List of the international treaties of the Great Northern War
The list of international law treaties of the Great Northern War contains those contractual agreements that were concluded between at least two subjects of international law who were participants in the war between 1699 and 1721.
Those involved in the war include: Tsarism Russia , Sweden , Denmark-Norway , the Kingdom of Prussia , Kurhannover , Saxony-Poland , the States General , Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire .
Overview of international relations around 1700
All in all, the European alliance systems of this time were extremely unstable, and constant change determined the general picture. The radiance of the European state system established in 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia was unbroken. This was based on a weak continental center represented by the torn Holy Roman Empire .
In return, the European state system, under the decisive leadership of the British, relied on the development of strong continental poles that developed independently of one another. By 1700, the continent was already dominated by a strong north-south orientation. Until then, the south of Europe had played a decisive pioneering role in continental development. With the strengthening of England and Holland and the colonization of the two Americas , a new pole arose with the West . The east of the continent , on the other hand, has long been excluded from continental development. This changed with the strengthening of Russia from the second half of the 17th century. With English help, contacts between the East and the West intensified. Under Peter I there was a tsar in power whose declared government goal was to open a " window to the west ", which would later become Saint Petersburg, for Russia. At his Grand Embassy shortly before the outbreak of war, he had established appropriate diplomatic channels in London and The Hague , which had a similar function to today's UN headquarters, which were intended to support him in the armed conflict with Sweden.
Sweden had largely exhausted its possibilities as an imperial power and, among connoisseurs of the diplomatic structure of that time, was a state whose best days had already passed. The country had too little population to continue to be in the lead as an engine of progress in the north. In addition, the country had fallen into disrepute among the diplomats of the time due to its extremely bellicose kings. All male kings since Gustavus Adolphus clung to the primacy of war, although after 1648 there was a shift in importance from the West, which used the diplomatic system as the primary conflict resolution mechanism. Since Sweden did not live up to its role in the north in this regard, the country no longer had a future in the concepts of the diplomatic centers of that time. It got into isolation until 1699 and was consequently attacked by an overwhelming number of opponents. Russia stood ready to replace Sweden, provided that essential parts of the western system were taken over there. This also included recognizing the primacy of diplomacy . The Russian side consistently implemented a modernization program that was to bring the country back to the rest of Europe in a short time. As a further effect, the borders of the European state system now extended to the Pacific through the reintegration of Russia .
With the end of the Spanish War of Succession in 1713, the major European powers were able to direct their full attention to the conflict in the northeast of the continent. Thus the Great Northern War acquired a pan-European dimension in the diplomatic disputes. The fighting took a back seat to the diplomatic clashes.
The Russian efforts in diplomacy concentrated on asserting their previously militarily conquered territories in the pan-European cabinet . Denmark and Kurhannover fought over possession of Bremen-Verdens . The great European power France was interested in maintaining the conditions in the Baltic Sea area as they had existed before the outbreak of the Great Northern War. Prussia took a different position. Russia had promised him possession of Swedish Pomerania . After 1715, Prussia and Hanover became the new centers of Central Europe. Their task was to involve the edges of the continent in the diplomatic structure. Hanover entered into a personal union with Great Britain , the leading Western power. Prussia had the task of supporting Russia diplomatically and helping it with further development. To this end, there were a large number of alliances between the two countries in the 18th century. Russians of German descent played a dominant role in Russian politics in the first half of the 18th century.
List of international treaties in the Great Northern War
| contract | States involved | Conclusion of contract |
|---|---|---|
| Treaty of Dresden | Denmark, Saxony / Poland | 1699, September 25th |
| Moscow Alliance Treaty | Russia, Saxony / Poland | 1699, November 21 |
| Defensive Alliance of The Hague and London | States General, Great Britain, Sweden | 1700, January 30th |
| Traventhal Peace Treaty | Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein - Gottorf | 1700, August 18 |
| Oldesloe Preliminary Article on the Promotion of Peace | Braunschweig - Lüneburg - Celle, Denmark, Hanover, Schleswig-Holstein - Gottorf,
Sweden |
1700, August 18 |
| Alliance Treaty of Birse (Samogitia) | Russia, Saxony / Poland | 1701, March 9th |
| The Hague Convention | States General, Great Britain, Sweden | 1701, October 7th |
| The Hague Alliance | Prussia, Sweden | 1703, July 29th |
| The Hague Defensive Alliance | States General, Great Britain, Sweden | 1703, August 16 |
| Alliance of Schlotburg | Russia, Saxony / Poland | 1703, June 28 |
| Confirmation of the Schlotburg Peace Treaty | Russia, Saxony / Poland | 1703, October 1st |
| Moscow Alliance | Russia, Saxony / Poland | 1703, November 16 |
| Stockholm Defensive Alliance | Braunschweig - Lüneburg - Celle, Hanover, Sweden | 1704, April 28th |
| Assault and Protection Alliance of Narva | Russia, Saxony / Poland | 1704, August 30th |
| Warsaw Peace Treaty | Poland, Sweden | 1705, November 28 |
| Altranstädt Peace Treaty | Poland, Saxony / Poland, Sweden | 1706, September 24 |
| Offensive and defensive alliance of Dresden | Denmark, Saxony / Poland | 1709, June 28 |
| Declaration on the offensive and defensive alliance of Dresden | Denmark, Saxony / Poland | 1709, July 7th |
| Alliance of Cölln on the Spree | Denmark, Prussia, Saxony / Poland | 1709, July 15 |
| Alliance of Thorn | Russia, Saxony / Poland | 1709, October 20 |
| Attack and Protection Alliance of Copenhagen | Denmark, Russia | 1709, October 22 |
| Friendship treaty of Hanover | Russia, Hanover | 1710, July 3rd |
| Friendship and defensive alliance | Denmark, Hanover | 1710, July 14th |
| Treaty of Hamburg | Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein - Gottorf | 1711, January 5th |
| Peace treaty, concluded on the Prut | Ottoman Empire, Russia | 1711, July 22 |
| Recess to explain the Treaty of Hamburg | Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein - Gottorf | 1712, April 30th |
| Comparison of Altona | Denmark, Hamburg | 1712, November 18 |
| Husum Peace Plan | Denmark | 1713, March 4th |
| Wandsbek Convention on Continuing the War against Sweden | Denmark, Russia, Saxony / Poland | 1713, June 20 |
| Schleswig Convention on the War against Sweden | Denmark, Saxony / Poland | 1713, June 29 |
| Treaty of Schwedt | Prussia, Russia | 1713, October 6th |
| St. Petersburg Alliance Treaty | Prussia, Russia | 1714, June 12th |
| Alliance of Versailles | France, Sweden | 1715, April 3 |
| Alliance Treaty of Berlin (1715) | Hanover, Denmark | 1715, May 2nd |
| Alliance treaty against Sweden (camp near Stettin) | Hanover, Prussia | 1715, May 30th |
| War Aid Treaty | Prussia, Russia | 1715, November 10th |
| Greifswald Alliance Agreement | Hanover, Russia | 1715, October 28 |
| Alliance and marriage treaty of St. Petersburg | Mecklenburg - Schwerin, Russia | 1716, February 2 |
| Treaty of Gdansk | Mecklenburg - Schwerin, Russia | 1716, April 19th |
| Alliance Treaty of Amsterdam | France, Prussia, Russia | 1717, August 15th |
| Stockholm Preliminary Peace Recess | Hanover, Sweden | 1719, July 22 |
| Alliance Treaty of Berlin | Hanover, Prussia | 1719, August 4th |
| Assignment Agreement | Hanover, Prussia | 1719, August 21 |
| Berlin Convention | Hanover, Prussia | 1719, September 15th |
| Stockholm Peace Treaty | Hanover, Sweden | 1719, November 20th |
| Stockholm Armistice Offer | Saxony / Poland, Sweden | 1720, January 7th |
| Stockholm Peace Treaty | Prussia, Sweden | 1720, February 1st |
| Declaration of Warsaw | Saxony / Poland, Sweden | 1720, April 6th |
| Frederiksborg Peace Treaty | Denmark, Sweden | 1720, July 3rd |
| Nystad Peace Treaty | Russia, Sweden | 1721, August 30th |
| Stockholm Declaration of Peace | Sweden, Poland-Lithuania | 1729, April 28th |