List of the highest representatives of the English and British Crowns in Ireland

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The following list contains the highest representatives of the English and British crowns in Ireland from the Anglo-Norman conquest in the 12th century to the partition of Ireland in 1922. These representatives had various official titles, so (Chief) Justiciar of Ireland up to the 14th century, ( King's) Lieutenant or (Lord) Deputy in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period and finally Lord Lieutenant of Ireland . Unofficially, they were often referred to as viceroys .

list

The list is based essentially on the information from Charles O'Mahony's overview presentation The Viceroys of Ireland from 1912, whereby the period of actual presence in Ireland was used, the beginning of which may differ from the date of appointment. Information that cannot be precisely timed is marked with a question mark. In addition, the respective ruling English / British monarchs are given, as well as a selection of important events relating to Ireland for chronological purposes in the fourth column.

Surname Period English / British monarch important events
1171-1172 Henry II Anglo-Norman conquest of Ireland
Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath 1172-1173
Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke ( Strongbow ) 1173-1176 Treaty of Windsor (1175)
Raymond FitzGerald 1176-1177
William FitzAldelm 1177-1179 Lordship of Ireland (from 1177)
Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath 1179-1181
John FitzRichard and Richard le Peche 1181
Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath and Hubert Walter , Bishop of Salisbury 1181-1184
Prince Johann Ohneland 1184-1185
John de Courcy 1185-1189
Hugh de Lacy (son) 1189-1190 Richard the Lionheart
William le Petil 1190-1191
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1191-1194
Peter Pipard 1194
Hamon de Valognes 1197-1199
Meiler FitzHenry 1199-1203 Johann Ohneland
Hugh de Lacy (son) 1203-1204
Meiler FitzHenry 1204-1205
Hugh de Lacy (son) 1205-1210
William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury ? -1213
Henry de Loundres , Archbishop of Dublin, and Geoffrey de Marisco 1213-1224 1216: Great Charter of Ireland
Henry III.
William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 1224-1226
Henry de Loundres , Archbishop of Dublin, and Geoffrey de Marisco 1226-1227
Richard de Burgh 1227-1229
Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly 1229-1245
John Fitz Geoffrey 1245-1255
Alan de la Zouche 1255-1259
Stephen Longespée 1259-1260
William le Dene 1260-1261
Sir Richard de la Rochelle 1261-1266 1264: first assembly of the Parliament of Ireland
John Fitz Geoffrey 1266-1267
Sir Robert of Ufford 1268
Richard d'Exeter 1269
James Audley 1270-1272
Maurice FitzGerald, 3rd Lord of Offaly 1272-1273 Edward I.
Geoffrey de Geneville, 1st Baron Geneville 1273-1276
Sir Robert of Ufford 1276-1282
Stephen de Fulbourn , Archbishop of Tuam (?) 1282-1288
John of Sandford , Archbishop of Dublin 1288-1290
William de Vescy, 1st Baron Vescy 1290-1293
William de la Haye 1293
William D'Ardingselles 1294
Thomas FitzGerald, 2nd Baron Desmond 1294-1295
Sir John Wogan 1295-1308
Edward II
Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall 1308-1309
Sir John Wogan 1309-1312
Sir Edmund Butler 1312-1314
Theobald de Verdon, 2nd Baron Verdon 1314-1315
Sir Edmund Butler 1315-1317 1315–1318: Rebellion under Edward Bruce
Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March 1317-1320
Thomas FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Kildare 1320-1321
John de Bermingham, 1st Earl of Louth 1321
Ralph de Gorges 1321–?
John Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Knayth ? -1326
Thomas FitzGerald, 2nd Earl of Kildare 1326-1328
Edward III.
Roger Utlagh 1328-1331
William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster 1331-1332
John Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Knayth or Thomas de Burgh (Deputy Lieutenant) 1332-1337
John Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Knayth or John de Cherleton (Deputy Lieutenant) 1337-1338
Thomas Charlton , Bishop of Hereford 1338-1340
Roger Utlagh 1340
Sir John Moriz 1340-1344
Sir Ralph Ufford 1344-1346
Sir John Moriz 1346-1348
Walter de Bermingham 1348-1349
Sir John Carew 1349
Sir Thomas Rokeby 1349-1355
Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond 1355-1356
Sir Thomas Rokeby 1356-1357
Almaric St Amand, 2nd Baron St Amand or Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare (Deputy) 1356-1359
James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond 1359-1361
Lionel of Antwerp (later 1st Duke of Clarence) 1361-1367 1366: Kilkenny Bylaws
Gerald FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Desmond 1367-1369
Sir William de Windsor 1369-1371
Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare 1371–?
Dean de Colton ? -?
William de Taney ? -1374
Sir William de Windsor 1374-1376
Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare 1376
James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond 1376-1378
Richard II
Alexander de Balscot and John de Bromwich 1378-1380
Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March 1380-1381
Dean de Colton 1381
Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March or Thomas de Mortimer (Deputy) 1382-1387
Sir Philip de Courtenay 1387
Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford (and Duke of Ireland ) 1387
Alexander de Balscot , Bishop of Meath 1387-1389
Sir John de Stanley 1389-1391
James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond 1391-1395
Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March 1395-1398
John de Colton , Archbishop of Armagh 1398-1399
Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey 1399
Sir John de Stanley 1399-1402 Henry IV.
Prince Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence 1402-1403
Sir Stephen le Scrope (Deputy) 1403-1405
James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond (Deputy) 1405
Gerald FitzGerald, 5th Earl of Kildare (Deputy) 1405-1408
Prince Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence 1408-1410
Thomas Le Boteller 1410-1413
Sir John de Stanley 1413-1414 Henry V.
Thomas Cranley , Archbishop of Dublin 1414
Sir John Talbot 1414-1419
Richard Talbot , Archbishop of Dublin 1419–?
James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond ? -? (3 years)
Henry VI.
Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March 1424-1425
James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond 1425-1427
Sir John Gray de Ruthyn 1427-1428
Sir John Sutton 1428-1429
Sir Thomas le Strange 1429-1431
Sir Lionel de Welles 1431-1438
William de Welles 1438-1446
John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 1446–1449 (?)
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 1449-1450
John Mey , Archbishop of Armagh (Deputy) 1450–1454 (?)
Edmund Fitz-Eustace (Deputy) 1454–1455 (?) Wars of the Roses (1455–1485 / 87)
Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare (Deputy) 1455-1459
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 1459–1460 (?)
George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence 1462-1478 Edward IV
Sir Rowland FitzEustace (Deputy) 1462-1464
Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond (Deputy) 1464–?
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester (Deputy) ? -1468
Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare (Deputy) 1468–?
Edmund Dudley (Deputy) ? -1470
Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare (Deputy) 1470-1475 Henry VI.
Edward IV
William Sherwood , Bishop of Meath 1475–?
Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare ? -1478
John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk 1478
Henry Gray, 4th Baron Gray of Codnor (Deputy) 1478
Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York 1479
Robert Preston, 1st Viscount Gormanston 1479-1481
Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare (Deputy) 1481-1484
Edward V.
Richard III
Edward of Middleham (nominal) 1483-1484
John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln 1484-1485
Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford 1485–? Henry VII
Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare 1487–?
Lambert Simnel (wrong "Edward VI.")
Henry VII
Walter Fitzsimon (Deputy) ? -1493
Robert Preston, 1st Viscount Gormanston (Deputy) 1493-1494
Henry Tudor , Duke of York (nominal) 1494-1519
Sir Edward Poynings (Deputy) 1494-? 1494: Poynings' Law
Henry Deane , Bishop of Bangor (Lord Chancellor) ? -?
Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare ? -1513
Henry VIII
Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare 1513-1518 / 19
Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey 1519-1523
Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond 1523-1524
Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare 1524-1529
Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond 1529-1530
Sir William Skeffington 1530-1532
Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare 1532-1534
Thomas FitzGerald, Lord Offaly 1534
Sir William Skeffington 1534-1535
Leonard Gray, 1st Viscount Grane 1536-1540
Sir Anthony St Leger 1540-1548 1542: Under the Crown of Ireland Act, the lordship becomes the Kingdom of Ireland in personal union with the English crown
Edward VI.
Sir Edward Bellingham 1548–1549 (?)
Sir Francis Bryan 1550
Sir Anthony St Leger 1550-1556
Maria I.
Sir James Croft (Deputy) 1551-1552
Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex 1556-1557
Sir Henry Sidney 1557-1558
Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex 1559-1564 Elizabeth I.
Sir Henry Sidney 1564-1578 1569–1583: Desmond Rebellions
Sir William Pelham 1578-1580
Arthur Gray, 14th Baron Gray de Wilton 1580-1582
Adam Loftus , Archbishop of Dublin, and Henry Wallop (Lords Justices) 1582-1584
John Perrot 1584-1588 from 1584: large-scale settlements of Protestants ( plantations )
Sir William FitzWilliam 1588-1594
Sir William Russell 1594-1597 1594-1604: Tyrone's Rebellion
Thomas Burgh, 3rd Baron Burgh 1597
Sir Thomas Norris (Lord Justice) 1597
Adam Loftus , Archbishop of Dublin, Robert Gardiner and Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond (Lords Justices) 1597-1599
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex 1599
Sir Charles Blount 1600-1603
Sir George Carey (Deputy) 1603-1604 Jacob I.
Sir Arthur Chichester 1605-1614 1607: Escape of the Counts
from 1609: Ulster Plantation
Sir Oliver St John 1616-1622
Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falklands 1622-1629
Charles I.
(Lords Justices) 1629-1633
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford 1633-1640
(Lords Justices) 1640-1644 1641/42: Irish Rebellion
1642–1649: Confederation of Ireland
James Butler, 12th Earl of Ormonde 1644-1647
Philip Sidney, Lord Lisle 1647
James Butler, 1st Marquess of Ormonde 1648-1649
1649-1660 - Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell and Richard Cromwell
1649–1653: Recapture of Ireland
George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle 1660-1662 Charles II 1660–1688: Stuart Restoration
James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde 1662-1669
John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor 1669-1670
John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton 1670-1672
Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex 1672-1677
James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde 1677-1683
Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester 1683–?
(Lords Justices) ? -1685
Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon 1685-1687 Jacob II
Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell 1687-1689 1688/89: Glorious Revolution in England
1689-1691 War of the Two Kings in Ireland
Henry Sydney, Viscount Sidney 1692-1693 William III. and Maria II.
Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury a . a. (Commissioners) 1693-1695
Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury 1695-1696
(Lords Justices) 1696-1700
Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester 1700–1702/03
James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde 1703-1707 Anne
Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke 1707-1708
Thomas Wharton, 1st Earl of Wharton 1708-1710
James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde 1710-1713
Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury 1713-1717
George I.
(Lords Justices) 1717-1719
Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton 1719-1721
Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton 1721-1723
John Carteret, Lord Carteret 1724-1729
George II
Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset 1731-1736
William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire 1737-1744 1740–1741: famine
Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield 1745-1746
William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington 1746-1751
Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset 1751-1755
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire 1755-1756
John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford 1757-1761
George III
George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax 1761-1763
Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland 1763-1765
Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford 1765-1766
George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend 1767-1772
Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt 1772-1776
John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire 1776-1780
Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle 1780-1782
William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland 1782 Constitution of 1782
George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, Earl Temple 1782-1783
Robert Henley, 2nd Earl of Northington 1783-1784
Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland 1784-1787
George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham 1787-1789
John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland 1789-1795
William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam 1795
John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden 1795-1798 1796: French invasion
attempt. 1798: Irish rebellion
Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis 1798-1801 1801: Ireland becomes part of the United Kingdom under the Act of Union
Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke 1801-1806 1803: attempted revolt under Robert Emmet
John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford 1806-1807
Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond 1807-1813
Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth 1813-1817
Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 2nd Earl Talbot 1817-1821
George IV
Richard Colley-Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley 1821-1828
Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey 1828-1829 1829: Roman Catholic Relief Act
Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland 1829-1830
Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey 1830-1833 William IV 1831–1836: Tenth War
Richard Colley-Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley 1833-1834
Thomas Hamilton, 9th Earl of Haddington 1835
Constantine Phipps, 2nd Earl Mulgrave 1835-1839
Victoria
Hugh Fortescue, Viscount Ebrington 1839-1841
Thomas de Gray, 2nd Earl de Gray 1841-1844
William à Court, 1st Baron Heytesbury 1844-1846 1845–1852: Great famine in Ireland
John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough 1846-1847
George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon 1847-1852
Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton 1852
Edward Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans 1853-1855
George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle 1855-1858
Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton 1858-1859
George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle 1859-1864
John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley 1864-1866
James Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn 1866-1868 1867: Fenian Uprising
John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer 1868-1874 1869: Irish Church Act
James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn 1874-1876
John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough 1877-1880
Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper 1880-1882
John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer 1882-1885 1882: Phoenix Park Murders
Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon 1885-1886
John Hamilton-Gordon, 7th Earl of Aberdeen 1886
Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry 1886-1889
Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Earl of Zetland 1889-1892
Robert Crewe-Milnes, 2nd Baron Houghton 1892-1895
George Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan 1895-1902
William Humble Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley 1902-1905 Edward VII
 
John Hamilton-Gordon, 7th Earl of Aberdeen 1905-1915
George V. 1914: Government of Ireland Act , suspended because of World War I.
Ivor Guest, 2nd Baron Wimborne 1915-1918 1916: Easter Rising
John French, 1st Viscount French 1918-1921 1919–1921: Irish War of Independence
1920: Government of Ireland Act
Edmund FitzAlan-Howard, 1st Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent 1921-1922 1921: Anglo-Irish Treaty

See also

literature

  • Peter Gray, Olwen Purdue (Ed.): The Irish Lord Lieutenancy c. 1541-1922. University College Dublin Press, 2012.

Footnotes

  1. Charles O'Mahony: The Viceroys of Ireland: The Story of the Long Line of Noblemen and their Wives who Have Ruled Ireland and Irish Society for Over Seven Hundred Years in Project Gutenberg ( currently not usually available for users from Germany )