Carnation-like

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Carnation-like
Heath Carnation (Dianthus deltoides)

Heath Carnation ( Dianthus deltoides )

Systematics
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Carnation-like
Scientific name
Caryophyllales
Yuss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl

The carnation-like (Caryophyllales) form an order within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). The Caryophyllales include 38 families with around 692 genera and around 11,155 species , which corresponds to 6.3% of the eudicotyledons .

Within the order there are some useful plants such as sugar beet , spinach , Swiss chard , beetroot , rhubarb , amaranth and quinoa .

description

The simple and mostly entire leaves are mostly opposite. The flowers are usually five-fold. The bracts can be differentiated into sepals and petals, but one of the bract circles is often missing. The carpels have become an ovary grown. A characteristic feature of part of the Caryophyllales is the central placentation of the ovary. Because of this feature, the order in traditional systems was also called Centrospermae. Usually capsule fruits , nuts or berries are formed.

Ecology and occurrence

Many of the families have special adaptations such as salt and drought tolerance, succulence and physiological features such as C 4 photosynthesis or the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). There are several families with insectivorous / carnivorous representatives ( Droseraceae , Nepenthaceae , Dioncophyllaceae ). Mycorrhizae are rarely found . Representatives of the Caryophyllales can be found worldwide and predominantly in open, often dry, salty or sandy habitats. The majority of the families are herbaceous, trees are more the exception.

Systematics

The closest relatives of the Caryophyllales within the flowering plants have not yet been clarified. Possibly the Caryophyllales are the sister group to the asterids. The order is therefore viewed as standing in isolation and managed as a separate large group within the nuclear eudicotyledons. The relationships within the Caryophyllales are well understood based on several phylogenetic studies. The order can be roughly divided into two main groups: Caryophyllales I and II or Polygonids and Caryophylids.

As a result of several phylogenetic studies, more families are recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group . Especially the Portulacaceae were in Portulacaceae s. st. ( Portulaca only ), Talinaceae and Anacampserotaceae split. By Schäferhoff et al. the Microteaceae was set up as an additional new family in 2009 .

According to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: APG IV, the following 38 families are recognized within the Caryophyllales :

  • Achatocarpaceae : The only three genera and about seven species are common in the Neotropic . They are woody plants.
  • Aizoaceae (Aizoaceae): You will be in four subfamilies and contains about 123 genera with around 2020 species. They are mostly succulent plants.
  • Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae): (including Chenopodiaceae) It contains around 174 genera with 2050 to 2500 species. They are mostly herbaceous plants.
  • Anacampserotaceae : It contains about three genera with almost 40 species.
  • Ancistrocladaceae: With the only genus:
  • Asteropeiaceae: With the only genus:
    • Asteropeia : It contains about eight species; they are evergreen trees or creeping shrubs.
  • Barbeuiaceae: With the only species:
  • Basellaceae (Basellaceae): It contains about four genera with about 20 species. They are climbing plants.
  • Cactus family (Cactaceae): It contains around 100 genera with around 1500 species.
  • Carnation family (Caryophyllaceae): Around 2200 species. They are mostly herbaceous plants, rarely shrubs or lianas.
  • Didiereaceae : The approximately seven genera with approximately 16 species occur in Africa and Madagascar. They are woody, mostly thorny plants.
  • Hook leaf family (Dioncophyllaceae): It contains only three monotypical genera. They are carnivorous lianas or shrubs in tropical West Africa.
  • Sundew plants (Droseraceae): It contains three genera with around 115 carnivorous, herbaceous species.
  • Deaf family (Drosophyllaceae): With the only species:
  • Frankeniaceae: With the only genus:
    • Frankenia : it contains about 90 species. They are herbaceous plants or shrubs.
  • Gisekiaceae: With the only genus:
  • Halophytaceae: With the only herbaceous species:
  • Kewaceae: With the only genus:
    • Kewa : It contains about six species mainly in Africa and Madagascar.
  • Limeaceae : It contains only two genera with about 23 species. They are herbaceous plants or subshrubs.
  • Lophiocarpaceae : It contains only two genera with about six species.
  • Macarthuriaceae: With the only genus:
    • Macarthuria : It contains about nine species in Australia.
  • Microteaceae: With the only genus:
    • Microtea : The 9 to 12 species are common in the Neotropic.
  • Mollugo plants (Molluginaceae): It contains about nine genera with about 87 species. They are herbaceous plants or subshrubs.
  • Spring herb plants (Montiaceae): With about ten genera; they are annual or perennial herbaceous plants.
  • Pitcher plants (Nepenthaceae):
    • Pitcher plants ( Nepenthes ): It contains around 90 carnivorous, herbaceous species.
  • Wonder flower family (Nyctaginaceae): It contains around 30 genera with around 395 species; the most important genus is bougainvillea . They are herbaceous or woody plants.
  • Petiveriaceae (Syn .: Rivinaceae C.Agardh ): It contains about nine genera with about 20 species.
  • Physenaceae: With the only genus:
    • Physena : The only two species occur only in Madagascar; they are trees or bushes.
  • Pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceae): It is divided into three subfamilies and contains around 18 genera with around 65 species. They are herbaceous or woody plants.
  • Plumbaginaceae (Plumbaginaceae): It contains about 27 genera with about 836 species. They are perennial herbaceous plants or shrubs.
  • Knotweed family (Polygonaceae): It is divided into two subfamilies and contains around 43 genera with around 1110 species. They are herbaceous or woody plants.
  • Purslane family (Portulacaceae): With the only genus:
    • Purslane ( Portulaca ): It contains 40 to 125 species. They are herbaceous, often succulent plants.
  • Rhabdodendraceae: With the only genus:
    • Rhabdodendron : With only three species in tropical South America. They are evergreen trees.
  • Sarcobataceae: With the only genus:
    • Sarcobatus : With only one or two species. They are thorny bushes.
  • Simmondsiaceae: With the only species:
    • Jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis ): It is an evergreen shrub found in southwestern North America.
  • Stegnospermataceae: With the only genus:
    • Stegnosperma : With only three species in Central America and the Caribbean islands. They are woody climbing plants.
  • Talinaceae : It contains about two genera with about 22 shrubby species.
  • Tamarisk family (Tamaricaceae): It contains about five genera with about 90 woody species.

Betalain Pigments

One of the distinguishing features of the Caryophyllales is the production of Betalain (collective term for Betaxanthine and Betacyane). Outside the Caryophyllales, betalaine have not been detected a second time in angiosperms. The evolution of the betalain is more complex than previously thought, which has been shown by the position of the betalain-producing families in the family tree of the Caryophyllales. Betalaine has been shown to be absent in the Caryophyllaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Limeaceae and Molluginaceae. However, these are distributed in the family tree of the Caryophyllales and can be found in different positions within the betalain-producing lines. Thus, the betalain synthesis cannot be assumed to have occurred once within the Caryophyllales, but rather multiple changes from anthocyanin to betalain production.

swell

  • Philippe Cuénoud, Vincent Savolainen, Lars W. Chatrou, Martyn Powell, Renée J. Grayer, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetics of Caryophyllales based on nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcL, atpB, and matK DNA sequences. In: American Journal of Botany , Vol. 89, No. 1, 2002, pp. 132-144, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.89.1.132
  • Reto Nyffeler: The closest relatives of Cacti: insights from phylogenetic analyzes of chloroplast and mitochondrial sequences with special emphasis on relationships in the tribe Anacampseroteae. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 94, No. 1, 2007, pp. 89-101, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.94.1.89 .
  • G. Heubl, G. Bringmann, H. Meimberg: Molecular phylogeny and character evolution of carnivorous plant families in Caryophyllales - Revisited. In: Plant Biology , Volume 8, No. 6, 2006, pp. 821-830, DOI: 10.1055 / s-2006-924460 .
  • Bastian Schäferhoff, Kai F. Müller, Thomas Borsch Caryophyllales phylogenetics: disentangling Phytolaccaceae and Molluginaceae and description of Microteaceae as a new isolated family. In: Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem , Volume 39, No. 2, 2009, pp. 209-228, doi: 10.3372 / wi.39.39201 .
  • The order Caryophyllales on the AP website . (English)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The order Caryophyllales on the AP website . (English)
  2. ^ A b The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, Volume 181, pp. 1-20. doi : 10.1111 / boj.12385
  3. ↑ G. Heubl, G. Bringmann, H. Meimberg: Molecular phylogeny and character evolution of carnivorous plant families in Caryophyllales - Revisited. In: Plant Biology , Volume 8, No. 6, 2006, pp. 821-830, DOI: 10.1055 / s-2006-924460 .
  4. ↑ Khidir W. Hilu, Thomas Borsch, Kai Müller, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Vincent Savolainen, Mark W. Chase, Martyn P. Powell, Lawrence A. Alice, Rodger Evans, Hervé Sauquet, Christoph Neinhuis , Tracey AB Slotta, Jens G. Rohwer, Christopher S. Campbell, Lars W. Chatrou: Angiosperm phylogeny based on matK sequence information. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 90, No. 12, 2003, pp. 1758-1776, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.90.12.1758 .
  5. ↑ a b c Angiosperm Phylogeny Group : An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 161, No. 2, 2009, pp. 105-121, doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x .
  6. ↑ Philippe Cuénoud, Vincent Savolainen, Lars W. Chatrou, Martyn Powell, Renée J. Grayer, Mark W. Chase: Molecular phylogenetics of Caryophyllales based on nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcL, atpB, and matK DNA sequences. In: American Journal of Botany , Vol. 89, No. 1, 2002, pp. 132-144, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.89.1.132 .
  7. ↑ a b c Bastian Schäferhoff, Kai F. Müller, Thomas Borsch: Caryophyllales phylogenetics: disentangling Phytolaccaceae and Molluginaceae and description of Microteaceae as a new isolated family. In: Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem , Volume 39, No. 2, 2009, pp. 209-228, DOI: 10.3372 / wi.39.39201 .
  8. ↑ Samuel F. Brockington, Roolse Alexandre, Jeremy Ramdial, Michael J. Moore, Sunny Crawley, Amit Dhingra, Khidir Hilu, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis: Phylogeny of the Caryophyllales Sensu Lato: Revisiting Hypotheses on Pollination Biology and Perianth Differentiation in the Core Caryophyllales. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 170, No. 5, 2009, pp. 627-643, doi: 10.1086 / 597785

further reading

  • Patricia Hernández-Ledesma, Walter G. Berendsohn, Thomas Borsch, Sabine Von Mering, Hossein Akhani, Salvador Arias, Idelfonso Castañeda-Noa, Urs Eggli, Roger Eriksson, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Susy Fuentes-Bazán, Gudrun Kadereit, Cornelia Klak, Nadja Korotkova, Reto Nyffeler, Gilberto Ocampo, Helga Ochoterena, Bengt Oxelman, Richard K. Rabeler, Adriana Sanchez, Boris O. Schlumpberger, Pertti Uotia: A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales. In: Willdenowia . Volume 45, number 3, 2015, pp. 281-383 ( doi: 10.3372 / wi.45.45301 ).

Web links

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