List of transcription systems for the Chinese languages
The List of Transcription Systems for the Chinese Languages provides an overview of the transcription systems designed for the Chinese languages .
For the representation of the Chinese script with Latin or other letters or characters, systems were developed in different countries at different times, with which they transcribed the Chinese languages in a sound environment they are familiar with. Almost every one of the different national systems has advantages, which are, however, often easily overlooked by speakers of other languages, since they only follow the phonetic rules of the inventor's language.
Nowadays, the Pinyin system has almost superseded the previously common systems, especially Wade-Giles , in international use.
Overview
The following table gives an overview of the most important transcriptions. Unless otherwise noted, these are transcriptions for standard Chinese (“Standard Chinese ”).
Transcription | alphabet | Developed by | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
really important: | |||
Hanyu Pinyin (short: Pinyin) |
Latin | Zhou Youguang et al | official transcription of the PRC , Republic of China (Taiwan) and ISO standard |
Wade-Giles (short: WG) |
Latin | Thomas Wade , Herbert A. Giles | was the quasi-standard in the Anglo-Saxon environment and worldwide in the scientific field |
Zhuyin Fuhao (short: Bopomofo / MPS I) |
Zhuyin | Commission to unify the debate | also called Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I (MPS I) ; also suitable for Min Nan , Hakka and other languages; still used in Taiwan today |
for special fonts: | |||
Korean transliteration | Korean | National Institute of the Korean Language | official transcription of Chinese in South Korea |
Mongolian transcription | Mongolian | ||
Palladian system | Cyrillic | Palladius | also called the Vasil'ev system ; official legend in Russia |
Czech transcription | Latin | Oldřich Švarný | with Czech diacritical marks, developed 1951; is also used in Slovak texts |
Xiao'erjing | Arabic | was in use with Muslim minorities | |
formerly officially in the cultural area of China : | |||
Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Latin | Zhao Yuanren et al | Tones are represented by varying the letters; from 1928 to the 1950s it was an official romanization in China, but was rarely used |
Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (short: MPS II) |
Latin | was the official romanization in the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 1986 to 2002 | |
Tongyong Pinyin | Latin | Yu Bor-chuan | was the official romanization in the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 2002 to 2008 |
Transcription system of the Chin. Post (short: Post) |
Latin | from 1906 until well into the 20th century standard transcription for place names | |
out of use: | |||
Couvreur system | Latin | Séraphin Couvreur | used in the important "Dictionnaire classique de la langue chinoise" (1890) |
EFEO transcription (Vissière system) |
Latin | Arnold Vissière | simplified version of the transcription of Couvreur, 1902 of the Ecole française d_Extreme-Orient published |
Franke system | Latin | Otto Franke | used in history of the Chinese Empire among others |
Karlgren system | Latin | Bernhard Karlgren | |
Latinxua Sin Wenz | Latin | Chinese and Russian exiles | Forerunner of Hanyu Pinyin |
Legge system | Latin | James Legge | used for the Sacred Books of the East , for example in the Sacred Books of China |
Lessing-Othmer system | Latin | Ferdinand Lessing , Wilhelm Othmer | also referred to as the Wilhelm-Lessing system ; In 1911 raised to the standard in the German lease area |
Needham system | Latin | Joseph Needham | modified Wade-Giles system used in Science and Civilization in China |
Rod system | Latin | Hans Otto Heinrich Stange | used in: Rüdenberg: Chinese-German dictionary |
Unger system | Latin | Ulrich Unger | partly takes into account the Central Chinese pronunciation |
Wieger system | Latin | Léon Wieger | out of use |
Yale system (Yale Mandarin) |
Latin | George Kennedy | Developed in 1943, used until the 1970s |
for other Chinese languages / dialects: | |||
Barnett Chao System | Latin | Zhao Yuanren , KMA Barnett | for Cantonese , based on Gwoyeu Romatzyh, also called SOAS system |
Cantonese Pinyin | Latin | Father Yu, Ping Chiu (1971) ; Zhan, Bohui - HKU & Education Bureau of Hong Kong (improved) |
for Cantonese, only officially recognized by the HKEAA (Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority) or EDB (Education Bureau); System commonly taught in Hong Kong schools and used by the Examination Board |
Chao system (Cantonese) | Latin | Zhao Yuanren | for Cantonese, based on Gwoyeu Romatzyh, used a. a. in the textbook Cantonese Primer (1947) |
Guangdong Romanization | Latin | Guangdong Provincial Education Department (1960) | for use by various regions in Guangdong , i.e. Cantonese, Teochew , Hakka and the Hainan dialect |
Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanization (unofficial name) | Latin | Hong Kong Government | for Cantonese, used exclusively for the official transcription of personal names and toponyms in Hong Kong |
Jyutping | Latin | Linguistic Society of Hong Kong | for Cantonese, is widely used in addition to the Yale Romanization for Cantonese , especially through the CUHK and HKU |
Macau Government Cantonese Romanization (unofficial name) | Latin | Macau Government | for Cantonese, used exclusively for the official transcription of personal names and toponyms in Macau |
Meyer-Wempe | Latin | Missionaries in Hong Kong | for Cantonese |
Pe̍h-ōe-jī (short: POJ) |
Latin | Missionaries in Taiwan | for Min Nan |
Sidney Lau System (short: SL) |
Latin | Sidney Lau Sek-cheung | for Cantonese |
SL Wong system (short: SL Wong) |
Latin | Wong Shik-Ling | for Cantonese |
Standard Romanization (Cantonese) | Latin | Missionaries in South China (ca.1888) | for Cantonese, used in particular by the British and Foreign Bible Society , China Baptist Publication Society , Pakhoi Mission Press |
Yale system (Yale Cantonese) |
Latin | Parker Po-fei Huang, Gerard P. Kok- Yale | for Cantonese, used especially by English-speaking foreign students or at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), University of British Columbia , University of Tokyo and Yale University |
for special purposes: | |||
chinese braille | Braille | Braille based on Zhuyin Fuhao | |
IPA phonetic transcription | IPA phonetic transcription | IPA | no orthographically defined system; different styles are used for different purposes, e.g. B. "wide" ( phonemic ) vs. "Tight" ( allophonic ) transcriptions |
- annotation
The Dungan language is written with Cyrillic letters - as an official script, not as a transcription of the same.
literature
-
Ireneus László Legeza : Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialect. Leiden: Brill, 2 volumes, 1968–1969.
- Volume 1: Conversion tables of the currently used international and European systems with comparative tables of initials and finals.
- Volume 2: Conversion tables of the outdated international and European individual systems with comparative tables of initials and finals.
- Klaus Kaden: The most important transcription systems for the Chinese language. An introduction to self-study (VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie , Leipzig 1975).
Web links
- comparative list of the transcription systems Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Yale, Bopomofo (Zhuyin, MPS1), MPS2, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Tongyong Pinyin (English)
- Comparative list of the transcription systems Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Yale, Bopomofo (Zhuyin, MPS1), MPS2 and Tongyong Pinyin (English)
- University of Münster, Sinology department: comparative list of the transcription systems Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Bopomofo (Zhuyin, MPS1), EFEO / Vissière, Lessing-Othmer, Stange and Unger
- comparative list of the transcription systems Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Lessing-Othmer, EFEO and Latinxua Sin Wenz (English)
- Automatic converter for Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Yale, Bopomofo (Zhuyin, MPS1), Gwoyeu Romatzyh, Tongyong Pinyin, EFEO / Vissière and Guoinll (English)
- Chinese Romanization System: IPA Transliteration (Sino-Platonic Papers) (PDF file; 1.34 MB; English)