Makartplatz
| Makartplatz | |
|---|---|
| Place in Salzburg | |
 Makartplatz at night in front of the Trinity Church |
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| Basic data | |
| place | Salzburg |
| district | Old town on the right of the Salzach |
| Created | 15th century |
| Hist. Names | Hannibalgarten, Hannibalplatz (until 1879) |
| Confluent streets | Dreifaltigkeitsgasse , Theatergasse , Schwarzstrasse |
| Buildings | Christian Doppler Birthplace , State Theater , Hotel Bristol , Dreifaltigkeitskirche (Dreifaltigkeitsgasse), Tanzmeisterhaus (Mozart's residence) |
| use | |
| Space design | Traffic with green island and parking areas |
The Makartplatz is a place in the right of the Salzach located part of the old town of Salzburg . The place is located in the as World Heritage Site excellent historical center of the city . The square is important not only because the two most famous Salzburgers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Christian Doppler lived there for a time, but also as a representative southern entrance to the baroque gardens of Mirabell Palace .
To the west of the square are the Salzburg State Theater and opposite the birthplace of the physicist Christian Doppler. Adjacent to this is the Tanzmeisterhaus , which is also known today as Mozart's residence . The Trinity Church is to the east of the square . From here Dreifaltigkeitsgasse leads to Mirabellplatz in the north.
Makartplatz was formerly named after Hofmarschall Johann Hannibal von Raitenau (1563–1611), the brother of Prince Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau , Hannibalgarten or Hannibalplatz .
history
Between the first city wall in front of Königs- and Lederergässchen and the second city wall from 1465–1480 there was still a spacious green space in 1600 with only a few small houses with associated gardens and herb fields. Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau bought most of these gardens and wanted to build a stately pleasure building with arched arbors and pillars for his brother next to the newly built Altenau Castle there, as well as a large garden that was to connect directly to the garden of Altenau Castle. In 1600 his brother left Salzburg after family disputes, resigned from his position as Prince-Court Marshal and moved to Langenstein. The plan to build a castle in this room was not pursued any further.
Only Archbishop Paris Lodron completed the "Hannibal Garden". After the construction of Lodron's Primogeniturpalast (today part of the New Mozarteum ), he not only had gardens laid out in the west of the palace, which complemented the green areas of the Mirabell Gardens , but also to the south towards the old town. In the course of the rest of the story, until around 1900, the Hannibalgarten was largely designed as a publicly accessible space and was often called Hannibalplatz . In 1906, the old pawnshop in the east of the square was demolished, immediately afterwards the square was given a large green area in the middle and smaller trees were also planted. In 1879 the square was given the current name Makartplatz in memory of the painter Hans Makart who was born in the Salzburg residence . At that time, however, adjacent street names were given new names. The southern part of Dreifaltigkeitsgasse , which borders Makartplatz in the east, was previously known as Andreasgasse because the old St. Andreas church had stood on the street until 1861 . The northern part of Dreifaltigkeitsgasse was formerly called Mirabellstrasse .
The Dreifaltigkeitskirche, the mild pawnshop and the Hannibalplatz
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When the Dreifaltigkeitskirche was built in the area of the extended Hannibalgarten there was already a house built in 1681, which was rededicated in 1747 by Prince Archbishop Jakob Ernst von Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn to a "Mons pietatis" a "mild pawnshop" in which the poor residents of the city had to deposit one Pfandes could receive very cheap bridging allowances. However, since the church was built between 1694 and 1702, the pawnshop partially covered this new church designed by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach . Time and again it was argued that this should be a defect, and it was repeatedly claimed that the pawnshop was only built after the church was built. Therefore, in 1757, to make the church behind the pawnshop easier to see, the bell floors were raised and, after the town fire of 1818, the tower hoods were also raised. This has alienated the original appearance. Dissatisfaction with the church supposedly "covered up" by the pawnshop led to the pawnshop being completely torn down in 1906 and the space increased. At the same time, the square was redesigned with a large central green area. The portal of the Milden pawnshop now adorns the main establishment of the Sparkasse on the Alter Markt .
The Pegasus
After the great fire of 1818, the Mirabell horse pond on Mirabellplatz was demolished. Caspar Gras's winged horse , created in 1661 on behalf of Prince Archbishop Guidobald Graf Thun for Kapitelschwemme on Kapitelplatz , then stood on Hannibalplatz from 1842 to 1859. It was not until 1913 that it moved to the nearby Mirabell Gardens , where it still rises in a fountain in the middle of Mirabell Palace .
The Sattler panorama
The well-known panorama painting of the city of Salzburg by Johann Michael Sattler (1786–1847) and employees, designed at the suggestion of Emperor Franz I , began with the painting of the over 25 m long painting in a pavilion in the courtyard of the Überacker House (today Makartplatz 6) . After completing the painting in 1829, Sattler exhibited his picture on today's Makartplatz for a few months.
The first Salzburg lithographic printing company (Joseph Oberer)
The Salzburg printer and lithographer. Joseph Oberer (1789–1843) took over the family print shop from his father in 1813 and brought the new lithographic printing technique to Salzburg in 1831 by setting up a lithographic art institute in Mozart's house.
The planned Makart garage
In 2001, the municipality of Salzburg granted the Freilassing building contractor Max Aicher a 99-year building license to build an underground car park on Makartplatz. The underground car park was never built. While a garage with 250 parking spaces on two levels was initially planned, later 110 parking spaces were considered due to the difficult subsoil and the associated high costs. A garage with only 110 parking spaces was rejected by city policy, however, it would have become almost exclusively a garage for residents. The building permit was canceled again after 2010, and the former client waived the project for a fee.
Buildings
Dreifaltigkeitskirche in the middle of the seminary in Salzburg
The Dreifaltigkeitskirche was built as the largest church from the time of the Archbishopric in Salzburg to the right of the Salzach in the years 1694 to 1702 according to plans by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and is considered one of the main works of the architect. Structural changes were made in the 18th and 19th centuries. The altar was also designed by Fischer von Erlach and the large dome fresco is by Johann Michael Rottmayr . The three-storey wing buildings of the church now house the seminary of the Archdiocese of Salzburg.
The Tanzmeisterhaus - Mozart's residence
(Makartplatz 8)
The house is first mentioned in a document in 1617. Since 1711, dances for aristocrats have been held here, approved by a prince-archbishop's decree, led first by Lorenz Spöckner and then by his son, the high-prince dance master and valet Franz Karl Gottlieb Spöckner , who was also the best man of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's parents. In the large dance master's hall, they not only danced, but also taught court etiquette. After Franz Spöckner's death in 1767, the Tanzmeistersaal was rented out by his cousin, known in many Mozart letters as "Tanzmeister Mitzerl", as a room for events (weddings, etc.).
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In 1773 the Mozart family moved into this house with its eight rented rooms on the first floor because the previous three-room apartment had become too small due to the addition of the family. The large dance master hall also belonged to the apartment. Here the family often met musicians to play together, with Michael Haydn and the Magic Flute librettist Emanuel Schikaneder also being guests. Target shooting took place regularly in this hall, but also in the courtyard of the house, as the Mozart family also belonged to the Salzburg Bölzlschützenkompagnie (they shot with a kind of air rifle ).
Next to the dance master's hall, the music hall belonged to the apartment, where Leopold Mozart demonstrated pianos to potential buyers that he had taken over for sale on a commission basis.
From 1773 to 1780 Mozart composed a wealth of well-known works in this house, such as the Haffner Serenade (KV 250, dedicated to the Salzburg patron Sigmund Haffner the Younger), some symphonies (KV 183, 201, 318, 319, and 338), piano concerts (especially KV 242, 271 and 365) as well as some masses (including the coronation mass KV 317) and small operas ( Il re pastore , King Thamos , Zaide ). He also began work on the later completed musical plays La Finta giardiniera and Idomeneo here . In 1777 the Prague singer Josepha Duschk , a friend of Mozart, performed in the Tanzmeisterhaus.
After Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart moved to Vienna and his sister Nannerl married to St. Gilgen, his father Leopold Mozart last lived alone in these rooms, only looked after by his "Kuchelmenschen Thresel", and died here on May 28, 1787.
In 1938 the International Mozarteum Foundation succeeded for the first time in renting three rooms in this house for a Mozart exhibition. The seminar for music education and the folk song archive were also housed here.
In 1944, the house (with the exception of the Tanzmeistersaal) was largely destroyed by American aerial bombs. The owner at the time sold the house to an insurance company that built an office building in place of the destroyed part of the house. In 1955 the Mozarteum Foundation acquired the remaining part of the house with the Tanzmeistersaal and in 1989 also the new office building. From 1994 the office building was torn down and then the bomb-destroyed part of the house was rebuilt true to detail according to old plans. In 1996, a museum was opened in the new premises, in which the life of Mozart is documented in multimedia. The Tanzmeistersaal is now used as a concert hall.
Christian Doppler birthplace
(Makartplatz 1)
This house was built at the end of the 18th century and is one of the few examples of classical architecture in Salzburg. The physicist Christian Doppler (1803-1853) was born here. The house where he was born is directly opposite the Salzburg State Theater, a plaque from the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies reminds of the famous physicist. Doppler comes from a family of stonecutters, but he was unable to practice this craft because of his lung disease. The house where he was born cannot be visited, but it has a small archive dedicated to the physicist. For a long time Christian Doppler was largely forgotten in Salzburg. A hospital in Liefering, a grammar school on the Salzach in Lehen and a square were named after the physicist late. The life of Christian Doppler will also be honored in a permanent show in the nearby House of Nature .
Joseph Friedrich Hummel (1841, Innsbruck - 1919, Salzburg), who was director of the Salzburg Mozarteum and director of the Mozarteum orchestra from 1880 to 1908, and briefly director of the Salzburg Liedertafel , also lived in this house . A plaque on the house also commemorates him. The short street to the Salzach, Josef-Friedrich-Hummel-Straße, is named after this musician.
Graf-Überacker-Palais
(Dreifaltigkeitsgasse 11 - Makartplatz 6, today the Consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany on the ground floor)
In 1601 this house was first mentioned as a new building for Countess Maria Katharina Kuen "except for St. Andre Pogn on Mirabellstrasse". In 1723, Wolf Maximilian Graf Überacker bought the building and converted it into an aristocratic palace. When the house was rebuilt in 1912, the baroque facade was largely retained. Today's baroque portal on Makartplatz with its wrought-iron skylights also came to its current location in 1912. The Makart post office was housed here until 2011; Today the consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany is located here and a branch of the Spängler bank is next to it . The renovation was led by the architect Fritz Genböck .
State Theater Salzburg
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(Makartplatz 2 = Schwarzstrasse 22)
In the baroque period, Salzburg was a center of theater and comedians. The old residence was first used as the court theater, but performances were also held in the auditorium of the old university and in the stone theater in Hellbrunn .
Borne by the spirit of the Enlightenment, the theater was particularly important for Prince Archbishop Colloredo as a place of education and training that should be made accessible to broad sections of the population. In 1775 he therefore had the old ballroom built in 1632 on Hannibalplatz (a house used for ball games) converted into an initially provisional theater hall. Another renovation followed in the years 1787 to 1791. With this, Colloredo created a contemporary Salzburg theater for the first time. After 1816 this theater was called the National Theater . Apart from three rows of seats (with a total of only 33 seats), it only had standing room. In 1892 this theater was largely demolished and rebuilt in the same place. This new building was planned by the leading architects Helmer and Fellner . The new city theater opened in 1893. During this renovation, the theater stage was moved from the south side of the house to the north side. In 1938/39, J. Holzinger and Paul Geppert redesigned the State Theater again because the stage and the break foyer had proven to be too small. The house has now been given a revolving stage , and the balcony above the main entrance has also been added.
Hotel Bristol
(Makartplatz 4)
The hotel Bristol was built in 1893. Before that, between 1887 and 1892, the first Salzburg electricity works - the central station of the Electricitaets-Werke Salzburg - existed here. The new hotel was the first hotel on the right of the Salzach that had electrical lighting and was called the "Electricitaets-Hotel". The numerous prominent guests of the house included Emperor Franz Josef and Sigmund Freud .
Space design
The bronze sculpture "Caldera"
In 2008 a sculpture by the English artist Tony Cragg was set up in the middle of Makartplatz . The sculpture, made of patinated bronze, as an object of "purposeless" art, is intended to represent a counterpoint to the space, which is characterized by practical use because it is busy with traffic. The geological term caldera - denoting a crater basin - not only refers to the cauldron-like location of Salzburg and the central point of the sculpture on the square, but also especially to the landscape of the accessible sculpture: it shows different " Landscapes ”in the form of human profiles.
Web links
proof
- Bernd Euler, Ronald Gobiet, Horst Huber: Dehio Salzburg - City and Country . Verlag Anton Schroll & Co, Vienna 1986, ISBN 3-7031-0599-2
- FV Zillner: History of the City of Salzburg , special volumes of the Society for Salzburg Regional Studies, Salzburg 1885
- ↑ See the explanations on the information board next to the sculpture.
Coordinates: 47 ° 48 ′ 12 ″ N , 13 ° 2 ′ 40 ″ E