Sustainable planting and sowing

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Example of sustainable planting and sowing in a home garden (with field bluebells , clary sage and evening primrose )

The term sustainable plantings and seeds is used to describe near-natural plantings and seeds that correspond to the guiding principle of sustainability in horticultural situations and that, in the sense of natural gardens, consist predominantly of wild plants native to Central Europe .

Special features and requirements

Sustainable planting and sowing are particularly considered to be permanent and long-lasting, the period of time depending on the biological-genetic properties of the plants used. While having Annual naturally a shorter life span than two years of species or permanent perennials , shrubs or onions. A decisive feature is that sustainable plantings and seeds reproduce themselves again and again over the years through generative and vegetative reproduction. The prerequisite for this is the use of native species and their near-natural fertile varieties, as only these bloom and fruit, i.e. they form seeds from which the stocks can renew themselves independently and regularly. Based on existing practical experience, native species are generally considered to be superior to cultivated varieties . Non-native ornamental plants , on the other hand, are viewed as rather unsuitable because their species usually do not reproduce.

The prerequisites for the realization of sustainable plantings and seeds include:

As "pioneer plants" z. B. evening primrose to be planted or sown.
  • a structural implementation according to the principles and guidelines of natural horticulture, such as those presented by the specialist companies for natural greenery , and in which mainly regional building materials and materials are used,
  • Usually weed-free soil to create species-rich, diverse and varied and long-term stable conditions,
  • extensive or predominant use of native plants in accordance with the relevant publications of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), and
  • A particularly species-rich and diverse flora, which usually consists of planting and sowing with annuals and biennials or perennials, flower beds in all locations, wild flower fringes, flower meadows , flower gravel lawns , flower herbs lawn, as well as onion, perennial and woody plantings.

A characteristic of all sustainable plantings is a more or less large natural dynamic , that is, the originally planted or sown species can change, new species can be added and existing ones disappear. To maintain it, gentle, natural, sustainable care is considered necessary, which should begin with development care in the first one to three years and then move on to permanent care. In near-natural plants, all plants are understood as part of a dynamic process that creates constantly changing patterns: “An initial image can neither be retained nor an end image formulated”.

Species and survival strategies

species

Sustainable plantings require in-depth knowledge of species and their behavior under different conditions. Their natural distribution and survival strategies , as formulated, for example, by the English plant ecologist John Grime, are of particular importance . A distinction is made between " pioneers ", "competitive" and "stress-tolerant species". In the opinion of wild plant practitioners, a fourth strategy is important, that of the "weak competitors". Many species are mixed types, they have different strategies at the same time.

Based on these dissemination and survival strategies , a distinction is made between the following basic types of native wild plants for sustainable planting and sowing, although some species cannot be clearly assigned due to several strategic features. In addition to the following example species, all native wild plants can be assigned to one or more of these survival strategies .

"Pioneers" survival strategy

Selection of native wild plants which, according to their distribution and survival strategy, are classified as "pioneer species":

Dyer's chamomile ( Anthemis tinctoria ) • Wundklee ( Anthyllis vulneraria ) • Wild carrot ( Daucus carota ) • Adder's head ( Echium vulgare ) • Marguerite ( Leucanthemum vulgare ) • Cuckoo's light carnation ( Lychnis flos-cuculi ) • Musk mallow ( Malva moschata ) • Night primrose ( Oenothera ) • Corn poppy ( Papaver rhoeas ) • Annual bluegrass ( Poa annua ) • Yellow mignonette ( Reseda lutea ) • Meadow goatee ( Tragopogon pratensis ) • Hawk clover ( Trifolium arvense ) • Purple mullein ( Verbascum phoeniceum )

"Competitive" survival strategy

Selection of native wild plants which, according to their distribution and survival strategy, are classified as "competitive species":

Giersch ( Aegopodium podagraria ) • Common Agrimony ( Agrimonia eupatoria ) • Ordinary oat grass ( Arrhenatherum elatius ) • Columbine ( Aquilegia vulgaris ) • Eupatorium Cannabinum ( Eupatorium cannabinum ) • warts spurge ( Euphorbia verrucosa ) • Goldnessel ( Galeobdolon luteum ) • Lythrum salicaria ( Lythrum salicaria ) • melica ciliata ( Melica ciliata ) • Spiny restharrow ( Ononis spinosa ) • marjoram ( Origanum vulgare ) • wild parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa ) • rhinanthus ( Rhinanthus ) • Salvia verticillata ( Salvia verticillata ) • soapwort ( Saponaria officinalis ) • Colorful crown vetch ( Securigera varia ) • Jacob's ragwort ( Senecio jacobaea ) • Tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare ) • Magnificent mullein ( Verbascum speciosum ) • Long-leaved speedwell ( Veronica longifolia )

"Stress-tolerant" survival strategy

Selection of native wild plants which, according to their distribution and survival strategy, are classified as "stress-tolerant species":

Achillea nobilis ( Achillea nobilis ) • Mountain leek ( Allium montanum ) • chives ( Allium schoenoprasum ) • Gold Aster ( Aster linosyris ) • Meadow Brown ( Buphthalmum salicifolium ) • centranthus ( Centranthus ruber ) • Carthusian carnation ( Dianthus carthusianorum ) • Water -Mint ( Mentha aquatica ) • Small grape hyacinth ( Muscari botryoides ) • Gail bush ( Myrica gale ) • King fern ( Osmunda regalis ) • Common potted fern ( Polypodium vulgare ) • Spiked speedwell ( Veronica spicata )

Survival strategy "weak competitors"

Selection of native wild plants which, according to their distribution and survival strategy, are classified as "weak competitive species":

Elves crocus ( Crocus tommasinianus ) • rung end Felsennelkenanger ( Petrorhagia prolifera ) • bellflower ( Campanula persicifolia ) • Wallflower ( Erysimum cheiri ) • Long lasting flax ( Linum perenne ) • Purple toadflax ( Linaria purpurea ) • Superb Pink ( Dianthus superbus ) • variegated iris ( Iris variegata )

Occurrence

The topic of sustainability is playing an increasingly important role in horticultural practice. A major reason for this is that sustainable planting and sowing with native species are usually more permanent and easier to care for, and thus mostly also more cost-effective than previous greening concepts. This makes them attractive for public parks and green spaces: sustainable greening with native species has been implemented by many municipal green space authorities since around the mid-1990s , for example in large cities such as Hamburg , Karlsruhe , Munich or Stuttgart , but also in smaller communities such as Haar , Murnau am Staffelsee , Ottenhofen or Rüsselsheim am Main .

In the so-called nature experience rooms , sustainable planting and sowing are an essential part of this form of nature-oriented design of schoolyards , kindergartens and playgrounds. In addition, industrial and commercial greening are now being designed and implemented as sustainable green spaces, as practical examples show.

Small grape hyacinths show a "stress-tolerant survival strategy".

In the garden area, especially in house gardens and ornamental gardens , partly also in kitchen gardens and allotment gardens , the awareness of sustainability is only just gaining ground; Increased, of course, in the natural garden, where native plants are used from the outset. Various publications and reports in the media contribute to this, as well as the work of nature conservation organizations and related associations , such as Naturgarten e. V. ( Association for natural garden and landscape design ).

At the natural garden days , which take place annually in the educational center of German horticulture in Grünberg , Hesse , the topic of sustainability has been dealt with regularly in recent years. For example, at the 2007 Natural Garden Days, sustainable care strategies were presented that take into account the distribution and survival strategies of plants.

Web links

literature

  • John Philip Grime: Plant strategies, vegetation processes, and ecosystems properties . 2nd ed., Repr., Wiley, Chichester, et al. a. (England) 2002, ISBN 0-471-49601-4 . (English; new edition of: Plant strategies and vegetation processes , 1979)
  • Fritz Hilgenstock, Reinhard Witt: The natural garden construction book . Callwey, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-7667-1542-9 .
  • Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten: Rose hip & Co. Flowers, fruits and spread of European plants . Fauna-Verl., Nottuln 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 .
  • Reinhard Witt: The weed-free garden . 1st edition, Obst- und Gartenbauverl., Munich 2005, ISBN 3-87596-115-3 .
  • Reinhard Witt: Sustainable planting and sowing. Herbs, perennials and shrubs. Gardening successfully for decades. Practical, close to nature. Extended weed lexicon . NaturGarten, Ottenhofen 2008, ISBN 978-3-00-023586-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Käte Bora: Gardens that renew themselves. Wild plants without turbo flowers are persistent . In: EADS, Roche, ThyssenKrupp (ed.): Innovate! The magazine for research and technology . No. 3 . Süddeutsche Zeitung , September 2006, p. 40–44 ( Internet Archive [PDF; 9.6 MB ; accessed on February 13, 2020]; Reports include wild plants, sustainability of seeds and plantings, etc.).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Reinhard Witt: Sustainable planting and sowing. Herbs, perennials and shrubs. Gardening successfully for decades. Close to nature, practical, new. With weed lexicon . NaturGarten, Ottenhofen 2006, ISBN 3-00-017707-8 .
  3. ↑ a b Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). 2nd, corrected and enlarged edition. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  4. ↑ The mistakes of the natural garden idea in the 1970s . In: Taspo Gartendesign , 2006, issue 4/06, pp. 38–41. (It reports on the natural garden idea and sustainable wild plants).
  5. ↑ Natural garden design (Part 1): It's not about the turbo daisy blossom . In: Campos , 2006, issue 4/2006, pp. 28-29. (Reports on the sustainability of native wild plants in the garden).
  6. ↑ Guidelines (documents for the specialist company for near-natural greenery, status 6/07) (→ guidelines). Website of the specialist companies for near-natural greenery , 2007, accessed on October 21, 2009 .
  7. ↑ FloraWeb - data and information on wild plants and vegetation in Germany. Online information service from the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation , accessed on October 21, 2009 .
  8. ↑ Close-to-nature old garden roses as a living enrichment . In: Neue Landschaft , 2004, edition 12/04, pp. 29–32. (Reports on the varieties of near-natural garden roses and native wild roses).
  9. ↑ A mountain of flowers ripens . In: Kraut und Rüben magazine , 2006, 7/2006 edition, pp. 22-25. (The report is about the sustainable development of a natural garden element).
  10. ↑ Hein Koningen, Rob Leopold: Care is subtle design . In: Garden and Landscape , 1996, No. 4/1996, pp. 24-27.
  11. ^ John Grime: Plant strategies and vegetation processes . Wiley, Chichester (England) 1979, ISBN 0-471-99695-5 . (English)
  12. ^ Environmental Research Center Leipzig-Halle GmbH (UFZ): BiolFlor. Database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany. 2002, accessed February 14, 2020 . The information system BiolFlor is part of S. Klotz, I. Kühn, W. Durka (eds.): BIOLFLOR . A database on biological-ecological characteristics of vascular plants in Germany (=  Federal Agency for Nature Conservation , Bonn [Hrsg.]: Series of publications for vegetation studies . Volume 38 ).
  13. ↑ Reinhard Witt, Bernd Dittrich: Meadows of flowers. Plant, maintenance, practical examples. With meadow plants lexicon . BLV Verl., Munich a. a. 1996; ISBN 3-405-14867-7 .
  14. ↑ Michael von Ferrari: Enrich the townscape - reduce maintenance costs. Blooming green areas using the example of the municipality of Haar . Conference fee on the natural garden days in 2008 in the training center Horticulture Grünberg in Grünberg (Hessen) .
  15. ↑ See: Examples of commercial areas (greenery) (→ Examples → Commercial). Website of the specialist companies for near-natural greenery , 2007, accessed on October 21, 2009 .
  16. ↑ Reinhard Witt: Natural and sustainable care in a natural garden. From development to permanent care. Harmless and critical weeds and developments over the years . Conference contribution to the Natural Garden Days 2007 at the Grünberg Horticultural Education Center in Grünberg (Hesse).