Martha Goldberg

Martha Goldberg (around 1915)

Martha Goldberg (born August 4, 1873 in Schwerin as Martha Sussmann ; † November 10, 1938 in Burgdamm ) was a German, socially committed woman and one of the five Jewish victims who died in the Reichspogromnacht in Bremen and in two surrounding communities north of it the Nazis were killed. She was the wife of the Jewish doctor Adolph Goldberg, practicing in Burgdamm, and enjoyed a high reputation for her social activities. For more than four decades she has supported needy citizens in a variety of ways , especially from among her husband's patients and their families. She and her husband were killed by an SA member .

While the circumstances of her murder and the criminal treatment during the time of National Socialism and the post-war period are documented by preserved trial files, her personal fate only began to be dealt with in the 1980s. In memory of the murdered, a public square in Bremen was named after the Goldberg couple and a day care center was named after Martha Goldberg.

Life

Until 1933

Adolph Goldberg (around 1901)

Martha Goldberg with her three children Käthe, Kurt and Gertrud (from left; around 1903)

Martha Sussmann was the daughter of the wealthy businessman Adolph Sussmann and his wife Bertha, née Ahrens. She married the doctor Adolph Goldberg (also Adolf Goldberg ; 1860–1938), who was born in Soltau , in Schwerin in 1895 and moved to live with him in the community of Lesum (since 1939 part of Bremen). Her husband had been running a doctor's practice in the Burgdamm district there since 1888 , and from then on Martha Goldberg worked as an office assistant , secretary and accountant .

Since the turn of the century, the Goldbergs have been supporting people in their area who have got into social hardship on their own initiative and with their own resources. Martha Goldberg was considered an "extremely open-minded, active, generous and social woman". For example, she often accompanied her husband, who was also known as an experienced obstetrician , on visits to the sick and took care of improving the living conditions of needy patients . Among other things, she also provided them with warm meals that were prepared in her household, with her daughter Käthe later working as a young adult. Through her social commitment , she made a significant contribution to her husband's success as a doctor. The Goldbergs enjoyed “an extraordinarily high reputation”, and both were among the dignitaries of the Burg-Lesum region, where they were fully integrated into social life.

Following her patriotic sentiments, Martha Goldberg signed the appeal for donations by the Fleet Association of German Women for Vegesack and the Blumenthal district during the First World War . Towards the end of the war and in the post-war year 1919, she took part in an aid initiative run by the Fatherland Women's Association , in which food was distributed, mainly to malnourished children.

In what was then Lesum, poverty was widespread, especially in large families. The main employer was the Bremer Woll- Wascherei, founded in 1872/73 opposite the Burg train station , which was bought by the Bremer Woll-Kämmerei in 1926 and closed in 1927. During the period marked by mass unemployment towards the end of the Weimar Republic from 1929, when her husband became known as a "doctor for the poor", Martha Goldberg resumed her "private welfare" and her " soup kitchen ".

Martha and Adolph Goldberg had three children who were born in the late 1890s, their first-born daughter Gertrud and their twins, Käthe and Kurt, who were a few years younger . The siblings had a carefree childhood and youth in Burgdamm. The medical family belonged to the wealthy middle class ; she had a wide variety of social contacts and traveled extensively, the couple employed domestic servants such as housekeeping and nannies , and the children received home schooling .

time of the nationalsocialism

As in the whole of the German Reich , Jews were discriminated against and persecuted during the time of National Socialism in Bremen and the neighboring communities . After the NSDAP came to power in 1933 and after the Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935 , the married couple Martha and Adolph Goldberg found themselves increasingly and ultimately complete isolation within their living and social environment. As early as 1934, the number of patients fell noticeably, although age factors also played a role. In 1938, Adolph Goldberg lost his medical license according to the “ Fourth Ordinance on the Reich Citizenship Law ” and had to close his medical practice. The Goldbergs avoided contact with friends and acquaintances of their own accord so that they would not make themselves “unpopular” or “punishable”.

In addition, her family situation changed radically under the discrimination and persecution of Jews. The son Kurt died by suicide . The older daughter Gertrud emigrated with her husband, the textile merchant Hans Friedheim from Nienburg / Weser , to Montevideo in Uruguay , and the daughter Käthe, who, influenced by her parents' home, had taken up the job of a nurse , emigrated to South Africa in autumn 1937 .

November pogrom and assassination

In Bremen, as in the entire German Reich, there were numerous National Socialist organizations. At first, acts of violence were primarily committed by the Sturmabteilung (SA). Bremer SA was subordinate to the SA Group Nordsee , which was originally based in Hanover and since 1933 in Bremen at various locations, most recently at Hollerallee 75 (today the Forum Church of the Bremen Evangelical Church ). The SA group North Sea (with 26 SA standards and correspondingly thousands of SA men in 18 cities in Northern Germany) was led since 1935 by Heinrich Böhmcker , who was also mayor of Bremen . Böhmcker took part in a Munich meeting of SA leaders on the evening of November 9, 1938 . Here Hitler and his Propaganda Minister Goebbels gave the impetus for a Germany-wide terrorist action against Jews, the so-called “Reichspogromnacht”, which until now has mostly been referred to by the increasingly problematic term “ Reichskristallnacht ”.

After a hate speech by Goebbels, the Gauleiter and SA leaders present issued appropriate orders to their local offices. Böhmcker also phoned his staff office in Bremen: Synagogues were to be set on fire and shops belonging to Jewish owners destroyed. And literally: All Jews are to be disarmed. If there is resistance, shoot it over the heap . As a result, the bicycle dealer Selma Zwienicki and the businessman Heinrich Rosenblum were murdered that night in the Neustadt district of Bremen .

The terror order was forwarded from Bremen to Geestemünde , the "official seat" of Standard 411-Wesermünde and from there by Walter Seggermann in more stringent form to the commanders of the Lesum divisions of the Standard, Ernst Röschmann ( SA-Sturmbannführer ) and Fritz Köster (SA- Sturmhauptführer) passed on: Major alarm of the SA throughout Germany. [...] When the evening comes, there can be no more Jews in Germany. Jewish businesses are also to be destroyed . Köster, who was also the mayor of Lesum, reacted with surprise: What should actually happen to the Jews? --- Destroy! Röschmann made sure of it by calling the SA group “North Sea” in Bremen, confirming the “ night of long knives ”.

Fritz Köster then gave the orders to shoot the couple of doctors Adolph and Martha Goldberg in Burgdamm and the fitter Leopold Sinasohn in the neighboring rural community of Platjenwerbe , which today belongs to Ritterhude . All three were murdered on the night of November 10, 1938. The Goldbergs were "torn from their sleep on the morning of November 10, 1938 at five o'clock" and "shot in the living room" by the SA-Scharführer August Frühling, who was unknown to them . Spring belonged to the Lesum SA unit “Reserve Storm 29/411” under the command of SA Obersturmführer Friedrich Jahns, who assisted in the killing of the Goldberg couple.

Martha and Adolph Goldberg were buried in the Jewish cemetery in Ritterhude .

Criminal penalties

The course of events was not investigated by the public prosecutor , but by the “Special Senate No. 6 of the Supreme Party Court of the NSDAP ”. The “mood” of those involved was that “the time for a complete solution to the Jewish question was finally deemed to have come and that the few hours had to be used until the next day”. The men acted with the knowledge that such orders would only be given with the consent of the highest authorities. With this justification, the proceedings of the party court against SA members and "party comrades" August Frühling and his commanders were discontinued on January 20, 1939.

On February 13, the highest party judge Walter Buch asked the Führer Adolf Hitler to put down the proceedings before the state criminal courts : According to the Supreme Party Court, it had been common practice during the so-called "fighting time" that the party leadership deliberately issued some orders unclearly, in order to be able to stay in the background as the organizer of an action. For active National Socialists it is still a matter of course to read more from orders than was said literally. "Unfair motives" are not to be determined and "those party comrades are to be covered who overshot the target due to a decent National Socialist attitude and readiness for action".

The perpetrator August Frühling (1885–1966) was a marine engineer, went to sea from 1908, served in the First World War in the Imperial Navy and after 1920 worked as a mechanical engineer and operations manager in various companies or was unemployed. Spring joined the SA in 1933 and the NSDAP in 1937 and was appointed SA-Scharführer in 1938. His commanding officer Fritz Johann Köster (1906–1993) was a commercial clerk, joined the SA in 1932 and the NSDAP in 1933, was mayor in Lesum from 1934 to 1939 and then worked in the Bremen administration. From 1943 on, Köster was a senior government councilor, most recently a representative of the Bremen building senator, and in 1944 was promoted to SA Obersturmbannführer. Friedrich Jahns (1885–1939) was a master gardener, member of the SA and Obersturmführer of the "SA Reserve Storm 29/411 Lesum-Ritterhude"; he died in 1939.

In 1948, Frühling and Köster, as well as Walter Seggermann, Ernst Röschmann and others involved, had to answer for the murder of the Goldberg couple and Leopold Sinasohn at the Bremen Regional Court . Seggermann was sentenced to two and a half years, Röschmann to four years in prison , and the main defendant, Köster, to life imprisonment. The verdict for August Frühling was ten years in prison . The relatively mild judgments for manslaughter had, as in the previous year before the same court criminal proceedings against the murderer of the businessman Heinrich Rosenblum, for various reasons: The defense pleaded that the defendants had no orders and the defendant's consciousness was impaired during the act, and the court saw it was proven that the murder attribute “deliberation” (today: intent ) was not present.

Fritz Köster's life imprisonment was reduced to 15 years in the appeal hearing, he was released early in 1953, then worked for Horten AG in Düsseldorf and was a consultant for the Bremen Lürssen shipyard in the 1970s. August Frühling was pardoned by the Senate of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen in connection with the shortening of the sentences of Nazi perpetrators demanded by the US High Commissioner for Germany John Jay McCloy and from 1952 worked again as a ship engineer.

Effects and remembrance

Processing and commemoration

Coming to terms with the persecution of Jews during the Nazi era began rather hesitantly in Bremen at the end of the 1970s and was only accepted by broader sections of the population in the 1980s. For example, since 1982 a memorial plaque by the Bremen sculptor Claus Homfeld on the Kolping House in Kolpingstrasse in the Schnoorviertel has been a reminder of the synagogue that was set on fire and destroyed by the Nazis in 1938 .

Memorial for the victims of the “Reichskristallnacht” in front of the Landherrn-Amt house in the Schnoorviertel

Plaque on the memorial for the victims of the "Reichskristallnacht"

Memorial stone on Goldbergplatz in Burgdamm

Stumbling blocks in front of the house at Bremerhavener Heerstraße 18 in Burgdamm

Stumbling stone in memory of Martha Goldberg

Not far from this former main synagogue of the Jewish community in Bremen , the memorial for the victims of the "Reichskristallnacht" was also erected in 1982 in front of the Landherrn-Amt . It was dedicated to Martha and Adolph Goldberg and the other three Jewish victims of the Reichspogromnacht in Bremen (and the surrounding area ) remind. The memorial was built based on a design by the Bremen Informel artist Hans D. Voss , who died in 1980 . It is designed in simple, cubic forms made of black-colored concrete and bears a plaque with the following inscription:

OUR JEWISH CITIZENS MARTHA GOLDBERG DR. ADOLF GOLDBERG HEINRICH ROSENBLUM LEOPOLD SINASOHN SELMA SWINITZKI WERE MURDERED IN THIS CITY ON THE NIGHT OF November 9-10, 1938

In 1985, on the initiative of students, a square at the Bremerhaven Heerstraße / corner of Kellerstraße in the Burglesum district of Bremen in Burgdamm was renamed Goldbergplatz . The Goldberg couple lived nearby, on what was then Bahnhofstrasse and now Bremerhavener Heerstrasse, and operated their medical practice.

A memorial stone in memory of the murder of the married couple was inaugurated on Goldbergplatz in 1985 , which was embedded in the raised natural stone paving of a large, raised flower ring. The granite memorial stone bears the following inscription:

ON NOVEMBER 10, 1938 IN THE "REICHSKRISTALLNACHT" OUR CITIZENS, DR. ADOLPH AND MARTHA GOLDBERG WERE MURDERED BY NATIONAL SOCIALISTS

The day care center of the Jewish community in Bremen-Schwachhausen , founded in 1997, bears the name Martha Goldberg .

On the anniversary of the murder, on November 10, 2005, the Cologne artist Gunter Demnig laid two “ stumbling blocks ” in memory of the people in Burgdamm in front of the house at Bremerhavener Heerstraße 18 (then Bahnhofstraße 144 ), where the Goldbergs lived and operated their medical practice she. The brass cover plate of the "Stolperstein" for Martha Goldberg was provided with the following inscription by Demnig:

HERE LIVED MARTHA GOLDBERG GEB. SUSSMANN JG. 1873 MURDERED 11/10/1938

To commemorate the victims of the Reichspogromnacht and to commemorate the crimes of National Socialism, the Youth Night has been held in Bremen every November since 1998 , during which the historic town hall (“ World Heritage Site ”) is open to young people, but also to the elderly. The event with a large number of cultural and musical contributions is regularly prepared by several hundred young people and attended by up to 2500 participants. The fate of the five Jewish victims of the Reichspogromnacht in Bremen and the surrounding area - Martha Goldberg and Adolph Goldberg as well as Heinrich Rosenblum, Leopold Sinasohn and Selma Swinitzki - is always dealt with and has already been addressed in different ways.

Together with the Jewish community, the parliamentary groups of Bremen's citizens commemorate the victims of the Reichspogromnacht in Bremen and the surrounding area in a memorial hour at the memorial at the Landherrn-Amt and in a central commemoration in the town hall on November 10th . Every year on November 10th, memorial hours take place at the memorial on Goldbergplatz , and in some cases further memorial events are held by institutions and associations such as VVN BdA eV at other locations and memorials in Bremen.

meaning

Since the 1990s, public attention for the historical and structural analysis of National Socialism in Germany has received new impulses. Among other things, the so-called Goldhagen debate in 1996 about a “people of perpetrators” and the dispute that began in 1996/97 about the Wehrmacht exhibition contributed to this.

This also stimulated research into exemplary individual cases in order to be able to assess the background and the origin of the acts of violence and crimes of the National Socialists. By working through individual cases from one's own neighborhood, the idea of ​​the perpetrators and victims of National Socialism in Germany was concretized, going beyond a “memorial culture”. Since their first installation in 1993, the stumbling blocks by Cologne artist Gunter Demnig have led to individual, independent citizen initiatives in many places. The question of the effects of National Socialism in one's own neighborhood aroused interest, especially among young people.

The clarification of individual fates meant that individual Nazi victims were viewed more comprehensively in their work as a personality than before, and their contemporary historical significance was perceived anew, regardless of their “ victim status ”. Martha Goldberg is now counted among the “well-known women from Bremen's history” thanks to her extraordinary social commitment and her work as an emancipated woman , who “decisively shaped the cultural and social life of this city”. Her fate has been dealt with in several books and other publications, is part of the public memorial work and the discussion about National Socialism in Bremen and the surrounding area, especially in schools and among young people, and thus gives the "memory a name".

literature

• Christine Holzner-Rabe: From Countess Emma and other Em (m) anzen . 2nd edition, Verlag Carl Ed. Schünemann KG , Bremen 2007, ISBN 978-3-7961-1856-2 , pp. 91-92.
• Ulrike Puvogel and a. (Ed.): Memorials for the victims of National Socialism. A documentation, Volume 1 . 2nd, revised and expanded edition, Federal Agency for Political Education, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-89331-208-0 , pp. 209, 223. (Series of publications by the Federal Agency for Political Education, Vol. 245)
• Hannelore Cyrus u. a. (Ed.): Women from Bremen from A to Z. Short biographies . Verlag in der Sonnenstrasse, Bremen 1991, ISBN 3-926768-02-9 , pp. 446-447.
• Wilhelm Lührs u. a .: "Reichskristallnacht" in Bremen - prehistory, course of events and judicial management of the pogrom of 9./10. November 1938 . 2nd edition, publisher: Senator for Justice and Constitution of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen a. a., Steintor Verlagsges., Bremen 1988, ISBN 3-926028-40-8 , pp. 39–59, 72–92.
• Rolf Rübsam: They lived among us. In memory of the victims of the "Reichskristallnacht" in 1938 in Bremen and the surrounding area . Hauschild Verlag , Bremen 1988, ISBN 3-926598-09-3 , pp. 15–50, 73–79, 104–119.

Web links

Commons : Martha Goldberg  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature about Martha Goldberg in the state bibliography MV
• Christine Holzner-Rabe: Martha Goldberg, b. Sweet man. In: portraits of women. Bremer Frauenmuseum e. V., accessed on December 27, 2009 (short biography). 
• Martha Goldberg, b. Sussmann, * 1873 in the project " Stolpersteine Bremen"

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Christine Holzner-Rabe: Martha Goldberg, born. Sweet man. (No longer available online.) In: Frauenportraits. Bremer Frauenmuseum e. V., archived from the original on October 10, 2013 ; Retrieved December 27, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} Rolf Rübsam: They lived among us . Bremen 1988, pp. 15-22. (Note: For his book, Rolf Rübsam evaluated, among other things, reports from contemporary witnesses that were obtained in 1985 as part of a research project on the local history of the Lesum school network.)
3. ↑ ^{a b} The Goldberg Children. (No longer available online.) In: They Lived Among Us. Schulverbund Lesum , 1985, pp. 21-25 , formerly in the original ; Retrieved on December 27, 2009 (Documentation of the local history research project of the Lesum school association, which was carried out in 1985 under the direction of teacher Rolf Rübsam).  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.    
4. ↑ Rolf Rübsam: They lived among us . Bremen 1988, pp. 40-45.
5. ↑ Rolf Rübsam: They lived among us . Bremen 1988, pp. 45-50, 74.
6. ^ ^{A b c d} Matthias Duderstadt: Deadly telephone chain. (PDF; 35 kB) In: Yes, Fritz, it is like this, we have to act. Forum Church of the Evangelical Church in Bremen, accessed on December 27, 2009 (media installation BEFEHLEN OBEYCHEN KÖTEN , November 9, 2008). 
7. ↑ International Peace School Bremen: Commemoration event on the 79th anniversary of the pogrom night of 9/10 November 1938 against Jewish citizens. 2018, accessed September 10, 2018 . 
8. ↑ Ulrike Puvogel and a. (Ed.): Memorials for the victims of National Socialism. A documentation, Volume 1 . 2., revised. and exp. Ed., Federal Agency for Political Education, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-89331-208-0 , p. 209.
9. ^ Wilhelm Lührs: The pogrom from 9./10. November 1938 . In: "Reichskristallnacht" in Bremen . Bremen 1988, pp. 56, 58.
10. ↑ Rolf Rübsam: They lived among us . Bremen 1988, pp. 81-84.
11. ↑ Susanne Heim (arrangement): German Empire: 1938 - August 1939 . Volume 2 of: Götz Aly (Ed.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945 . R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-58523-0 , p. 391 (document 134).
12. ↑ International Military Tribunal: The Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. Part 2: Certificates and other evidence . German Edition, reprint of the edition Nuremberg 1948, Delphin-Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7735-2524-9 , vol. XXXII, PS-3063, p. 20f, quotation point p. 28.
13. ↑ ^{a b c} Susanne Heim (arrangement): German Empire: 1938 - August 1939 . Volume 2 of: Götz Aly (Ed.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945 . R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-58523-0 . (Section: SA men from Lesum shoot three Jews in their apartments on the night of November 9-10, 1938 ; footnotes 3, 10, 13 and 22).
14. ↑ ^{a b} The perpetrators as victims. ( PDF file; 10.9 MB) In: "I would not have believed what the Germans are capable of." The November 1938 pogrom in Bremen. Exhibition collective, DGB-Jugend Bremen, October 2009, pp. 32–37 , accessed on January 9, 2010 (brochure, freely available online at www.gewerkschaftsjugend-niedersachsen.de). 
15. ↑ Hans Wrobel: How the perpetrators were called to account after 1945 . In: "Reichskristallnacht" in Bremen . Bremen 1988, pp. 91-92.
16. ↑ ^{a b c} Bremen. After 1945 . In: Herbert Obenaus u. a. (Ed.): Historical manual of the Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen . tape  1 . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-753-5 , p. 342 ( google.de [accessed December 27, 2009]).
17. ↑ Memorials → Voss, Hans D .: Memorial for the victims of the Reichskristallnacht. (No longer available online.) K: art in public space bremen, archived from the original on February 6, 2013 ; Retrieved December 27, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
18. ↑ ^{a b} Klaus Wedemeier : Courage to remember. Against forgetting. Speeches and texts on dealing with German guilt and responsibility . Donat Verlag, Bremen 1994, ISBN 3-924444-81-1 , p. 35.
19. ^ Children's day care center of the Jewish community (Martha Goldberg). (No longer available online.) Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (bremen.de), archived from the original on July 7, 2012 ; Retrieved December 27, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
20. ^ "Stumbling blocks" project - announcement of commemorations. Press office of the Senate of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, November 1, 2005, accessed on December 27, 2009 . 
21. ↑ See e.g. B .: The night of youth in the Bremen town hall. Press office of the Senate of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, October 30, 2003, accessed on December 27, 2009 . 
22. ↑ See e.g. E.g. 7th Youth Night in Bremen. (No longer available online.) BLK program “Learning and Living Democracy”, 2004, archived from the original on December 18, 2007 ; Retrieved December 27, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
23. ↑ See e.g. E.g. the exhibition “Pogrom Night” - stumbling blocks. (No longer available online.) In: 7th Youth Night 2004. www.nachtderjugend.de, 2004, archived from the original on October 24, 2007 ; Retrieved December 27, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
24. ↑ See e.g. B .: Speech at the memorial hour of the citizenship groups in memory of the victims of the Reichspogromnacht. (No longer available online.) Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen parliamentary group in the Bremen citizenship, November 10, 2008, archived from the original on September 29, 2010 ; Retrieved December 27, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
25. ↑ See e.g. For example: November 9th: commemorative events on Reichspogromnacht. In: kassiber 34 - February 1998 (Bremen). Nadir.org, accessed December 27, 2009 . 
26. ↑ See e.g. B .: Oliver von Wrochem: Cultures of remembrance in Germany in dealing with the Second World War and the Shoah. In: Learning from history. Goethe-Institut (www.goethe.de), accessed on January 21, 2010 . 
27. ↑ See e.g. B.:Rüdiger Soldt: In the German History Theater . In: Berlin Republic . May 2006 ( b- Republik.de [accessed on January 21, 2010]).
28. ↑ Angelika Schindler: “Stumbling with head and heart” - stumbling blocks against oblivion. (No longer available online.) In: History on ARTE. ARTE (www.arte.tv), January 2008, archived from the original on May 12, 2009 ; accessed on January 18, 2010 (interview with the artist Gunter Demnig about his “ Stolpersteine ” campaign). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
29. ↑ Ulrike Haufe (Bremen State Commissioner for Women): Foreword . In: Christine Holzner-Rabe: From Countess Emma and other Em (m) anzen . Bremen 2007, pp. 4–5.

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on February 19, 2010 in this version .