Lily events

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Founding document of the lily events of April 23, 1384

The Lilienvente , also called Lilienventhe or similar in old documents , was a brotherhood in arms that was founded on April 23, 1384 in Braunschweig . The association was initially only closed for one year, but actually existed for many decades, probably even centuries. When, under what circumstances and whether it ever dissolved is unknown.

history

prehistory

Hermann Botes shift book from 1514: The coats of arms of the eight councilors killed during the “Great Shift” of 1374: (from left to right and from top to bottom ) Brun van Gustidde, Cort Doring [erroneously called Tile Doringe ], Henning Gustidde, Henning Lußke, Tile van dem Damme , Hans Himstidde, Ambrosius Sunnenberge and Hans Gottinge .

In the 13th and 14th centuries, Braunschweig was the scene of often very violent inner-city disputes, known as "Braunschweig layers". Since about mid-13th century, the city was a member of the Hanseatic League , but was on 24 June 1375 the Hanseatic Days in Lübeck because of the " Great layer of 1,374 killed," in which eight councilors of insurgents were and several others into exile had to flee , "Arrested", that is, excluded from membership in the Hanseatic League until further notice. Only five years later, on August 12, 1380, Braunschweig was accepted back into the Hanseatic League at another Hanseatic League in Lübeck.

April 23, 1384: Foundation of the "Lilienvente"

The five-year ban not only had negative economic consequences for the city, but also weakened it militarily due to the simultaneous suspension of military assistance from other Hanseatic cities . As a result of the condemnation, feuds , highway robberies , pillage and theft by aristocrats living in the area around Braunschweig became more frequent . This led to energetic countermeasures being taken in Braunschweig in order to increase and strengthen their own defense. One of these was the peace settlement between Braunschweig, Aschersleben, Goslar, Halberstadt, Hanover, Hildesheim, Lüneburg and Quedlinburg, which was initially decided on for ten years on February 5, 1384, and the expansion of the Braunschweiger Landwehr, which had already begun at Ölper in 1376 . On April 23, 1384, with the consent of the council, 60 citizens of the city joined forces to provide each other with arms aid if the city or its citizens were threatened from outside. At the same time, however, their aim was to safeguard against inner-city unrest, such as the “strata”, and thus also to protect their economic interests and property inside and outside the city walls. In addition, they pledged to be mounted and in arms available throughout the city at all times. It is likely to have been the first standing army on German soil. Depending on the reading and interpretation of the founding document in the Braunschweig City Archives , the number of founding members fluctuates between 60, 62 for Rotz 1970 and 63, which Ribbentrop stated in his work in 1789.

composition

In contrast to the opinion widespread, for example, by Hermann Dürre in his standard work History of the City of Braunschweig in the Middle Ages from 1861 and later into the early 20th century, that the members of the Lilienvente were exclusively patricians (similar to the circle society founded in Lübeck in 1379 ), Rhiman A. Rotz proved in his dissertation in 1970 that the members of the Lilienvente consisted of patricians as well as craftsmen and merchants from the five soft regions of Braunschweig, Altewiek , Altstadt , Hagen , Neustadt and Sack , and that patricians never had a majority. The Lilienvente members, as Matthias Puhle explains with reference to Werner Spieß , were the homines novi who came to power after the riots of the "Great Shift" , some of whom came from families who had already been " Big Layer ”were in power, but also from those who only now came to power through membership in the Lilienvente. So it is not a classic patrician society as it was founded in other late medieval cities.

One of the founding members of the "Lilienvente" was Herman von Vechelde , who from 1386 to 1420 as the "Great Mayor" of Braunschweig's old town and later the entire city decisively and successfully influenced the development of Braunschweig over decades.

The merger should initially be limited to one year. The association was under the supervision of the so-called " Common Council " or magistrate. The Brotherhood eventually existed much longer, as evidenced by reports of hostilities in which it participated in later centuries. For example, she fought successfully for Friedrich von Braunschweig and Lüneburg against his guardian Otto the Quaden during the War of the Lüneburg Succession and finally won the battle of Winsen an der Aller on May 28, 1388 together with the Braunschweig troops . In 1435, the Lilienvente provided 400 mountaineers . During the siege of Braunschweig by Duke Wilhelm I of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel in mid-1440, the Lilienvente helped defend it, which ultimately led to the retreat of the enemy army.

coat of arms

The Saxon Chronicle of 1492: Illustration of the city of Braunschweig ("Brunschwig"). In the foreground two knights of the lily event, on their shields the Brunswick lion and in the center the lily.

As a coat of arms , the lily event carried a lily as a symbol of purity and innocence , which was placed between two ( Brunswick ) lions . The Roman year MCCCCXXXV (for 1435 ) and a lily flanked by two lions as a symbol of the lily events are said to have been located on the south side of the bridge over the inner city moat on the Michaelistor , which was probably torn down at the end of the 18th century . According to another source, the year 1385 is said to have been there.

Name interpretation

The interpretation of the name "Lilienvente" has given scope for a wide variety of speculations for centuries. In 1789 , Philip Christian Ribbentrop stated in the first volume of his description of the city of Braunschweig that the name was based on the heraldic lily in the coat of arms and on "Vente" from Latin "conventiculum" for "small gathering" or "Fent" for "fighters on foot." “(= Infantryman ). Carl Wilhelm Sack, on the other hand, stated in 1858 that the second syllable of the name should come from the word "Fante" for bachelor or youth. Werner Spieß, on the other hand, cited a contribution by Luise von Winterfeld in 1951 , in which she pointed out that “capiatis vente” was used mockingly in the sense of “youthful highwayman ” or “ privateer ”.

Others

According to the "Rifle News" from the city of Braunschweig from the 18th century, the lily event is said to have held the first bird shooting in Braunschweig with crossbows on the Neustadtmasch on June 24, 1441 ( St. John's Day ) . Whitsun 1446 followed the first public shooting on targets “with tubes and rifles”. After the subjugation of the city of Brunswick by Guelphs -Herzöge in the summer of 1671, however, the Lilienvente to only one Archers have been. When or whether it was dissolved is unknown.

On the occasion of the 1000th anniversary of the city of Braunschweig in 1861, Karl Schultes wrote a play entitled Brunswick's Leu, stark and loyal! in which the lily event occurs several times.

swell

literature

  • Hermann Dürre : History of the City of Braunschweig in the Middle Ages. Braunschweig 1861 (digitized version) .
  • Manfred RW Garzmann (ed.): Council and constitution in medieval Braunschweig. Festschrift for the 600th anniversary of the Council Constitution 1386–1986. (= Braunschweig Workpieces. Volume 64). City archive and city library, Braunschweig 1986, ISBN 3-87884-032-2 .
  • Manfred RW Garzmann: Mayor and municipality in Braunschweig in the 13th and 14th centuries. (= Braunschweig Workpieces. Volume 53). Braunschweig 1976, ISBN 3-87884-003-2 .
  • Norman-Mathias Pingel: Lily events. In: Manfred Garzmann , Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (Hrsg.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon . Supplementary volume. Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1996, ISBN 3-926701-30-7 , p. 88 .
  • Hans Leo Reimann: Unrest and turmoil in medieval Braunschweig. (= Braunschweig Workpieces. Volume 28). Orphanage printing and publishing house, Braunschweig 1962.
  • Philip Christian Ribbentrop : Description of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 1, printed by Johann Christoph Meyer, Braunschweig 1798, p. LXXXXI ff.
  • Rhiman Alfred Rotz: Urban Uprising in Fourteenth-Century Germany: A Comparative Study of Brunswick (1374-1380) and Hamburg (1376). Dissertation. Princeton University, 1970.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Josef Dolle (Ed.): Document book of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 7: 1375-1387. No. 805, p. 677. Described as lilien vente in a treasury bill of the Common Council of September 20, 1384 or the members as lylyen knappen in a treasury bill of the old town of January 13, 1385. In: Josef Dolle (Hrsg.): Urkundenbuch of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 7: 1375-1387. No. 856, pp. 741-766, here p. 750.
  2. ↑ Josef Dolle (Ed.): Document book of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 7: 1375-1387. No. 753, p. 661.
  3. ↑ According to the depiction of the coat of arms in Hermann Bote's shift book from 1514, the dead were: Brun van Gustidde, Cort Doring [erroneously called "Tile Doringe"], Henning Gustidde, Henning Luzeke, Tile van dem Damme , Hans Himstidde, Ambrosius Sunnenberge and Hans Gottinge.
  4. ↑ Josef Dolle (Ed.): Document book of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 7: 1375-1387. P. 48.
  5. ↑ Josef Dolle (Ed.): Document book of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 7: 1375-1387. P. 321.
  6. ↑ a b c Hermann Dürre: History of the city of Braunschweig in the Middle Ages. P. 173.
  7. ↑ a b After Josef Dolle (Ed.): Document book of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 7: 1375-1387. No. 753 ( Memento from May 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), are named in the certificate: … jungge Holtnicker, Cord van Brostidde, Ecgheling and Hilmar van Strobeke, Fricke van deme Damme, Hans van Evensen, Cord unde Hans, syne sone, Herman van Vechtelde , Achacius Grube, Ludeke van dem Haghene, Hermen Plate, Brand Ruotze, Henning van Adenstidde, Hans Kale , Hinrik Kerchoff de eldere, Bertram van dem Damme, Hans van Ghustidde, Ghereke and Hans Pawel, Herman and Cord Ursleve , Eylard van der Heyde unde syne broedere, Brand van Hoene, Meynardus, Tyle van Kalve, Ludeman Kale unde Bernd van Remmelinge, Tyle van Odenem, Ludeleff van Ingheleve, Eggeling van Schanleghe, Tyle van Peyne, Hans de rode, Gherlach van dem Brovke , Henning Repeners, Herman Ghereken, Henning Horneborch, Hans Weddeghen, Herwich Kale, Thyle Hamborch, Eggheling Wacgen, Cord Stapel, Hinrik Ruoscher and Herman van Ghust (idde), Hans Grotejan, Hans Stapel, Ludeleff Rebeen, Cord van Kyssenbrucghe, Hinrik ande Lude leff van Enghelmestidde, Fricke Twedorp , Ludeke Witte and Hinrik Gherwens, Luder and Henning Schiltreme, Roleff van Schepenstidde, Bertram van Bornem, Cord van Bansleve, Bertold Smeed and Bertold van Dengkte. ...
  8. ^ Hermann Dürre: History of the city of Braunschweig in the Middle Ages. P. 652.
  9. ^ Hans Leo Reimann: Unrest and turmoil in medieval Braunschweig. P. 79.
  10. ↑ Friedrich von Bülow , Theodor Hagemann , Ernst Peter Johann Spangenberg (ed.): Practical discussions from all parts of legal scholarship. Volume 9, Hanover 1831, p. 133.
  11. ↑ Rhiman A. Rotz: Urban Uprising in Fourteenth-Century Germany: A Comparative Study of Brunswick (1374-1380) and Hamburg (1376). P. 154.
  12. ^ Philip Christian Ribbentrop lists all members: Description of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 1, p. LXXXXI f.
  13. ↑ Rhiman Alfred Rotz: Urban Uprising in Fourteenth-Century Germany: A Comparative Study of Brunswick (1374-1380) and Hamburg (1376). P. 156.
  14. ↑ Werner Spieß: from Vechelde. The story of a Braunschweig patrician family 1332–1864. P. 21.
  15. ↑ Thomas Scharff : Herman von Vechelde. In: Henning Steinführer , Claudia Böhler (Hrsg.): The Braunschweiger Mayors. From the establishment of the office in the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2013, ISBN 978-3-941737-68-6 , pp. 39-43.
  16. ↑ Werner Spieß : from Vechelde. The story of a Braunschweig patrician family 1332–1864. (= Braunschweig work pieces. Volume 13). Orphanage printing and publishing house, Braunschweig 1951, pp. 20–36. OCLC 5261981
  17. ^ Philip Christian Ribbentrop: Description of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 1, p. LXXXXVI.
  18. ↑ Thomas Scharff: Herman von Vechelde. In: Henning Steinführer, Claudia Böhler (Hrsg.): The Braunschweiger Mayors. From the establishment of the office in the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. 2013, p. 41.
  19. ^ Friedrich Karl von Vechelde : Brunswick stories. Helmstedt 1835, p. 18f.
  20. ^ Philip Christian Ribbentrop: Description of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 1, p. LXXXXIII.
  21. ^ Carl Wilhelm Sack : The fortification of the city of Braunschweig. In: Archives of the Historical Association for Lower Saxony . Year 1847, p. 282.
  22. ^ Braunschweig advertisements. Year 1757, p. 1286.
  23. ^ Philip Christian Ribbentrop: Description of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 1, p. LXXXXIII f.
  24. ^ Carl Wilhelm Sack: The Gewandhaus on the old town market in Braunschweig and the situation in the city itself in 1590. In: Braunschweigisches Magazin. 49th piece, Saturday, December 4th, 1858. Braunschweig 1858, OCLC 258672365 , p. 483.
  25. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon. Volume 6. Leipzig 1906, p. 312.
  26. ↑ Johann Christoph Adelung: Grammatical-critical dictionary of the High German dialect. Volume 2. Leipzig 1796, p. 41.
  27. ↑ quoted from Werner Spieß: von Vechelde. The story of a Braunschweig patrician family 1332–1864. P. 62 FN 72, there reference to: Luise von Winterfeld : 'Ruten und roven'. A contribution to the history of feuding and street robbery in Westphalia. In: Contributions to the history of Dortmund and the county of Mark. Volume 46 (1940), pp. 70f.
  28. ^ Hansjörg Pötsch: The Braunschweiger Schützenwesen. 450 years of history of the Braunschweiger Schützengesellschaft 1545. Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1995, ISBN 3-926701-25-0 , p. 36.
  29. ↑ Otto von Heinemann : The Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Braunschweig ... Darmstadt 1858, Volume 2, p. 13.
  30. ↑ Carl Schultes: Brunswick's Leu, strong and loyal! Historical drama in 4 acts. Friedrich Wagner, Braunschweig 1861.