Judas ear
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Judas ear ( Auricularia auricula-judae ) |
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| ( Bull .: Fr. ) Quél. |
The Judas ear ( Auricularia auricula-judae , syn .: A. auricula , A. sambucina , Hirneola auricula-judae ) is a fungus that is almost worldwide. A similar kind of East Asian distribution ( A. polytricha ) is a jelly ear ( Chinese 木耳 , Pinyin mù ěr - "wood ear, tree ear"), Black Fungus , elderberry fungal or sponge , ear flap mushroom or cloud ear fungus called that in many dishes of Asian and especially used in Chinese cuisine .
features
Macroscopic features
The dark brown fruiting bodies have a lobed structure, often shaped like an auricle. They protrude laterally from the substrate and have a convex , fine-felted surface. This is more or less streaked with veins. The hymenium on the underside has a pale-grayish color when young, which gradually turns into a flesh-brownish color. The bottom is always lighter than the top. The mushroom becomes 3–10 centimeters wide and the meat reaches a thickness of 1.5–2 millimeters. It is very tough and elastic, gelatinous, but can become very hard when dry and shrink to a tenth of its previous size. After a rain it can continue to swell up. The smell can sometimes be musty and earthy, the taste is mild. The spore powder is inamyloid and white.
Microscopic features
The smooth, cylindrical-curved spores with rounded ends measure 15-23 × 5-7 micrometers . The basidia are long cylindrical and divided into four sections with transverse walls. The sterigms are long and there are buckles on the hyphae .
Species delimitation
The zoned ear flap fungus ( Auricularia mesenterica ) has a zoned, scrubby felt hat and a darker underside. The poplar bark sponge ( Auriculariopsis ampla ) also grows on wood, but prefers poplars and willows . It has a much lighter upper surface and can be easily distinguished microscopically from the Judas ear by the 1- instead of 4-cell basidia . It could also be confused with the leaf-like quiver ( Tremella foliacea ), which however does not develop any auricle-like fruiting bodies and usually grows in clusters. The stubble gland ( Exidia glandulosa s. Orig. ) Is usually darker in color and has a conspicuously granular, warty, sterile underside.
ecology
The Judas ear is a parasite of weakness on living trees or feeds saprobion table on already dead wood; it is a white rot pathogen . Judas ears grow on numerous tree species, such as birch , robinia , elm , walnut , mango , kapok - and most often on elder trees . The fungus is also very rarely found on conifers such as spruce trees (Picea). The Judas ear can be found in suitable places almost all year round. Since they are frost-resistant, they can be dug up under the snow even in the dead of winter. The Judas ear is common all over Europe.
meaning
The Judasohr is a relatively tasteless edible mushroom and can be used in soups or in mushroom dishes as a "filling mushroom". It is a good addition to Asian vegetable dishes.
Food value
In the trade, Judas ears are usually available dry and are imported in large quantities, mainly from Vietnam . They are rich in iron , potassium and magnesium and contain phosphorus , silicon and vitamin B1 . In Chinese cuisine , fresh or pre-swollen specimens that have been freed from the stem base are used. When swelling, they reach many times their size in the dry state. They only have a slight, mushroom-like taste of their own, but a special mouthfeel : a peculiar texture that is reminiscent of fresh seaweed. In addition, the Judas ear absorbs the flavors of the liquids in which it is prepared very well.
Chinese medicine
In Chinese medicine , the mushrooms are used in patients suffering from arteriosclerosis to improve the fluidity of the blood and thus to treat circulatory problems . They also have anti-inflammatory effects and lower cholesterol levels .
etymology
According to legend, the apostle Judas hanged himself from an elder tree after Jesus was condemned . Since Judas ears grow particularly often on this substrate and due to its ear-shaped appearance, the fungus received this name or an equally important name in many European languages.
Mushroom of the year 2017
The German Society for Mycology has named the Judas ear mushroom of the year 2017.
Web links
literature
- Ewald Gerhardt: Mushrooms. Determine accurately with the 3 check . Publishing house BLV, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-8354-0377-2 .
- Olaf Schmidt: Wood and tree fungi. Biology, damage, protection, benefit . Springer, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-540-57334-8 .
- Mirko Svrček, Jiri Kubicka, Josef Erhart: The cosmos - mushroom guide. The mushrooms of Central Europe, Kosmos 1991, ISBN 3-440-05449-7
- Fang Wu, Yuan Yuan, Shuang-Hui He, Asanka R. Bandara, Kevin D. Hyde, Vera F. Malysheva, De-Wei Li, Yu-Cheng Dai: Global diversity and taxonomy of the Auricularia auricula-judae complex (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) . In: Mycological Progress . tape 14 , no. 10 , 2015, 95, doi : 10.1007 / s11557-015-1113-4 (free full text).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Mushroom of the year 2017: Judasohr. DGfM , accessed on June 24, 2018 .
- ↑ a b Andreas Gminder, Tanja Böhning: Which mushroom is that? 2nd Edition. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-440-13748-2 , pp. 278 .
- ↑ Irina A. Kadnikova, Rui Costa, Tatiana K. Kalenik, Olga N. Guruleva, Shi Yanguo: Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of the Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae . In: Journal of Food and Nutrition Research . tape 3 , no. 8 , 2015, p. 478-482 , doi : 10.12691 / jfnr-3-8-1 ( researchgate.net ).
- ↑ RC Ohiri, EE Bassey: Evaluation and Characterization of Nutritive Properties of the Jelly Ear Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Agaricomycetes) from Nigeria . In: International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms . tape 19 , no. 2 , 2017, p. 173-177 , doi : 10.1615 / IntJMedMushrooms.v19.i2.90 , PMID 28436326 .
- ↑ Wu Qin, Tan Zhiping, Liu Haidan, Gao Lei, Wu Sijie, Luo Jinwen, Zhang Weizhi, Zhao Tianli, Yu Jiefeng, Xu Xinhua: Chemical characterization of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides and its pharmacological effect on heart antioxidant enzyme activities and left ventricular function in aged mice . In: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules . tape 46 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 284-288 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijbiomac.2010.01.016 .
- ↑ Seon-Joo Yoon, Myeong-Ae Yu, Yu-Ryang Pyun, Jae-Kwan Hwang, Djong-Chi Chu, Lekh Raj Juneja, Paulo AS Mourão: The nontoxic mushroom Auricularia auricula contains a polysaccharide with anticoagulant activity mediated by antithrombin . In: Thrombosis Research . tape 112 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 151-158 , doi : 10.1016 / j.thromres.2003.10.022 , PMID 14967412 .
- ↑ Namal Perera, Feng-Ling Yang, Jeffy Chern, Hsiao-Wen Chiu, Chih-Yu Hsieh, Lan-Hui Li, Yan-Long Zhang, Kuo-Feng Hua, Shih-Hsiung Wu: Carboxylic and O-acetyl moieties are essential for the immunostimulatory activity of glucuronoxylomannan: a novel TLR4 specific immunostimulator from Auricularia auricula-judae . In: Chemical Communications . tape 54 , no. 51 , 2018, p. 6995-6998 , doi : 10.1039 / C7CC09927D , PMID 29799035 .
- ↑ Ahsanur Reza, Akil Hossain, Dereje Damte, Woo-Sik Jo, Walter H. Hsu, Seung-Chun Park: Hypolipidemic and Hepatic Steatosis Preventing Activities of the Wood Ear Medicinal Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae (Higher Basidiomycetes) Ethanol Extract In Vivo and In Vitro . In: International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms . tape 17 , no. 8 , 2015, p. 723-734 , doi : 10.1615 / IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i8.30 .
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