Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shchors

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shchors ( Russian Николай Александрович Щорс ; born May 25, ^jul. / 6 June  1895 ^greg. In Snowsk , Russian Empire ; †  thirtieth August 1919 in Biloschyzi , Ukrainian SSR ) was a Ukrainian commander in the Red Army and division commander , who gained notoriety for his bravery during the Russian Civil War .

Life

Youth and education

Nikolai Schtschchors was in the village Snowsk in Ukrainian today Oblast Chernihiv allegedly the son of a locomotive - engineer born, but maybe he was born into a peasant family.

In 1909 he attended school in Snowsk and after his second application in 1910 he went to the military-medical academy in Kiev , where he graduated as a medical assistant in July 1914.

First World War

After the beginning of the First World War , he served as an infantryman from 1915. At the beginning of 1916 he was proposed for an officer career and accepted into the military school in Vilnius , which had to be evacuated to Poltava due to the German advance . From there he was as Praporschtschik in September 1916 for the 142nd Infantry Regiment of the 84th Division in the XXVI. Army corps transferred to the Romanian front.

In April 1917, Shchors was promoted to Podporutschik . He experienced the October Revolution in the autumn of 1917 in Simferopol .

Russian civil war

From there he returned to his hometown of Snowsk and formed a communist partisan unit there after the outbreak of the Russian civil war in February 1918 . In March and April 1918 he commanded a task force in the Novosybkow district that fought against the German occupation forces as part of the 1st Revolutionary Army. There he met the activist Fruma Efimowna Rostowa, whom he married in the fall of 1918. The daughter Valentina emerged from the marriage.

In September 1918 he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment "Iwan Bogun" and led it in the fight against German troops and Cossack associations . In November 1918, in the fight against the Ukrainian independence movement, he took command of the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division with the regiments "Bogun" and "Tarastschan" and captured Chernihiv , Kiev and Fastov . On February 5, 1919, Shchors was appointed mayor of Kiev.

Between March 6 and August 15, 1919, Schors led the 44th Soviet Rifle Division and captured the cities of Zhytomyr , Vinnytsia and Schmerynka , which were still controlled by the People's Republic of Ukraine . He then broke through the front of the Ukrainian troops under Symon Vasyljowytsch Petlyura at Sarny - Rowno - Brody - Khmelnyzkyj .

Polish-Soviet War

When the Polish army attacked in the summer of 1919 and the Polish-Soviet war began, Shchors initially held the line at Sarny - Nowograd-Wolynskij - Schepetowka , but had to withdraw in the face of the superior enemy. The 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division was merged with the 44th Rifle Division and Shchors appointed its commander. Shchors successfully defended the Korosten railway junction and enabled the 12th Army to evacuate Kiev .

During the fighting, Shchors was shot dead on August 30, 1919 under unexplained circumstances near the village of Biloschyzi in the Ukrainian Oblast of Zhytomyr .

Shchors' body was transferred to Samara and buried in the local cemetery. After this was closed in 1926 and the grave site fell into disrepair, his body was exhumed in 1949 and solemnly buried in the new cemetery of Samara.

Shchors' tomb in Samara

Honors, naming

Soviet postage stamp (1944)

The fate of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shchors became the subject of Stalinist hero worship. His widow Fruma Efimovna Rostowa-Shchors, who worked in the Soviet Ministry of Education in the 1930s , initiated the "Shchors Movement" with the aim of popularizing Shchors as heroes of the revolution .

• Sergej Skljarenko wrote a novella entitled "Shchors"
• Borys Lyatoschynskyj wrote an opera called "Shchors"
• 1939 turned Alexander Dovzhenko with Yevgeny Samoilov in the lead role the film Shchors , in 1941 the State Prize of the Soviet Union was.
• The well-known patriotic song "Pjesna o Schchorse" (Song about Schtors) was written by Matvej Isaakowitsch Blanter , the composer of the famous song " Katyusha ", and the writer Mikhail Golodnij . There is also a German adaptation of the song ("Weither aus der Ferne ..."), written by the MBZ-20 / NVA Leipzig singing club .
• A memorial was erected to him on Taras Shevchenko Boulevard in Kiev.
• In addition to other towns and kolkhozes , his place of birth Snowsk between 1935 and 2016 and his place of death Biloschyzi between 1934 and 2016 also bore his name.
• The Soviet Post issued special stamps in 1944 and 1948 in honor of Shchors .

literature

• А. Т. Бовтунов (AT Bowtunow): Узел славянской дружбы. Очерк о коллективах предприятий Унечского железнодорожного узла (Knot of Slavic Friendship. An essay on the workers of the Unechsk railway junction collective); Издательство Клинцовской типографии 1998
• Военный энциклопедический словарь (Military Encyclopedic Dictionary), Moscow 1986
• В. Карпенко (W. Karpenko): Щорс ( Shchors ); Moscow 1974
• Гражданская война на Украине 1918-1920 - Сб. документов и материалов (The Civil War in Ukraine 1918-1920 - Collection of Documents and Materials), Volume 1 (Book 1), Kiev 1967
• Очерки истории Коммунистической партии Украины (essays on the history of the Communist Party of Ukraine); Ukrainian Political Literature Publishing House Kiev 1964

Web links

• Biography (russian)
• Article Nikolai Alexandrowitsch Schchors in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)http: //vorlage_gse.test/1%3D125032~2a%3D~2b%3DNikolai%20Alexandrowitsch%20Schtschors

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Военный энциклопедический словарь , p. 826
2. ↑ Очерки истории Коммунистической партии Украины , p. 259.
3. ↑ http://www.kino.de/kinofilm/schtschors/36341.html  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ The song addresses how Shchors led his army unit despite serious injuries. The appearance and departure of Shchor's cavalry unit is made clear by the change in volume: after a crescendo at the beginning, the loud and lively middle section ends in a decrescendo. [1]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
5. ↑ http://www.uaproperty.com/articles/about-Kyiv.html#schors cf. ( Memento of the original of July 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.