Norilka
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Norilka Норилка, Норильская (Norilskaja) |
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 Confluence of the Talaja and Rybnaja to the Norilka |
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| Data | ||
| Water code | RU : 17020000112116100118111 | |
| location | Krasnoyarsk Region ( Russia ) | |
| River system | Pyassina | |
| Drain over | Pyassina → Arctic Ocean | |
| origin | Confluence of Rybnaya and Talaya on the Putorana Mountains 69 ° 20 ′ 24 ″ N , 88 ° 35 ′ 55 ″ E |
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| Source height | approx. 29 m | |
| muzzle | below Valjok in the Pjassinosee and thus in the Pjassina Coordinates: 69 ° 32 ′ 51 ″ N , 87 ° 59 ′ 46 ″ E 69 ° 32 ′ 51 ″ N , 87 ° 59 ′ 46 ″ E |
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| Mouth height | approx. 28 m | |
| Height difference | approx. 1 m | |
| Bottom slope | approx. 0.02 ‰ | |
| length | 57 km (including the Talaja headwaters ) | |
| Catchment area | 20,000 km² | |
| Discharge at the Waljok A Eo gauge : 19,800 km² Location: 21 km above the estuary |
MNQ 1938/1999 MQ 1938/1999 Mq 1938/1999 MHQ 1938/1999 |
50 m³ / s 448 m³ / s 22.6 l / (s km²) 1611 m³ / s |
| Left tributaries | Rybnaya (spring river) | |
| Right tributaries |
Talaja (spring river); also: Waljok , Charaelajach |
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The Norilka ( Russian Норилка, Норильская , Norilskaja ) is about 57 km long (southern) main tributary of Pjassinosees and a tributary of the lake entfließenden Pyasina River , both in the north of the Krasnoyarsk region of Siberia and Russia ( Asia ).
geography
course
The Norilka runs on average around 325 km north of the Arctic Circle on the northwestern edge of the Putorana Mountains (max. 1701 m ), the rocky northwestern part of the Central Siberian Mountains . It arises from the confluence of its main line upper course Talaja (right side), which comes from the east of Melkoje Lake, and the source river Rybnaja (left side) flowing from the south-southeast of Keta Lake, at a height of about 29 m . The Lontokoiski-Kamen Mountains (max. 760 m ) are located a little southwest of this river junction . From then on it flows between these mountains and the Putorana mountains to the northwest.
In the middle reaches the Norilka, after passing the airport Valyok , past the settlement Valyok , which lies between the southwestern Norilsk and its northeastern district Talnach . There a two-story steel truss bridge leads over the river; A pipeline and supply lines run on the upper floor (from nearby industrial companies; see also the section on environmental pollution ) and on the lower floor , as part of the Norilsk – Valyok – Talnach connection, a road and the Norilsk railway lead across.
About 21 km below Valjok, the Norilka flows through its estuary delta at a height of about 28 m , i.e. with a total height difference of only about one meter, into the Pjassino Lake , whose water flows through the Pjassina to the Kara Sea .
Tributaries, lakes and catchment areas
Among the tributaries of the Norilka whose catchment 19,800 square kilometers is large, are in addition to their above mentioned tributaries Talaja and Rybnaja the above Waljok opens and coming from the putorana plateau Waljok and below the settlement or above the Pjassinosees influent Charaelajach , of the same mountain comes. In the catchment area many lakes are, on the one hand Melkojesee with the lying above lakes Lama , Kaptschuk , Glubokoe , Sobatschje , Nakomjaken and Tonelj and on the other hand Lake Keta and also numerous small lakes and rivers.
Average discharge ( m³ / s ) at the Valjok station (1938 to 1999)
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Hydrology, climate and flora
The hydrological regime of the Norilka is determined by harsh winters and short summers due to its northern location and the associated proximity to the Arctic . There is a lot of precipitation all year round, and the presence of numerous still and flowing waters in its rather large catchment area play a regulating role in the water balance. The average annual runoff of water at its mouth is 450 m³ / s. From late September to mid-June, the Norilka is covered in ice . When ice and snow melt in summer , floods often occur between June and August .
The Norilka runs in the climatic zone of the permafrost , on its banks boreal coniferous forests (taiga) thrive and on the surrounding mountains there is the tundra with mosses and lichens . The river is the habitat of many arctic species - for example perch fish , pike and salmon fish - which are used for fishing.
environmental pollution
The factories of the industrial group MMC Norilsk Nickel , the world market leader in the production of nickel and palladium , which are located near Norilsk and Talnach and the Kajerkan , some distance away from the river , lead to severe environmental pollution - for example on the Norilka and Lake Pyasino .
tourism
On the Norilka go in the summer, from late June to September water taxis that many visitors and tourist boats from the jetty at Waljok only on the Norilka and then on the Talaja, by the Melkojesee and then continue on the river Lama to Lake Lama bring. The trip there takes about five hours upstream and the way back about three hours. From Valjok there are also boats to the nearby Lake Pjassino . In particular, residents from Norilsk use this for recreational purposes. In summer anglers and hikers also come to the river, which is then also a transport route.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Topographic map (1: 200.000, Bl. R-45-XXIII, XXIV, Ed. 1989), diagonally flowing Norilka (bottom left) u. a. with Norilsk (far left, bottom), Talnach (north-northeast of it), Melkojesee (far bottom center), Pjassinosee -Southeast part (far left), Putorana Mountains ( top) and Lama Lake -west part (far right), on mapr45.narod.ru (with Heights above sea )
- ↑ a b c Norilka in the State Water Register of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- ↑ a b c d Norilka at the Waljok gauge - hydrographic data at R-ArcticNET