List of map network designs

This is a chronologically sorted list of map network designs that have their own articles on Wikipedia or are otherwise noteworthy. Since the number of possible map projections is not limited, there can be no comprehensive list.

Explanations

→ Main article : Map network design

Projection type

Cylindrical

In the standard display, these regularly spaced meridians form uniformly spaced vertical lines and parallels to horizontal lines.

Pseudocylindrical

In the standard display, these depict the central meridian and the parallels as straight lines. Other meridians are curves (or possibly straight from the pole to the equator) that run regularly along parallels.

Conical

In the standard display, conical (or conical) projections depict meridians as straight lines and parallels as arcs.

Conical

In the usual representation, conical projections show the meridians as straight lines and the parallels as circular arcs.

Pseudoconical

In the standard display, pseudoconical projections show the central meridian as a straight line, other meridians as complex curves and parallels as arcs.

Azimuthal

In the standard display, azimuthal projections show meridians as straight lines and parallels as complete, concentric circles. They are radially symmetric. In any representation (or in any aspect) they preserve directions from the center. This means that great circles through the center point are represented by straight lines on the map.

Pseudo azimuth

In the standard display, pseudo-azimuthal projections depict the equator and the central meridian on vertical, intersecting straight lines. They depict parallels to complex curves that run away from the equator and meridians to complex curves that run towards the central meridian. Listed here by pseudocylindrical as they are generally similar in shape and purpose.

Retroazimuthal

The direction to a fixed point B (by the shortest route) corresponds to the direction on the map from A to B.

Other

Typically calculated from a formula and not based on a specific projection.

Polyhedral

Polyhedral maps can be folded into a polyhedral approximation of the sphere, using a special projection to map each surface with little distortion.

properties

Conform

Keeps the angles local, which means that local shapes are not distorted and that the local scale is constant in all directions from any chosen point.

True to area

The area is retained everywhere.

Compromise

Neither conformal nor true to area, but rather a balance designed to reduce overall distortion.

Equidistant

All distances from one (or two) points are correct. Other equidistant properties are mentioned in the notes.

Gnomonic

All great circles are straight lines.

Table chronologically

Chronology of the cartographic projections

Illustration	year	projection	Originator	Type	properties	Remarks
	580 BC Chr. (Approx.)	Gnomonic projection	Thales (possibly)	Azimuthal	Gnomonic	All great circles are mapped on straight lines. Extreme distortion far from the center. Shows less than one hemisphere.
	200 BC Chr. (Approx.)	Stereographic projection	Hipparchus * (published)	Azimuthal	Conform	The map is infinitely large and the outer hemisphere inflates a lot so it is often used as two hemispheres. Maps all the small circles into circles, which is useful for planetary mapping to get the shapes of craters.
	200 BC Chr. (Approx.)	Azimuthal orthographic projection	Hipparchus * (published)	Azimuthal		View from an infinite distance.
	100 (approx.)	True-to-length cone projection = (equidistant or isometric) = simply conical	Based on the first projection by Claudius Ptolemy	Conical	True to area	The distances along the meridians are retained as well as the distances along one or two standard parallels.
	120 (approx.)	Flat map or rectangular or rectangular projection = rectangular projection = parallelogrammatic map	Marinos of Tire	Cylindrical	True to area	Simplest geometry; Distances along the meridians are retained. Square flat map : special case with the equator as the standard parallel.
	1000 (approx.)	Azimuthal Equidistant Projection	Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī	Azimuthal	True to area	Distances from the center are retained. Used as the United Nations emblem that extends to 60 ° S. Used by the USGS in the National Atlas of the United States of America.
	1500 (approx.)	Stab-Werner projection = Werner projection	Johannes Stabius	Pseudoconical	Equidistant, equal in area	Parallels are equally spaced concentric circular arcs. The distances from the North Pole are correct, as are the curved distances along the parallels and the distances along the central meridian.
	1000 (approx.), 1660	Nicolosi sphere projection	Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī , re-invented in 1660 by Giovanni Battista Nicolosi	Pseudoconical	Compromise
	1511	Bonnean projection	Bernardus Sylvanus	Pseudoconical, heart-shaped	True to area	Parallels are equally spaced concentric circular arcs and standard lines. The appearance depends on the reference parallel. General case of Werner Proj. and sinusoidal.
	1514	Octant projection	Leonardo da Vinci	Polyhedral	Compromise	Projects the globe onto eight octants ( Reuleaux triangles ) without meridians and without parallels.
	1540	Ortelius oval projection	Battista Agnese	Pseudocylindrical	Compromise	Meridians are circular.
	1569	Mercator projection = Wright	Gerhard Mercator	Cylindrical	Conform	Constant bearing lines ( loxodromes ) are straight, which makes navigation easier. The areas expand with latitude and become so extreme that the map can no longer show the poles.
	1570 (approx.)	Sinusoidal projection = Sanson-Flamsteed = Mercator true to area	(several; the first is unknown)	Pseudocylindrical	Equidistant, equal in area	Meridians are sinus curves; Parallels are equally spaced. The aspect ratio is 2: 1. The distances along the parallels are conserved. Jean Cossin von Dieppe was one of the first cartographers to use the sinusoidal that appeared in a 1570 map of the world.
	1740	Vertical perspective	Matthäus Seutter *	Azimuthal		View from a finite distance. Can only represent less than one hemisphere.
	1745	Cassini projection = Cassini – Soldner	César François Cassini de Thury	Cylindrical	Equidistant	Across the equidistant projection; the distances along the central meridian are conserved. Distances perpendicular to the central meridian are retained.
	1772	Lambert's cylinder projection	Johann Heinrich Lambert	Cylindrical	True to area	Standard parallel at the equator. Aspect ratio of π (3.14). Basic projection of the cylindrical family of equal surfaces.
	1772	Lambert's conformal cone projection	Johann Heinrich Lambert	Conical	Conform	Used in aeronautical charts.
	1772	Azimuthal equal area projection	Johann Heinrich Lambert	Azimuthal	True to area	The straight line distance between the central point on the map and any other point is equal to the straight line 3D distance through the globe between the two points.
	1805	Mollweide projection = elliptical = Babinet = homolographic	Carl Brandan Mollweide	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Meridians are ellipses.
	1805	Albers cone projection	Heinrich Christian Albers	Conical	True to area	Two standard parallels with little distortion between them.
	1820 (approx.)	American polyconic projection	Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler	Pseudoconical	Compromise	The distances along the parallels as well as the distances along the central meridian are retained.
	1822	Gauss-Krüger projection = Gauss-conform = (ellipsoidal) transverse Mercator	Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger	Cylindrical	Conform	This transversal, ellipsoidal shape of the Mercator is finite, in contrast to the equatorial Mercator. It forms the basis of the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system .
	1833	Littrow projection	Joseph Johann von Littrow	Retroazimuthal	Conform	On the equatorial side it shows a hemisphere with the exception of the poles.
	1850 (approx.)	central cylindrical projection	(unknown)	Cylindrical	perspective	Practically unused in cartography because of the strong polar distortion, but popular in panoramic photography , especially for architectural scenes.
	1853 (approx.)	rectangular polyconical projection	National Geodetic Survey	Pseudoconical	Compromise	You can choose the latitude along which the scale is correct. Parallels meet meridians at right angles.
	1855	Gall's stereographic projection similar to Braun's stereographic projection	James Gall	Cylindrical	Compromise	It should resemble the Mercator and at the same time show the poles. Standard parallels at 45 ° N / S.
	1855	Gall-Peters-Projection = Gall's Orthographic Projection = Peters	James Gall ( Arno Peters )	Cylindrical	True to area	Horizontally compressed version of Lambert's cylinder projection. Standard parallels at 45 ° N / S. Aspect ratio of ~ 1.6. The Balthasart projection is similar with standard parallels at 50 ° N / S. Maps based on the projection are sponsored by UNESCO , and they are also widely used by British schools.
	1865 (approx.)	Collignon projection	Edouard Collignon	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Depending on the configuration, the projection can also depict the sphere on a single diamond or a pair of squares.
	1879	Quincunx map projection	Charles Sanders Peirce	Other	Conform	Mosaics. Can be tiled continuously on one level, with the edge transitions matching up to four individual points per tile.
	1887	Guyou hemisphere-to-square projection	Émile Guyou	Other	Conform	Mosaics
	1889	Aitov projection	David Alexandrovich Aitov	Pseudo azimuth	Compromise	Expansion of the modified equatorial azimuthal equidistance map. The boundary is a 2: 1 ellipse. Largely replaced by Hammer.
	1892	Hammer projection = Hammer-Aitoff variations: Briesemeister	Ernst von Hammer	Pseudo azimuth	True to area	Based on the Aitov projection. Changed from the azimuthal equatorial equal-area equatorial map. The boundary is a 2: 1 ellipse. Variants are angled versions, centered on 45 ° N.
	1903	Hotine's slate Mercator	M. Rosenmund, J. Laborde, Martin Hotine	Cylindrical	Conform
	1904	Van der Grinten projection	Alphons J. van der Grinten	Other	Compromise	The border is a circle. All parallels and meridians are arcs. Usually clipped near 80 ° N / S. Standard world projection of the NGS in the years 1922–1988.
	1906	Eckert I and Eckert II projection	Max Eckert-Greifendorff	Pseudocylindrical	True to area
	1906	Eckert III and Eckert IV projection	Max Eckert-Greifendorff	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Parallels are unequal in distance and scale; outer meridians are semicircles; other meridians are semi-ellipses.
	1906	Eckert V and Eckert VI projection	Max Eckert-Greifendorff	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Parallels are unequal in distance and scale; Meridians are half-period sinusoids.
	1909	Craig retroazimuthal projection = Mecca projection	James Ireland Craig	Retroazimuthal	Compromise	It is a modified cylindrical projection.
	1909	Cahill's butterfly card	Bernard Joseph Stanislaus Cahill	Polyhedral	Compromise	Projects the globe onto an octahedron with symmetrical components and adjacent land masses that can be represented in various arrangements.
	1910	Hammer retroazimuth projection , anterior hemisphere	Ernst von Hammer	Retroazimuthal
	1910	Hammer retroazimuth projection , posterior hemisphere	Ernst von Hammer	Retroazimuthal
	1910	Behrmann projection	Walter Behrmann	Cylindrical	True to area	Horizontally compressed version of Lambert's cylinder projection. Has standard parallels at 30 ° N / S and an aspect ratio of 2.36.
	1919	Two-point equidistance projection	Hans Maurer	Azimuthal	Equidistant	Two “control points” can be chosen almost arbitrarily. The two straight line distances from any point on the map to the two control points are correct.
	1921	Angle-triple projection	Oswald Winkel	Pseudo azimuth	Compromise	Arithmetic mean of the flat map and the Aitoff projection . Standard world projection for the NGS since 1998.
	1922	Roussilhe's oblique stereographic projection	Henri Roussilhe
	1923	Goode projection	John Paul Goode	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Hybrid of sinusoidal and Mollweide projection . Usually used intermittently.
	1925	Adams hemisphere in a square	Oscar Sherman Adams	Other	Conform
	1929	Bogg's eumorphic projection	Samuel Whittemore Boggs	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	The equal-area projection, which results from the mean value of the sinusoidal and Mollweide y -coordinates and thereby limits the x -coordinate.
	1929	Craster parabolic = Reinhold Putniņš P4	John Craster	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Meridians are parabolas. Standard parallels at 36 ° 46′N / S; Parallels are unequal in distance and scale; 2: 1 aspect.
	1932	Wagner VI projection	KH Wagner	Pseudocylindrical	Compromise	Equivalent to Kawraiski VII compressed by a factor of vertically . ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}/{2}}$
	1935, 1966	Loximuthal projection	Karl Siemon, Waldo Rudolph Tobler	Pseudocylindrical		From the indicated center the lines of constant bearing ( loxodromes ) are straight and of the correct length. Generally asymmetrical around the equator.
	1937, 1944	quartic authalic projection	Karl Siemon Oscar Adams	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	The parallels are uneven in spacing and scale. No distortion along the equator. Meridians are fourth order curves.
	1939	Kawraiski VII projection	Vladimir Vladimirovich Kawraiski	Pseudocylindrical	Compromise	Evenly distributed parallels. Equivalent to Wagner VI horizontally by the factor . compressed. ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}/{2}}$
	1941	Wagner VII projection = Hammer Wagner	KH Wagner	Pseudocylindrical	True to area
	1942	Miller cylinder projection	Osborn Maitland Miller	Cylindrical	Compromise	It should resemble the Mercator while showing the poles.
	1943	Dymaxion projection = Fuller projection	Richard Buckminster Fuller	Polyhedral	Compromise	World map on the surface of an icosahedron that unfolds and can be flattened to two dimensions. The flat card is heavily broken up to preserve shapes and sizes.
	1943	Armadillo projection	Erwin Raisz	Other	Compromise
	1948	Atlantis projection = Mollweide transverse	John Bartholomew	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Oblique version of the Mollweide projection
	1949	McBryde – Thomas flat polar quartic = McBryde-Thomas # 4	Felix W. McBryde, Paul Thomas	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Standard parallels at 33 ° 45′N / S; Parallels are unequal in distance and scale; Meridians are fourth order curves. Distortion-free only where the standard parallels intersect the central meridian.
	1951	Hölzel projection = Hölzel planisphere	Ed. Hölzel	Pseudocylindrical		With parallel, equally spaced degrees of latitude of unequal length, the poles being shown in the form of a polar line. The longitudes are shown as sine curves up to a latitude of 80 °, and further north as an ellipsoid to the pole. It is neither conformal nor conformal, and no point on the map is free of distortion. Variant of the Eckert V projection; First used for the Kozenn Atlas of 1951 and distributed in Austria to this day.
	1953	Bertin projection = Bertin-Rivière = Bertin 1953	Jacques Bertin	Other	Compromise	Projection in which the compromise is no longer homogeneous, but is modified for a greater deformation of the oceans in order to achieve a smaller deformation of the continents. Often used for French geopolitical maps.
	1963	Robinson projection	Arthur H. Robinson	Pseudocylindrical	Compromise	Calculated by interpolating tabular values. Used by Rand McNally since its inception and used by NGS in 1988-1998.
	1963	Equally differential polyconical projection in terms of width	China State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping	Pseudoconical	Compromise	Polyconical: Parallels are not concentric circular arcs.
	1965	The Times	John Muir	Pseudocylindrical	Compromise	Standard parallels 45 ° N / S. Parallels based on Gallic stereography, but with curved meridians. Developed for Bartholomew Ltd., The Times Atlas.
	1965	Lee conformal world in a tetrahedron	LP Lee	Polyhedral	Conform	Projects the globe onto a regular tetrahedron. Mosaics.
	1973	Tobler hyperelliptic projection	Waldo Rudolph Tobler	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	A family of map projections which, as special cases, include the Mollweide projection, the Collignon projection and the various cylindrical projections of equal area.
	1973	four-sided spherical cube	F. Kenneth Chan, EM O'Neill	Polyhedral	True to area
	1975	Cahill-Keyes projection	Gene Keyes	Polyhedral	Compromise	Projects the globe onto a truncated octahedron with symmetrical components and adjoining land masses that can be represented in various arrangements.
	1982	GS50 projection	John P. Snyder	Other	Conform	Specifically designed to minimize distortion when viewing all 50 US states .
	1994	Strut 1995 projection	Daniel "daan" strut	Pseudo azimuth	True to area	Formulated using other equal area map projections than transformations.
	1996	Waterman butterfly projection	Steve Waterman	Polyhedral	Compromise	Projects the globe onto a truncated octahedron with symmetrical components and adjoining land masses that can be represented in various arrangements.
	1997	HEALPix	Krzysztof M. Górski	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Hybrid of Collignon + Lambert's cylinder projection.
Link to the picture	1999	Authagraph projection	Hajime Narukawa	Polyhedral	Compromise	Almost true to area. Mosaics.
	2002	Hobo Dyer projection	Mick Dyer	Cylindrical	True to area	Horizontally compressed version of Lambert's cylinder projection. Trystan-Edwards and Smyth equilateral projections (= Craster rectangle) with standard parallels at about 37 ° N / S are very similar. Aspect ratio of ~ 2.0.
	2003	Bottomley projection	Henry Bottomley	Pseudoconical	True to area	An alternative to the Bonnean projection with a simpler overall shape. Parallels are elliptical arcs. The appearance depends on the reference parallel.
	2005	Web Mercator projection	Google	Cylindrical	Compromise	Mercator variant that ignores the earth's ellipticity for quick calculations and reduces the latitudes to around 85.05 ° for presentations. De facto standard for web mapping applications. It is used by virtually all major online map providers, including Google Maps, Mapbox , Bing Maps , OpenStreetMap , Mapquest , Esri , and many others.
	2008	Myriahedral projections	Jarke J. van Wijk	Polyhedral	True to area	Projects the globe onto a myriahedron: a polyhedron with a very large number of faces.
	2011	Natural Earth projection	Tom Patterson	Pseudocylindrical	Compromise	Calculated by interpolating tabular values.
	2018	Equal Earth projection	Bojan Šavrič, Tom Patterson y Bernhard Jenny	Pseudocylindrical	True to area	Inspired by the Robinson projection , but maintains the relative size of the surfaces.

* The first known popularizer / user and not necessarily the originator.

literature

• John P. Snyder: Map projections: A working manual . In: Map projections - A working manual  (= US Geological Survey Professional Paper), Volume 1395. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1987, doi : 10.3133 / pp1395 (accessed August 4, 2020).
• John P. Snyder, Philip M. Voxland: An Album of Map Projections  (= US Geological Survey Professional Paper), Volume 1453. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1989, doi : 10.3133 / pp1453 (accessed August 4, 2020) .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Snyder, John P .: Flattening the earth: two thousand years of map projections . University of Chicago Press , 1993, ISBN 0-226-76746-9 , p. 1.
2. ↑ Furuti, Carlos A. Conic Projections: Equidistant Conic Projections
3. ↑ http://www.csiss.org/map-projections/Polyconic/Nicolosi_Globular.pdf
4. ^ Donald Fenna: Cartographic Science: A Compendium of Map Projections, with Derivations . CRC Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8493-8169-0 , p. 249.
5. ^ Jean Cossin, Carte cosmographique ou Universelle description du monde avec le vrai traict des vents , 1570.
6. ↑ Gall is credited with describing the projection in 1855 at a science congress.
7. ^ Higgins, Hannah B. The Grid Book . Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2009. ISBN 9780262512404 p. 94. “Embroiled in controversy from the start, the map is nonetheless widely used in the British school system and is promoted by the United Nations Educational and Scientific Cultural Organization (UNESCO) because of its ability to communicate visually the actual relative sizes of the various regions of the planet. "
8. ^ Philippe Rivière: Bertin Projection (1953) . In: visionscarto . October 1, 2017.
9. ↑ Our Map Data . MapBox .: "Mapbox supports the popular Web Mercator projection, and currently does not support any other projections for display."
10. ^ Sarah E. Battersby, Michael P. Finn, E. Lynn Usery, Kristina H. Yamamoto: Implications of Web Mercator and Its Use in Online Mapping . In: Cartographica . 49, No. 2, 2014, p. 92. doi : 10.3138 / carto.49.2.2313 .
11. ↑ Jarke J. van Wijk. "Unfolding the Earth: Myriahedral Projections". [1]
12. ↑ Carlos A. Furuti. "Interrupted Maps: Myriahedral Maps". [2]

Web links

• Description of the different map projections (links to each projection on the left side of the page - in English)
• List of map projections (with examples )
• Visual map projection list