Megaliths on the Upper Rhine
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The megaliths on the Upper Rhine are relics of an ancient culture that began to spread 7000 years ago on the Atlantic coast of Western Europe and in the western Mediterranean. It perished 4500 years ago as a result of an invasion of Indo-European peoples from the East, the groups named " Bell Beaker Culture " after their pottery . The thereby established destruction or subsequent uses dated to the period 2300-2100 BC.
In the Upper Rhine region , which in the literature on megalithic culture is mostly outside of the corresponding mapping - registered occurrences end here on the eastern edge of the Black Forest and the Alps - only the Langenstein on the Wutach near Tiengen was known as a special feature, supplemented by the since the 1950s Uncovering of the large stone grave with the " Menhir von Degernau ".
In recent decades, ancient historians and local researchers have noticed traditions and discoveries, especially north of the High Rhine, and more recently, the specialist public has also noticed menhirs and dolmens in the northern Alpine region and along the High Rhine.
General distribution and timing
Scientifically, the time span of the megaliths falls into the Neolithic , which, however, ran from 11,500 to 2800–2200 BC. Chr. ( End Neolithic ) and is therefore generally equated with still primitive forms of society. The technology of the megalithic culture, however, poses similar puzzles as the Egypt of pyramids. It is noteworthy that the early large megalithic structures were built before the first pyramids.
Most famous today are stone monuments - from the British to the Spanish-Portuguese Atlantic coast and in the Mediterranean area, there are also huge tombs and a large number of stone circles. These consist of menhirs in an often exact geometric arrangement, especially in French Brittany. Stone settings are also present in Northern Europe. In the Mediterranean area there are a large number of monuments on the North African coast to Libya and on the islands, especially on Malta.
Distribution in the Upper Rhine Region
Maps of the assumed distribution of the menhirs in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East until recently showed the Alpine region and the inner land masses of the European continent east of the Rhine as a 'white spot' even in high-level research literature. According to these representations, there should also be no megalithic buildings in southern Germany.
However, the Upper Rhine and the Rhone were still in the catchment area of these maps and, due to the geographical conditions, it was to be assumed that there might have been a 'megalithic infrastructure' along the fertile High Rhine Valley from Basel to Lake Constance.
This has been confirmed since the post-war period, when local history researchers began to evaluate observations and reports from the 19th century, to review and publish sites.
Traces of the megalithic culture on the Upper Rhine
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The megaliths on the Upper Rhine represent an ensemble of a few well-known and numerous objects in southern Baden, which are hardly known even locally, and which are only recorded in the general specialist literature in individual cases. In addition to the menhir and the Degernau dolmen , only the Langenstein near Tiengen found its way into directories of archaeological sites and national literature. In the regional traditions, however, they are well known, even if knowledge about them could only be expanded after recent excavations in Western Europe and through the radiocarbon method (age measurement).
On the Upper Rhine there are still two of the relatively small large stone graves , also called dolmens . However, it can be assumed that many more existed 150 to 200 years ago. They were often broken up for road construction and processed into gravel, later also for the construction of the railroad track embankments.
Location document
In addition to the menhir and the dolmen of Degernau and the Tiengener Langenstein , the locations of other menhirs and megalithic structures on the Upper Rhine are marked on a map by the late Erzingen building contractor Hans Parodi.
Hans Parodi had technically re-erected the Degernau menhir in 1971.
The map gives approximate location information from Wehr and Rheinfelden to Nöggenschwiel / Brenden and Dettighofen. The entry of a standing and a lying menhir and a grave building north of Tiengen is unclear.
Dolmen
Besides Schwörstadt in the district of Lörrach, Degernau is the only place where a large stone grave was found north of the Upper Rhine.
Degernau (Wutöschingen)
“Hauptlehrer Schneider, Freiburg, who worked for many years in Degernau, in 1954 found the remains of a megalithic or large stone grave from around 3000 BC in the Gewann 'Toter Mann' or 'Am Lange Stein', as it was previously called. Found. On one side wall there was the oval entrance or soul hole, which is usual for these surface box graves, through which the dead were brought into the burial chamber, whereupon it was closed again. The uplift of the 2-3 ton cover plate, which was located in the surface of the earth, showed that the grave, since no skeletal remains or grave goods were found, was once destroyed. […] Immediately by the grave, judging by the broken fragments, they came across a Roman road. Already in 1936 the active local researcher and archaeologist Hptl. Schneider found shards of clay jugs, stone axes, flint tools and pieces of jewelry during his excavations in the 'Toten Mann', which are in the Waldshut local history museum. "
Schwörstadt
The so-called "Heidenstein" is located in Niederschwörstadt not far from Rheinfelden:
“The dolmen (was) destroyed about 150 years ago. From the former burial chamber, which is said to have been built from large stone slabs, only a single stone slab remains today. It is the shell-limestone slab with an oval hole 45 cm in diameter on the upper half, the so-called 'soul hole'. […] Numerous bone finds were made in the Schwörstadt dolmen. Like a mass grave, the human bones were found stacked on top of each other. "
Aichen
For almost two years (until 1990), under the direction of Wolfgang Pape and students from the Institute for Prehistory at the University of Freiburg, excavations in the community forest of Aichen (Waldshut-Tiengen) were carried out in two stages: “The reason for this was the assumption that in this In the area there could be a megalithic or large stone grave from the time 3000 years before the birth of Christ. ”After“ stone slabs weighing tons were removed with the help of an excavator ”, it was found after the removal of the soil layers that“ especially in the last few decades people knowingly or unwittingly destroyed large parts of the former grave ”. In the deeper layers of the soil, the soil exposed an arrangement of stones that cannot be found in the area and that were probably brought there by human power. “In addition to animal bones and partially burnt human bones, which suggest cremation, stone arrowheads were also found in the last remaining corner of the probable megalithic grave. However, more details will only be given after the analysis of the finds and the soil samples ”. Interested citizens were informed about this by the Freiburg researcher following a local council meeting.
Menhirs
Menhirs are not necessarily a sign of a stone grave in the vicinity - since they would hardly have been left in the event of a destruction, they are apparently also isolated. It is noticeable that they are mostly on hills that also mark important crossings. The well-known Langenstein near Tiengen is in the valley, but here it describes an old passage over the Wutach .
Langenstein near Tiengen
The Langenstein , which stands today at the old football field , which also gave the (new) stadium its name, stands near the Wutach and at the transition from the direct route from Tiengen to Kadelburg and along the river to Lauchringen and Waldshut. There is an older wooden bridge at the crossing.
“The Lange Stein rises on a narrow strip of terraces between the northern foot of the Bürgerwald forest and the now canalised Wutach. The heavily jagged Nagelfluh pillar reaches a height of 5.92 m above the ground. It is almost rectangular at its base and has a circumference of 7.50 m with a largest diameter. from 1.70 m. Its location in the Wutach lowlands was right next to an old street. […] The Nagelfluh pillar , which was also known under the now-extinct name Chindlistai , was the symbol of the imperial district court in Klettgau in the Middle Ages . ”Sessions of the district court Klettgau are attested for 1379 and 1425.
Brigitte Matt-Willmatt writes in the Chronicle of Lauchringen :
"After the conquest of the Alemanni, these meetings for consultation came together at certain places on the ' thing ', and the free imperial district court also met at these traditional things, the oldest of which was Lange Stein near Tiengen, which was first documented in 1020 [ …] Is known. ”However, the author does not give a source for the document.
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The stone is said to have been referred to as " Chindlistein " in folk tales, as it is said to have given birth to strength or brought about happy circumstances. The author Roland Kroell says with a grin: “The Lange Stein is now the guardian of a sports field. Football matches are played here, which may prevent visitors from discovering the former magic of these stone monuments, which have not yet been fully enlightened. ”He still guarded the training ground until 2015, as a new stadium was built in Tiengen not far away in 1993.
The area around the stone will be renatured from autumn 2018, connected “with the demolition of the grandstand built in 1958, the floodlight masts, fencing and other structural substances. […] 'In the future, the old Langensteinstadtion will only serve as a floodplain in the event of flooding, since the land use plan only provides for green areas or sports fields. Other uses are not permitted, 'said Mayor Baumert “.
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Mauchen
There is a stone not listed on the Parodi map near Stühlingen-Mauchen . It may have been raised more recently.
Dettighofen
The menhir of Dettighofen ("Hegistein") was located at the exit of the village towards Eichberg ("Hegiweg"), but above ground it can only be recognized by its top. Not so long ago it was still fully visible (photo in the archive of the Hochrhein History Association in Bechtersbohl).
Nöggenschwiel
The Nöggenschwiel menhir is marked on the Parodi map (see above) - next to it there is also a 'lying' menhir.
“On the wavy Muschelkalk plateau near the southern boundary against Bierbronnen stands a relatively thick, triangular stone slab made of red sandstone, popularly known as 'Langer Stein' [in the term 'Langstein' ...]. The monolith, which was safely erected by human hands, rises above the ground surface by 1.80 m. Just above the ground it is 0.70 m wide, 0.40 m thick and measures 0.30: 0.25 m at the top. Any traces of artificial finishing are imperceptible. The monolith - originally an erratic block - stands on a plot boundary on the gentle eastern slope of a wide hill (point 772.3 m), from where you can enjoy a wide view to the east and south. From the west, however, the Langstein can only be seen after crossing the top of the hill. "
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“As innkeeper A. Hilpert reported in 1950, Lgb. No. 663 east of the chapel, which is on a spider road on the Nöggenschwiel- Weilheim road , years ago a stone column similar to the 'Long Stone' stood upright. Popularly this 1.20 m high monolith was called the short stone. He was killed and buried because he prevented the property owner from working. Details about the shape and stone material are not known. The monolith again did not stand on the highest point, but on the southern foothills of a wide hill (point 755.8 m). "
A current inspection led to an observation at the edge of a field in the area indicated by Gersbach (below the hill of the connection from Weilheim to Nöggenschwiel): larger and smaller fragments of foreign stone material, which in their parts could result in the reconstruction of a stone column.
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Kalvarienberg Stühlingen – Schwaningen
The menhir marked on the Parodi map north of Stühlingen at the end of the road from the lower town over the Kalvarienberg into Wutach Valley to Schwaningen is near the Kalvarienberg chapel and serves as a base for the wayside cross. The object corresponds to the location on the map, but no scientific assessment has yet been carried out.
Bechtersbohl
A similar ensemble - shell-lime plinth and crucifix - stands at the cemetery west of the village of Bechtersbohl in front of the Küssaburg . The early trade route (later Roman military road) leading past here at the top of the pass would be an example of the connection between menhir and the marking of important routes.
Dossenbach / bei Wehr
Not far from the rest of the dolmen near Schwörstadt is the menhir of Dossenbach in the "Kalte Waid" area on the border with Wehr. "The monolith stands on the western slope of a wide, plateau-like knoll (488.1 m) close to the end of a shallow dry valley."
“In 1948, in a strip of forest south of the Dossenbach – Wehr district road between Pt. 454.0 m and 474.7 m a monolith of gray, grainy Albtal granite discovered. It had overturned in an easterly direction as a result of an excavation at its base. […] Inquiries in this regard among older locals, to whom the menhir-like monolith was well known under the name 'der Stein' (mdal. De Stai), revealed the presumed date of the excavation to be 1926. Until then, the stone column should have stood upright. It was also known that the granite block should have been transported to the village as a memorial stone for a war memorial in the mid-twenties; it was found to be too low for this purpose and was therefore left in place. The overturned monolith was erected again in 1963. "
“The stone pillar is slim, conical, well rounded and now 1.70 m long. It shows no traces of artificial finishing. The tip probably broke off by 0.20–0.30 m when it fell. Likewise, the completely smooth fracture surface of the approximately circular base - Dm. 0.80 m - not of natural origin; both fracture surfaces are fairly fresh. There is therefore a suspicion that the monolith below has been shortened by a larger piece. Its length (height) should therefore originally have been more than 2 m. "
On the western flank of the same valley stands the Hunnenstein von Niederdossenbach almost 850 m further south-west .
Both stones were "excavated in the twenties behind the 'Zum Wehratal' inn between Dossenbach and Wehr."
Schwörstadt / Niederdossenbach
“The menhir stands not far from the boundary towards Dossenbach on the gentle eastern slope of one of the numerous flat peaks (420 m) that give the shell limestone table of the eastern Dinkelberg its character.” It is surrounded by fir trees in the “Krosilienwald”.
“The name 'Hunnenstein', which is common today , was probably carved into one broad side of the monolith in the 19th century. It is certainly not down-to-earth, but has been brought into the people as a half-learned new formation. "
“1953 was in the parish forest Distr. V the menhir erected again at the instigation of the Säckingen Forestry Office. [...] It was dug up several times by the locals, knocked down and transported away as hard stone material, which is naturally very popular in a limestone area, but just as often returned to its old location at the instigation of the forest authorities. In the excavation of the last construction pit, some Roman fragments could be collected. [...] Several shards of simple Roman pottery as well as the rim of a collar bowl. "
Description: "Slender, spindle-shaped monolith made of gray, slightly rounded granite - height 2.50 m, diameter at the top 0.30 m, diameter in the middle 0.50 m."
Swiss side of the High Rhine
"On the Swiss side of the Rhine there are finds in Äsch near Basel and in Laufen."
Indications of destroyed / built-in menhirs
There are numerous references in winning names that cannot be given here with any claim to completeness.
Eberfingen
“ Lindenacker lies between Untereggingen and Eberfingen , below the country road and along the railway. Up until the 1870s, four huge, columnar, rising boulders stood in a square arrangement on the Lindenacker. A mighty stone slab lay over it like a tabletop. It was removed 100 years ago and used as a cover for a well. The four pillars were later dragged away with great difficulty and used for the construction of the Wutachwehr. "
Won at the Geißlinger Brücke
A menhir in the “Langer Stein” area near the road and rail bridge near Geißlingen, which, according to a former owner of the field, is said to have been built into the railway embankment, was similarly misappropriated. The Roman Villa Heideggerhof was located nearby .
Gewann Grießen-Geißlingen
There is also a reference to a menhir right next to Geisslingen in the vicinity of the chapel and Kreuzweg: “The adjacent Gewann between Kreisstraße and Schwarzbach is called 'Beim Langen Stein'."
Rheinfelden / Nollingen
“In 1930, Altratschreiber Steinegger, Nollingen , reported to G. Kraft u. a. that `` not far north of the point '' where a `` bridge crosses the Wolfsgraben, there was an upright, square stone ''. This has a Dm. of 0.50 m, towered over the ground by 1.50 m and was later 'walled into a bridge'. As poor as these details are, they can become meaningful if it is possible to find this stone again. Because this monolith was - regardless of what material it was made of - a stranger to its location. The subsoil consists of moist, loamy-clay layers of the middle Keuper over a wide area . The stone must therefore have been brought to this place by human hands and erected there. Its former location on the gently sloping western slope of a wooded tongue of the Dinkelberg Tafel is strikingly similar to that of the monoliths in the eastern part of this shell limestone plateau (Menhir Dossenbach and 'Hunnenstein'). One would therefore do well to include this monolith in the circle of menhir-suspicious stone columns. "
Field names without object findings in the district of Waldshut
- Birkendorf: "Hinterer Langenstein"
- Birkendorf: "Vorderer Langenstein"
- Eberfingen: "Langenstein", right on the boundary with Mauchen.
- Oberwangen: "In the Long Stone"
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Monoliths
Egon Gersbach differentiates from the menhirs the “monoliths of menhir character” - “stone pillars” that do not reveal any verifiable clues (location, material, winning names) to a megalithic classification and, if necessary, “new especially for the purpose of identifying medieval courts and legal districts Simple winning names with “stone” are common, but “caution is already appropriate with the hallway names“ zum Stein ”and“ im Stein ”or“ near the stone ”and“ Großer Stein ”[...]. "These can also" have served as a fixed point for a field or other boundary. "
Historical background
“According to calibrated radionic carbon measurements , the first megalithic structures were built between 4700 and 4500 BC. In Brittany and Portugal. They appear in the British Isles around 3700 BC. BC (Knockiveage in Ireland) and 3600 BC. BC ( Maumbury rings in England). South of France is from 4000 BC. Under the sign of the megalithic culture and Malta from 3700 BC Chr. Whole one to two millennia before the first pyramid in the desert sands of Egypt raised (26th c. V. Chr.), Emerged in the Atlantic Megalithreich therefore already monumental, recognize the tight organization, high level of technical understanding and a rich spiritual life to let. Since the decline of the megalithic empire and the rise of the Egyptian empire overlapped and both empires coexisted for almost a millennium, the admiration of the Egyptians for this culture is understandable. "
"The most important collection of megalithic monuments can be found at Carnac in southern Brittany, where huge Menhirfelder and stone graves until the end of the fifth and the beginning of v of the 4th millennium. Reject. An important and artistically amazingly beautiful megalithic tomb, Newgrange in Ireland, was built around 3000 BC. At about the same time there were already free-standing stone temples of Cyclopean dimensions in Malta . Half a millennium later, Stonehenge also began to emerge in England. "
On the North African coast - generally referred to as "Libya" in ancient times - there are numerous megalithic buildings up to the Atlas Mountains . Only a few of them have been researched. The relics and facilities from Morocco to Tunisia only leave a gap in what is now Libya to Egypt: "Between the numerous megalithic tombs of Tunisia and the Nile country, there is only the barren desert."
research
In addition to the innumerable speculations and some serious disputes with the prehistoric times and the legend of Atlantis , which lack evidential value, there is research that includes modern analytical methods and the increasing archaeological and scientific record for the spread of megalithic structures and the technology of their construction. Most recently in German-speaking countries the publications of Helmut Tributsch , until 2008 Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Free University of Berlin (TU) and senior scientist at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut , who in particular analyzes physical aspects (geography, climate, nutrition, technology) included.
Lore
The starting point of all speculations and also serious research is information that a Greek received about the earlier existence of an ancient empire during a trip to Egypt.
In general, the description of the geography and society of Atlantis is one of the first tangible written records in world history. The report of the Athenian statesman Solon c. 600 BC BC, which is said to have received the informal content from Egyptian priests, was published by the philosopher Plato in the fourth century BC.
This 'Atlantis report' by Solon is in a '∂ialogos' by Plato around 355 BC. About the 'ideal state'. In the dialogue Timaeus , Critias , "a relative of Plato, to whose ancestors the Athenian statesman Solon belonged", reports the story of a fallen empire. The portrayal of Atlantis as a huge island, Tributsch interprets as the assumption in antiquity, Western Europe, bypassing the coast from Greece via Gibraltar ("Pillars of Heracles") to the north - the coasts always on the right - across Spain, France, Britain , were then interpreted as a large island: “Since there were still uncertainties about the contours of Europe at the time of the Roman Empire, one can assume that two to three millennia earlier there were only vague ideas about how Western Europe was structured. For early Egyptian geographers, the seat of the Western European megalithic culture could have been a large 'island of Atlantis' ”.
"When the Egyptians communicated the Atlantis tradition to the Greek statesman Solon in the sixth century BC, the downfall of the megalithic empire was only a millennium and a half ago - 1500 years, during which the literate Egyptians continuously kept their annals."
Succession cultures
“To see the megalithic culture as a historical unit is certainly not possible. It was carried by different ethnic groups, shows different artistic-architectural currents and also different periods of development. [...] The downfall of the megalithic empire coincides with the invasion of the Indo-European peoples from the east, which began around 2300 BC. BC and probably developed in several waves. ”At the same time, the megalithic complexes are destroyed within 200 years across Europe (and also on the North African coast) -“ Most of the [radiocarbon] dates lie between 2300 and 2100 BC. Chr. "
It can be reconstructed that the megalithic culture processed copper , while the bell-beaker warriors already used bronze and were therefore superior in terms of weapons despite the lower cultural level. They can be grasped through the Bronze Age burial mounds .
Today the invaders are widely referred to as the Kurgan culture based on their origin in the East and the type of ceramics in the West as the Bell Beaker Culture; In (southern) Germany and Switzerland, a variant of the Cord Ceramic Culture (as ancestors of the Germanic peoples, possibly also Celts and Italians) is guaranteed by numerous finds. Megalithic buildings were largely closed by the conquerors, as the invaders preferred individual burials. The Celts are said to have paid respectful attention to the buildings as well as the burial mound fields later.
Measurement of positions
Ultimately, considerations about the meaning or function of the stones must remain speculative - if one disregards the assumption of 'cultic functions' - references can at best address their positioning in the landscape (Rhine line - Wutach) or among each other. A function as a widely visible, large-scale path marking (also in winter) would be understandable.
It is known that menhirs piled up in circles or rows are precisely matched to one another in terms of their axes and distances and, according to assumptions, may have made astronomical observations possible.
For this: Technical (mathematical) interpretations
annotation
- ↑ The story is documented in Tributsch, 1986, on twelve book pages until it was broken off. It contains detailed descriptions of the state of the kingdom, a description of the capital and descriptions of the political and social conditions, the economy and a great war. The narrative was controversial even in ancient times - with the tendency to believe it to be true. (Plato's pupil, Hellanikos, Poseidonios, Plutarch, Proklos). Tributsch was able to resolve the contradictions in the time information with today's analyzes by correcting the lists of pharaohs. (P. 140 ff.).
literature
- Egon Gersbach : Prehistory of the High Rhine. Finds and sites in the districts of Säckingen and Waldshut. (Catalog volume), Baden Fund reports. Special issue 11, Ed .: State Office for Pre- and Early History Freiburg and State Office for Monument Preservation, Dept. Pre- and Early History, Karlsruhe. Freiburg 1969.
- Edward Sangmeister , Joseph Schneider: giant stone grave and menhir near Degernau, Ldkrs. Waldshut . In: Baden find reports. Official yearbook for research on prehistory and early history in Baden. Vol. 21, 1958, (pp. 77-92).
- Hans Matt-Willmatt , Ed .: District Waldshut: Chronicle of the district Waldshut. Vocke Verlag, Waldshut 1957.
- Author editing: klettgauer themenweg, publisher: municipality of Klettgau, 2013.
- Helmut Tributsch : The glass towers of Atlantis - memories of megalithic Europe. Ullstein non-fiction book, Frankfurt / M. - Berlin 1986. ISBN 3-548-34334-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ See the map collection in: H. Tributsch: The glass towers of Atlantis. Ullstein, Berlin 1986, maps p. 8/9, 144 and others.
- ↑ For the territory of today's district of Waldshut see: Egon Gersbach : Urgeschichte des Hochrheins (finds and sites in the districts of Säckingen and Waldshut). , Badische Fund reports, special issue 11, catalog volume, State Office for Prehistory and Early History, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1969.
- ^ Hans Matt-Willmatt : Chronicle of the Waldshut district. To: Degernau , Verlag Zimmermann, Waldshut 1957, p. 32.
- ↑ shi (abbreviation): Archaeologists disappointed with the finds. Südkurier, 2./3. February 1991.
- ↑ Egon Gersbach: Prehistory of the High Rhine. (Catalog volume), Badische Fund reports, special issue 11, publisher: State Office for Pre- and Early History Freiburg and State Office for Monument Preservation, Dept. Pre- and Early History, Karlsruhe. Freiburg 1969, p. 175. Gersbach cites the source for the meetings: Register of documents, Canton Schaffhausen 1, (1906) 134 No. 1085 and 213 No. 1739., p. 173.
- ↑ Brigitte Matt-Willmatt, Karl-Friedricht Hoggenmüller: Lauchringen - Chronik einer Gemeinde, Ed .: Gemeinde Lauchringen, Lauchringen 1985, p. 116 f.
- ↑ Johannes Künzig , Schwarzwald Sagen in: Alemannische Stammeskunde I., Paul Zaunert (Ed.) S., 336, 1930
- ↑ Roland Kroell : Menhirs and dolmens are still a mystery today. Badische Zeitung, February 29, 1992.
- ↑ Günter Salzmann: Football makes way for floods. In: Südkurier , August 20, 2018.
- ↑ References to both stones: Bad. Fundber. 20, 1956, 191 .; H. Kirchner, Menhirs 143 and 144 .; E. Sangmeister-J. Schneider, Degernau 90. In: Egon Gersbach: Urgeschichte des Hochrheins. Badische Fundberichte, special issue 11, Freiburg 1969, p. 175.
- ↑ Quotes from: Egon Gersbach: Urgeschichte des Hochrheins. (Catalog volume), Badische Fund reports, special issue 11, Freiburg 1969, p. 173. Information taken over in: Johannes Groht: Menhirs in Germany. Pp. 87-88. References in Gersbach: Bad. Fundber. 18, 1948–1950, 207. - E. Sangmeister-J. Schneider, Degernau 90.
- ↑ Roland Kroell: Menhirs and dolmens are still a mystery today. Badische Zeitung, February 29, 1992.
- ↑ Quotes from: Egon Gersbach : Urgeschichte des Hochrheins. Baden find reports. Special issue 11, Freiburg 1969. Literature at Gersbach: Bad. Fundber. I, 1925-1928, 237; 1941–1947, 67. - M. Klär, das Vordere Wehratal (1928), 35. - E. Wahle, Vorzeit am Oberrhein 28. - H. Kirchner, Menhirs 20. 21. 45. 54. 143 plate 7, op . - E. Sangmeister-J. Schneider, Degernau 90 B, 1.
- ^ R Kroell: Menhirs and Dolmens , February 1992.
- ^ R Kroell: Menhirs and dolmens. Badische Zeitung, 1992. Kroell quotes Ferdinand Hasenfratz here: Die Krautbettjäger.
- ↑ Themenweg Klettgau, Walter Bernhard: Käppele und Kreuzwegzüge , p. 84.
- ↑ Egon Gersbach: Urgeschichte des Hochrheins , Badische Fundberichte special issue 11, 1969, p. 173 f. Lit also: bathroom. Fundber. II, 1929-1932, 239.
- ↑ Information in Gersbach, 1969, p. 176.
- ^ E. Gersbach: Urgeschichte Hochrheins , 1969, p. 167 ff.
- ^ H. Tributsch: Atlantis , 1986, p. 158.
- ^ H. Tributsch: Atlantis , 1986, p. 145.
- ↑ H. Tributsch: Atlantis , 1986, pp. 147-150.
- ↑ Helmut Tributsch : The glass towers of Atlantis - memories of megalithic Europe. Ullstein non-fiction book, Frankfurt / M. - Berlin 1986, p. 147. ISBN 3-548-34334-1 .
- ↑ Quotations: Helmut Tributsch, 1986, pp. 147 and 154.
- ↑ H. Tributsch, p. 163 ff.