Mollugo plants

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Mollugo plants
Mollugo verticillata

Mollugo verticillata

Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Mollugo plants
Scientific name
Molluginaceae
Bartl.

The Mollugo plants (Molluginaceae) are a family in the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida).

description

Illustration from Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States , p. 874 by Glinus lotoides
Habit, leaves and flowers of Glinus oppositifolius
Habit and fruits of Glinus oppositifolius

Habit and leaves

There are annual or perennial herbaceous plants , semi-shrubs or shrubs . The above-ground parts of the plant are mostly bare or, more rarely, star hairs ( indument ) are present. Many species are slightly succulent . There are often waxes on the cuticle .

The two propylls of the lateral axes are clearly developed. The mostly alternate and spiral, rarely oppositely arranged leaves are often grouped in rosettes or whirls . The simple leaves are almost always whole. The stipules are membranous or absent.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are solitary or often in groups in terminal zymous inflorescences .

The radial symmetry flowers are hermaphroditic in almost all species . Single-sex flowers are very rare; in this case the plant species are single sexed ( monoecious ). There are usually four or five rare (at Glinus sepal-like up to twenty) bloom present. Stamens are usually five to ten (two to twenty) present. The stamens can be free or grown together at their base. The three-cell pollen grains have three apertures and are colpat with a spinulosic surface. Rarely has a ( Adenogramma ), usually two to five or more rarely many carpels are a top permanent ovary grown. In axial placentation there are one to many ovules per carpel. The stylus is short.

Fruits and seeds

The capsule fruits are loculicidal or they open with a transverse slit. The starchy seeds can have an aril . There is endosperm . The chlorophyllless embryo is curved.

Ingredients and chromosome numbers

They contain flavonoids (C-glycosyl flavonoids ), ferulic acid and often saponins (hopane saponins). Calcium oxalate crystals are accumulated as raphides . They are often C3 plants or C4 plants .

The basic chromosome numbers are usually x = 9 (with hypertelis x = 8).

Habit and leaves of Glinus lotoides
Mollugo nudicaulis
Flowers of Pharnaceum aurantium
Psammotropha myrianthas

Systematics and distribution

The Molluginaceae are distributed worldwide in dry (arid) areas of the tropics and subtropics . The main distribution area is southern Africa .

The family name Molluginaceae was published in 1825 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling in Contributions to Botany , 2, p. 158. Type genus is Mollugo L. Synonyms for Molluginaceae Bartl. are: Adenogrammaceae Nakai , Glinaceae Mart. , Polpodaceae Nakai . In the past, the taxa classified here today belonged to the Aizoaceae. Using rbcL gene sequence analyzes , a cladogram by MW Chase et al. Created in 1993, which showed that the Molluginaceae are not related to the Aizoaceae . The exact position of the family within the order of the Caryophyllales is still being debated.

The affiliation of Corrigiola L. and Telephium L. to the family Molluginaceae or Caryophyllaceae has been controversial, but molecular genetic studies place them in the latter family, the only one of the two genus of the Corrigioleae tribe. Some authors also classify the genus Gisekia here. According to the AP website , this forms its own Gisekiaceae family ; but it also belonged to the subfamily of the Rivinioideae within the Phytolaccaceae family . The two genera Limeum L. (Syn .: Semonvillea J.Gay ) and Macarthuria Hügel ex Endl. belong to the Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal since 2005 . The genus Corbichonia Scop. (Syn .: Orygia Forssk. ) Belongs to the Lophiocarpaceae family .

In the family Molluginaceae there are about ten (previously 9 to 13) genera with about 90 species:

  • Adenogramma Rchb. : The ten or so species are common in Africa.
  • Coelanthum E. Mey. ex Fenzl : The only two species are common in southern Africa.
  • Glinus L .: The ten or so species are widespread.
  • Glischrothamnus Pilg. : It contains only one type:
  • Hypertelis E. Mey. ex Fenzl : Since 2014 there have only been around four species left in southern Africa, one of which also extends into tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Kewa Christenh. : The eight or so species come from southern Africa ( Kewa angrae-pequenae (Friedrich) Christenh. , Kewa arenicola (Sond.) Christenh. , Kewa bowkeriana (Sond.) Christenh. , Kewa caespitosa (Friedrich) Christenh. , Kewa salsoloides (Burch .) Christenh. , Kewa suffruticosa (Baker) Christenh. , Kewa trachysperma (Adamson) Christenh. ) And on the island of St. Helena ( Kewa acida (Hook. F.) Christenh. , Syn .: Pharnaceum acidum Hook. F. , Hypertelis acida (Hook. F.) K.Müll. ). She has been part of the new Kewaceae Christenh family since 2014 .
  • Mollugo L. , sometimes called carpet herb: The approximately 35 species are widespread. Most species thrive in tropical to subtropical areas; some species reach into the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere.
  • Pharnaceum L .: The maximum of 25 species are distributed in southern Africa.
  • Polpoda C. Presl : The only two species occur only in South Africa.
  • Psammotropha Eckl. & Zeyh. : The eleven or so species are distributed in southern Africa, two of which also extend into tropical Africa.
  • Suessenguthiella Friedrich : One or two species occur only in southern Africa.

use

Hardly any species from this family are used by humans. From Mollugo verticillata the leaves can be used as a spice and medicinal effects have been studied.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Molluginaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  2. ↑ Simone Fior, Per Ola Karis, Gabriele Casazza, Luigi Minuto & Francesco Sala: Molecular phylogeny of the Caryophyllaceae (Caryophyllales) inferred from chloroplast matK and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences , In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 93, Issue 3, 2006, Pp. 399-411. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.93.3.399
  3. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Kewa - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on October 23, 2018.
  4. ^ Mollugo verticillata at Plants For A Future

further reading

  • Maarten JM Christenhusz, Samuel F. Brockington, Pascal-Antoine Christin, Rowan F. Sage: On the disintegration of Molluginaceae: a new genus and family (Kewa, Kewaceae) segregated from Hypertelis, and placement of Macarthuria in Macarthuriaceae. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 181, Issue 4, October 8, 2014, pp. 238–242. doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.181.4.4 only p. 238 and 242 - PDF. → Two new families: Kewaceae and Macarthuriaceae

Web links

Commons : Molluginaceae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files