Ukrainian People's Republic

Ukrainian People's Republic 1917–1920
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Official language	Ukrainian
Capital	Kiev
Form of government	People's Republic
Head of state	president
Area - 1897	477,021 km²
Population - 1897	23.430.407
Population density - 1897	49 inhabitants per km²
currency	Karbovanets , hryvnia
Existence period	1917-1920
National anthem	Shche ne wmerla Ukrajina
Territory (light green) and claims (light green dashed) in February 1918

Ukrajinska Narodna Respublika - UNR ( Ukrainian Українська Народна Республіка ), in German Ukrainian People's Republic (also known as the Ukrainian National Republic or People's Republic of Ukraine ), was the first Ukrainian nation-state .

The Ukrainian People's Republic was founded after the October Revolution in 1917 from the Ukrainian areas that had previously belonged to the Russian Empire or Russia . It was disbanded in the Russian Civil War after the Red Army marched in at the beginning of 1920 and incorporated into Soviet Russia as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic .

Emergence

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ukraine was Russified in Tsarist Russia , the large landowners were Russians . The public administration and judiciary and the military were exactly as railway and post in Russian hands.

After the October Revolution of was by decision Ukrainian Central Council of 20 November 1917, the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic as part of a federal Russian Republic for January 1918 proclaimed . Its establishment was preceded by a period of extensive national independence of Ukraine under the administration of the Central Council, even if this independence was not recognized by the provisional government of the time .

The bourgeois Central chaired Mykhaylo S. Hruschewskyjs had on January 25, 1918 (with the backdated to January 22 Fourth Universal ) in Kiev Ukraine's independence ( Ukrainian National Republic was proclaimed). On January 30, 1918, Vsevolod Holubovych became Prime Minister of the People's Republic.

On April 29, 1918, the Hetmanat Ukraine was established under Pavlo Skoropadskyj by a coup . After the end of the hetmanate, the Ukrainian National Republic was restored on December 14, 1918.

politics

UNR postage stamp (1918)

On February 9, 1918, the People's Republic of Ukraine concluded the “ Bread Peace ”, a separate peace with the Central Powers . As the Central Na Rada was driven out of Kiev by the red troops advancing from Russia and northeastern Ukraine , it appealed to the Central Powers for help. German troops marched into Ukraine on February 18, Austro-Hungarian troops on February 28 (see: Operation Faustschlag ). The entire Ukraine was conquered by the end of April, followed by the Crimea and areas east of Rostov-on-Don at the beginning of May . Since the Central Powers received fewer food deliveries (than promised in Brest-Litovsk) and were therefore dissatisfied with the policies of the Central Na Rada, they supported the coup of the former Tsarist general Pavlo Skoropadskyj on April 29, 1918 and recognized him as a hetman . Skoropadskyj renewed the previous administration of the tsar. He revised many of the Rada's political decisions and pursued a right-wing, very nationalist policy. This was also underlined by the renaming of the state as " Ukrainian State ". With the help of the administrative apparatus and the support of the occupiers, Skoropadskyj was able to establish a Ukrainian state from Don to Bug for the first time in history.

From the beginning, the bourgeois Ukrainian People's Republic was at war with the pro-Soviet government in Kharkov , which had been formed in December 1917.

Foreign policy

In the beginning there were federal relations with Russia. When the Bolshevik uprising broke out in Kiev at the end of January 1918 , the political conflicts culminated in the Ukrainian-Soviet war . Consequently, the Ukrainian People's Republic was allied with Poland in the Polish-Soviet War .

The People's Republic of Ukraine was recognized de jure by Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia , the Democratic Republic of Georgia , the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic , the German Empire , Austria-Hungary (only de facto , because the peace treaty of Brest-Litovsk was not ratified ), Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire , the Kingdom of Romania , Czechoslovakia , the Holy See and, finally, Soviet Russia . De facto recognition has been guaranteed by Switzerland , Sweden , Denmark and Persia .

End of the state

Józef Piłsudski and Symon Petljura

After the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I and the withdrawal of the Austro-Hungarian and most of the German troops , the hetmanate could no longer hold in autumn 1918; it was replaced by the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic . In the course of the Russian Civil War , the Bolsheviks took Kiev. Thereupon the Ukrainian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on January 14, 1919 , which later united with the West Ukrainian People's Republic .

The Ukrainian People's Republic came to an end in February 1920 when the Red Army took control of all of Ukraine. However, the Army of the People's Republic of Ukraine continued to fight alongside Poland in the Polish-Soviet War. After the signing of the Riga Peace Treaty in 1921, the Ukrainian soldiers were interned in Poland .

According to the Treaty of Riga, the territory of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic had to be surrendered to Poland.

A government-in-exile of the People's Republic of Ukraine existed in Munich until 1992 . On August 22, 1992, the last President of the Ukrainian government-in-exile, Mykola Plawjuk , presented the insignia of the People's Republic of Ukraine to the new, democratically elected President of Ukraine , Leonid Kravchuk . At the same time he recognized Ukraine, founded in 1991, as the legal successor to the People's Republic of Ukraine.

See also

• History of Ukraine

literature

• Stefan Talmon: Recognition of Governments in International Law . Oxford University Press , 1998, ISBN 0-19-826573-5 . .
• Volodymyr Kubijovyč (Ed.): Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia Vol. 1 . University of Toronto Press, 1963. , OCLC 313338681 .
• Paul Robert Magosci: A History of Ukraine . University of Toronto Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8020-7820-6 . .
• Orest Subtelny: Ukraine: A History . University of Toronto Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8020-5808-6 . .
• Wolfram Dornik, Stefan Karner (eds.): The occupation of the Ukraine 1918. Historical context - state of research - economic and social consequences. Association for the Promotion of Research on Consequences after Conflicts and Wars, Graz / Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-901661-25-9 . ( Publications of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Research on the Consequences of War, Graz - Vienna - Klagenfurt , Vol. 11)
• John S. Reshetar Jr .: The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1920: A Study In Nationalism . Literary Licensing, 2011, ISBN 1258080044 .
• Taras Hunczak: The Ukraine, 1917-1921: A Study in Revolution . Harvard Univ. Pr., 1978, ISBN 0674920090 .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Schnell, Felix: Historical Backgrounds of Ukrainian-Russian Conflicts. In APUZ, volume 64, 47–48 / 2014, November 17, 2014, p. 11
2. ^ Schnell, Felix: Historical Backgrounds of Ukrainian-Russian Conflicts. In APUZ, volume 64, 47–48 / 2014, November 17, 2014, p. 11
3. ^ Schnell, Felix: Historical Backgrounds of Ukrainian-Russian Conflicts. In APUZ, volume 64, 47–48 / 2014, November 17, 2014, p. 11
4. ↑ [1]
5. ↑ [2]
6. ↑ Caroline Milow: The Ukrainian Question 1917–1923 in the Tension Field of European Diplomacy , Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2002, ISBN 3-447-04482-9 , p. 33 ff.
7. ^ Talmon: Recognition of Governments in International Law. 1998, p. 289.

Remarks

1. ↑ The English language Wikipedia has an article on the Soviet Ukrainian People's Republic under Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets