. Sugar cane is harvested in Brazil all year round, with a focus on June to September. The plantings also take place all year round, with a focus on January to April. As of 2008, around two thirds of the sugar cane was cut by hand, with the dry plant components burned off before harvesting for this purpose. This practice should be banned in the state of São Paulo by 2017; For this reason, around 1,000 sugar cane harvesters went into operation every year. The yield is 10 to 12 tons of sugar per hectare.

About 60% of the total sugar cane harvest in 2006 was brought in in the state of São Paulo. Another 8% of the total sugar cane was harvested in Alagoas , 7% in Paraná and 5% in Minas Gerais . The absolute center of Brazilian sugar cane cultivation is in the Riberão Preto mesoregion , where 21% of all Brazilian sugar cane is harvested. Other extremely important growing areas are the meso-regions of São José do Rio Preto and Bauru in São Paulo and Leste Alagoano in Alagoas. There is a tendency for sugar cane cultivation to move from São Paulo towards Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul ; the country's largest sugar factory as of 2008 was located near Cuiabá and processed 6.3 million tons of cane from a radius of 30 kilometers.

Brazil is the price leader in sugar production. In 2008, it cost around $ 200 to produce a tonne of sugar, less than half that of European sugar. For this reason, Brazil exported 21% of the world's sugar exported in 2011. The 25.5 million tons that went for export raised $ 14.9 billion. About 70% of Brazil's total sugar exports come from the state of São Paulo. Russia is the largest export customer.

manioc

Cassava harvest

The cassava plant was cultivated in today's Brazil long before the arrival of the Europeans. When the Portuguese began to settle in Brazil, cassava was their first staple food because wheat could not thrive in Brazil at the time. With the help of the Portuguese, the cultivation of cassava spread to Africa and Southeast Asia; Nigeria is now the largest producer of cassava.

Since cassava has low demands on the fertility of the soil, it is mainly grown by small farms from traditional communities across the country . It is also planted in gardens or backyards by the low-income classes. Since in both cases it is a question of subsistence cultivation for personal consumption that cannot be measured by the market economy , the significance of cassava in the official statistics tends to be underestimated. In fact, it is one of the most important agricultural products in the country. The cultivation is little mechanized and labor-intensive.

The area planted with cassava and recorded statistically has fallen from 1.9 million hectares in 1990 to 1.5 million hectares in 2015. The harvest has remained the same and has fluctuated between 20 and 26 million tons since 1990. The cultivation is common throughout Brazil, especially in the north and northeast. More than two-thirds of the 2015 harvest came from the states of Pará , Paraná , Bahia , Acre , Maranhão and São Paulo . However, the greatest yields per hectare are achieved in the south; nationwide, they rose from an average of 12 tons to over 14 tons between 1990 and 2015. More than the harvest takes place all year round, as cassava can remain in the ground for a long time without any loss of quality.

About a third of the cassava harvested throughout Brazil in 2006 remained with the producers to be used for human consumption. Another 7 percent was used by the producer himself as feed for animals. Almost 98% of the manioc cultivation was done without artificial irrigation, almost 89% was not treated with pesticides, 18 percent was chemically fertilized and almost 73 percent received no fertilizers at all. The harvest was done entirely by hand.

The manioc roots are consumed all over Brazil, the leaves only come on the dining table in the north. The tubers are also processed industrially into flour or starch. It is estimated that the cultivation and processing of cassava creates about a million jobs in Brazil.

Oranges

Cutrale orange plantation in Avaré
Orange plantation in Avaré

The orange originally comes from Asia and was introduced into Brazil by the Portuguese between 1530 and 1540, in the regions of today's states of Bahia and São Paulo . Today, Brazil achieves about 30% of the total world harvest. This has made the country the largest exporter of orange juice concentrate. Brazil generates a total of 1.5 billion US dollars a year from the export of orange products, i.e. juice concentrate, oils and other aromatic liquids. The press cake that remains after the juice has been extracted is used as fodder for cattle and dairy cows.

In 2006 oranges were grown by 68,500 farms. They achieved a harvest of 12.2 million tons from 256 million orange trees that stood on 738,000 hectares of land. Of this harvest, 9.1 million tons or 75% of the harvest were sold directly to industry. Another 17% went to middlemen. Around 96% of the oranges were harvested manually in 2006. 89% of the harvest had to be supplied with artificial fertilizers. The harvest in Brazil takes place all year round, but two thirds of the oranges are harvested between July and October. Brazilian production of oranges is likely to grow by 1.9% each over the next few years, with a harvest of 23.5 million tons in 2020/21. The market for citrus fruits is asymmetrical, with the industry having very high market power with large companies such as Citrosuco and Cutrale and therefore being able to take in the majority of the profits.

The largest growing area for oranges is in the state of São Paulo, where 84% of the total Brazilian orange harvest is brought in. In this state alone, 500,000 jobs depend directly and indirectly on processing and growing oranges. The so-called cinturão citrícola (citrus belt) , in which 53% of the orange juice produced worldwide is obtained, is located around the cities of São José do Rio Preto (2.1 million tons of harvest in 2006), Araraquara (2.0 million tons) , Pirassununga (1.8 million tons), Riberão Preto and especially the municipality of Jaboticabal (1.6 million tons), Bauru (1.2 million tons), São João da Boa Vista , Moji Mirim , Catanduva , Barretos , Novo Horizonte , Jaú and Avaré . In São Paulo, 55% late varieties, 23% early varieties and 22% medium varieties are grown. This diversification serves to minimize risks due to climatic conditions, to avoid diseases and to avoid flooding the market with the entire annual production within a short period of time.

Other growing areas for oranges are in the states of Bahia and Sergipe , from where only 4% of the harvest comes.

tomatoes

Tomato plantation in Arandu

Tomatoes are grown all over Brazil. For consumption as vegetables, the main cultivation areas are in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais , and for industrial use there is also cultivation areas in the state of Goiás . A total of 68,000 hectares were planted with tomatoes in 2010. The yield here is 61 tons per hectare, this can be increased to up to 140–150 tons per hectare through the use of suitable hybrids and special irrigation.

In 2006, stick tomatoes, mainly as a vegetable, were planted on 34,600 farms. The harvest was 1.1 million tons, 87% of which was sold to middlemen. Irrigation was required for more than 95% of the production, and artificial fertilizers and pesticides were used.

Two thirds of all stick tomatoes were harvested in the southeast of the country. The state of São Paulo accounted for 353,000 tonnes, the state of Minas Gerais for 168,000 tonnes and the state of Rio de Janeiro for 114,000 tonnes . The center of Brazilian tomato cultivation is in the Itapetininga mesoregion , where 217,000 tonnes were harvested, 154,000 tonnes of which came from the municipality of Riberão Branco alone .

Vine tomatoes achieved a yield of 383,000 tons in 2006, of which the growers sold 182,000 tons directly to the industry and another 158,000 tons to dealers. More than 80% of these tomatoes were harvested by hand, for almost 90% of the harvest irrigation and the use of pesticides were necessary, for almost 80% artificial fertilizers were used. The states of São Paulo and Goiás accounted for more than half of the vine tomato harvest. A harvest of 128,000 tons was achieved in São Paulo in 2006 and 68,000 tons in Goias. The focus here was on the mesoregions Presidente Prudente and Sul Goiano .

Mate

The mate bush is a plant that is native to tropical South America. It has a stimulating effect, its leaves are crushed and dried in southern Brazil and neighboring countries, brewed as tea, ground into chimarrão or enjoyed with ice water as tereré . The cultivation and processing (drying and crushing) of mate takes place in small structures in the south of Brazil. The main producer is the state of Paraná , which produces 160,000 tons of mate per year or 70% of the country's total production. The community of São Mateus do Sul in particular lives from the cultivation of mate, 15% of all Brazilian mate comes from here.

Most of the mate is consumed in Brazil. In 2011, only 35,500 tons were exported, making 61 million US dollars.

Sweet potatoes

Sweet potatoes

The sweet potato is a drought-resistant, adaptable and undemanding crop that is grown in the tropics around the world. In Brazil, however, cultivation is declining because the sweet potato is being displaced by foods that are easier to prepare and have a higher social standing. In 2006, almost 300,000 tons of sweet potatoes were harvested in Brazil, with the harvest being distributed over almost 40,000 farms. About 87% of the harvest was sold, of which 87% went to middlemen. Two thirds of the harvest came from without artificial irrigation, around half without pesticides. Around 70% of the harvest was supplied with artificial fertilizers. Two thirds of Brazil's sweet potato harvest comes from the northeast of the country. The states with the largest harvest of sweet potatoes were Sergipe , São Paulo, and Paraíba .

The cultivation is usually carried out in mixed culture with other agricultural products. In addition to regulated agriculture, large quantities of sweet potatoes are grown by the population who are not involved in agriculture, mostly for their own consumption. Sweet potatoes are often eaten boiled, fried or deep-fried for breakfast in Brazil. As part of Brazil's Native American heritage, they are commonly consumed during the Festas juninas .

Onions

In 2006, almost 50,000 farms in Brazil grew onions on 136,000 hectares. The harvest was 675,000 tons. Artificial irrigation was necessary for two thirds of the harvest, and almost all of the onions were treated with pesticides and artificial fertilizers. About 92% of the onions were harvested manually.

Two thirds of the onion harvest comes from southern Brazil. The states with the largest onion harvests were Santa Catarina with 279,000 tons, São Paulo with 130,000 tons and Rio Grande do Sul with 106,000 tons. What makes Brazilian agriculture more difficult is that onions are imported from Argentina at lower prices.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 29 .
  2. ^ Gunther Schütz: Brazil: The superpower of agriculture . In: Top Agrar . No. 10 , 2008, p. 14-16 ( topagrar.com ).
  3. ↑ Maximilian Weingartner: The triumphant advance of Brazilian agriculture. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine. August 3, 2015, accessed December 15, 2017 .
  4. ^ A b c Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 153 .
  5. ^ A b Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário - Tabela 1034 - Efetivo de bovinos e Área média de pastagem por cabeça de bovino - série histórica (1920/2006). Retrieved January 7, 2018 (Portuguese).
  6. ↑ a b c d Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 161 .
  7. ^ A b c d Gunther Schütz: Brazil: The superpower of agriculture . In: Top Agrar . No. 10 , 2008, p. 20 ( topagrar.com ).
  8. ↑ a b Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário - Comentários. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; accessed on January 7, 2018 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  9. ↑ a b c Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Produção Agrícola Municipal, Tabela 839 - Área plantada, área colhida, quantidade produida e rendimento médio de milho, 1ª e 2ª safras. Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).
  10. ↑ a b c Associação Brasileira das Indústrias do Milho: Estatísticas - Produção mundial. Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).
  11. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, Table 2.6.72. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  12. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 1.6.72. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  13. ^ A b c Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 71 f .
  14. ^ Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 95 .
  15. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 1.6.62. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  16. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 1.8.62. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  17. ^ A b c d Gunther Schütz: Brazil: The superpower of agriculture . In: Top Agrar . No. 10 , 2008, p. 22nd f . ( topagrar.com ).
  18. ^ A b Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 96 .
  19. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, Table 2.6.62. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  20. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, Table 4.6.62. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  21. ^ A b c Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 101 f .
  22. ↑ a b c d Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Tabela 1612: Área plantada, área colhida, quantidade produida, rendimento médio e valor da produção das lavouras temporárias. Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).
  23. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 1.6.69. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  24. ↑ Luciano da Silva Souza and Josefino de Freitas Fialho: Cultivo da Mandioca para a Região do Cerrado. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, January 30, 2003, accessed August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).
  25. ↑ a b c d e Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 136-139 .
  26. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 1.6.37. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  27. ↑ a b Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 2.6.37. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  28. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, Table 4.6.37. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  29. ^ A b Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 111 .
  30. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 1.6.27. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  31. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 2.6.27. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  32. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, Table 4.6.27. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  33. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 1.6.74. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  34. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, Table 4.6.74. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  35. ^ A b Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 268 .
  36. ^ A b Evaristo Eduardo de Miranda: Agricultura no Brasil do Século XXI . 1st edition. Metalivros, São Paulo 2013, ISBN 978-85-85371-99-9 , pp. 105 .
  37. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 1.6.15. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  38. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 2.6.15. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br  
  39. ↑ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Censo Agropecuário 2006 - Brasil, Grandes Regiões e Unidades da Federação - Segunda apuração, table 1.6.61. (xls) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved August 12, 2017 (Portuguese).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: dead link / ftp.ibge.gov.br