Russian phonetics

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Russian language has five vowel phonemes and, depending on the counting method, 32 to just over 40 consonant phonemes . Two phenomena are very characteristic of Russian pronunciation: stress and palatalization .

As a phonetic spelling in this article is International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used as a transliteration of the Cyrillic alphabet , the standard ISO 9 . Phonetic transcriptions are in square brackets […], phonological transcriptions between slashes /… /, transliterations of the Cyrillic spelling between simple guillemets ‹…›. In the Soviet and Russian specialist literature, a separate phonetic spelling based on the Cyrillic alphabet is common.

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An older standard pronunciation was mainly based on the usual Moscow pronunciation; In comparison, today's standard pronunciation is more oriented towards the typeface.

Emphasis

Russian has a dynamic accent . Stressed vowels are spoken halfway. The word rhythmus differs significantly from German : German is characterized by a wave rhythm with a main accent and one or more secondary accents for longer words; In Russian, the sound volume of the vowels increases continuously up to the stressed syllable , and syllables with a subsequent pitch are greatly weakened.

In contrast to German, the emphasis in Russian is often on grammatical endings and not on the stem syllable, there are frequent changes in stress in connection with the inflection , and compound words are stressed on the last component. Examples:

Russian German annotation
стол –столяр
/ stol - stoˈlʲar /
[ stɔˑɫ - stɐˈlʲaˑr ]		 Table - ˈ carpenter In Russian, the ending is emphasized in the derivation, in German the stem.
стол - стола
/ stol - stoˈla /
[ stɔˑɫ - stɐˈlaˑ ]		 the table - the ˈ table In Russian, the stress in the genitive jumps to the ending, in German the stem remains stressed.
язык - языкознание
/ jaˈzik - jazikoˈznanʲije /
[ jɪˈzɨˑk - jɪzɨkɐˈznaˑnʲijə ]		 ˈLanguage - ˈLinguistics In Russian the second part of the compound is emphasized, in German the first.

See also: Word Stress in the Russian Language

Vowels

The Russian vowel phonemes (black) and their allophones (red). [ɨ] is evaluated here as a phoneme / ɨ / and / e / is written as / ɛ /.

Russian has five vowel phonemes: / a, e, o, i, u /. In unstressed syllables the vowels are "reduced" (see below) and according to some authors there are only three vowel phonemes in unstressed syllables: / a, i, u /.

The phonetic realization of the vowel phonemes depends mainly on whether they are accented or unstressed and whether the following consonant is palatalized or not.

The striking exception is / ⁠ i ⁠ / that to [⁠ ɨ ⁠] is if the preceding consonant is not palatalized. This also applies across word boundaries:

(So ​​it's just a phoneme , although this goes against the intuition of many speakers.)

Vowels in stressed syllables

The allophones of the stressed vowels are determined by the phonetic palatalization of the consonants in the area.

/ a, o, u / are spoken next to palatalized consonants with stronger anterior (palatal) transitions or, in extreme cases, consistently further forward:

/ I, e / are spoken by non-palatalised consonants more rear: / ⁠ i ⁠ / becomes [⁠ ɨ ⁠] , (s o..) / ⁠ e ⁠ / to [⁠ ɛ ⁠] .

All vowels have an easy transition to [⁠ ə ⁠] before non-palatalized consonants (z. B. нет / NET / [ nʲɛˑ ə t ] "no"). / ⁠ o ⁠ / has an easy transition from [⁠ ʊ ⁠] (eg. By non-palatalised consonants вот / vot / [ v ʊ ɔ ə t ] "here and now"), and an easy transition of [⁠ y ⁠] according palatalised consonants (z. B. нёс / nOS / [ n y ɔ ə s ] "(s) carrying").

Vowels in unstressed syllables

In unstressed syllables, vowels are clearly “reduced”; H. centralized, and only four vowels are distinguished: [ ɪ, ə, ɐ, ʊ ]. This phenomenon - especially in relation to the change of unstressed / ⁠ o ⁠ / to [⁠ ɐ ⁠] - is in Russian <akan'e> (аканье) . In some dialects not all vowels are reduced so much; this lack of reduction is known as ‹okan'e› (оканье) .

/ a, o / become after non-palatalized consonants

/ A, e, o / are to palatalised consonants [⁠ ɪ ⁠] . Examples:

/ ⁠ e ⁠ / after non-palatalised consonant immediately before stressed syllables to [⁠ ɪ ⁠] , otherwise [⁠ ə ⁠] . Examples:

Consonants

Consonant phonemes and allophones (allophones or sounds with an unclear phonemic status in square brackets):

  bilabial labiodental dental and
alveolar 		postalveolar palatal velar
Nasals not palatalized / ⁠ m ⁠ /   / ⁠ n ⁠ /      
palatalized / mʲ /   / nʲ /      
Plosives not palatalized / ⁠ p ⁠ /   / ⁠ b ⁠ /   / ⁠ t ⁠ /   / ⁠ d ⁠ /     / ⁠ k ⁠ /   / ⁠ ɡ ⁠ /
palatalized / pʲ / / bʲ /   / tʲ / / dʲ /     [ kʲ ] [ ɡʲ ]
Affricates not palatalized     / ⁠ ʦ ⁠ /   [⁠ ʣ ⁠]        
palatalized         / ʧʲ / [ ʤʲ ]    
Fricatives not palatalized   / ⁠ f ⁠ /   / ⁠ v ⁠ / / ⁠ s ⁠ /   / ⁠ for ⁠ / / ⁠ ʃ ⁠ /   / ⁠ ʒ ⁠ /   / ⁠ x ⁠ /   [⁠ ɣ ⁠]
palatalized   / fʲ / / vʲ / / sʲ / / zʲ / [ ʃʲʃʲ ] [ ʒʲʒʲ ]   [ xʲ ]     
Vibrants not palatalized     / ⁠ r ⁠ /      
palatalized     / rʲ /      
Approximants not palatalized     / ⁠ l ⁠ /      
palatalized     / lʲ /   / ⁠ j ⁠ /  

The consonants / kʲ ɡʲ xʲ / do not appear at the end of the syllable and - except in foreign and dialect words - do not appear before / aou /.

Some speakers distinguish between щ [ ʃʲʃʲ ] and с-ч / ʃʲtʃʲ / when с / ⁠ s ⁠ / preposition, (z. B. с честью / s tʃʲestʲju / "with honor"), others speak both combinations as / ʃʲtʃʲ / off.

Some speakers (especially older ones) differentiate between / ʒʲʒʲ / and / ʒʒ / and speak e.g. B. позже "later" like / ˈpoʒʲʒʲe / (instead of / ˈpoʒʒe /).

In colloquial language , consonant sequences are often simplified when speaking faster.

Palatalization

In dental and labial consonants there before all vowels except / ⁠ e ⁠ / a phonological contrast between palatalized and non-palatalized variant. The velar consonants before / ⁠ i ⁠ / and / ⁠ e / ⁠ palatalised, otherwise not. / ʦ, ʃ, ʒ / are never palatalized, / ʧʲ, ʃʲʃʲ, ʒʲʒʲ, j / are always palatalized or palatalized.

A consonant is usually palatalized when it is followed by a palatalized consonant.

Voicing

Voicing and voicelessness are phonologically distinctive. In contrast to German, voiceless plosives and affricates are not aspirated .

Final voicing / final voicing

At the end of a word, voiced consonant phonemes are spoken voiceless. Examples:

Regressive assimilation

The voicing of a consonant assimilates to the voicing of the following consonant. For nasal, cash and cash and / ⁠ j ⁠ / but this is true only in part: You usually solve any assimilation of voicing out. Examples:

This assimilation occurs even across word boundaries. Examples:

Before consonants / ⁠ v ⁠ / voiceless plosives and fricatives usually remain voiceless, for example:

intonation

EA Bryzgunova developed a model of initially five and later seven " intonation contours " ( интонационные конструкции , literally "intonation constructions"; also: "intonemes"), abbreviated as IK-1 to IK-7, for teaching Russian as a foreign language .

In IK-1 , the syllable in front of the intonation center is higher, the voice falls on the intonation center. IK-1 is used for simple statements . Example:

In IK-2 , the emphasis is on the question pronoun and the voice sinks at the end of the sentence. The center of intonation is the highest syllable. IK-2 is used in statements with an emphasis on contrast, in questions with interrogative pronouns and in rather coarse prompts : Examples:

With IK-3 the intonation center is higher than the middle pitch, but the voice starts higher on the stressed syllable, rises much faster within this syllable and falls at the end of the sentence, unless the last word in the sentence is stressed on the last syllable. IK-3 is also used in polite calls. Examples:

At IK-4 , the center of intonation is the lowest syllable, after which the pitch rises. IK-4 is used in elliptical questions related to something preceding. Example:

  • А Наташа? / a naˈtaʃa / "And [what about] Natascha?"

IK-5 has two centers: a rise on the first word and a fall on the last word. IK-5 is used in exclamation sentences that express pleasant feelings (joy, excitement, etc.). Example:

IK-6 is a variant of IK-4, but the increase in intonation begins at the intonation center, not afterwards. IK-6 is mainly used for positive emotions (like IK-5), but also for negative emotions, as well as for amazement or secrecy. Examples:

IK-7 is a variant of IK-3 with the same sharp rise on the intonation center, but with a short pause before the fall on the following syllable. The positive lexical content of a sentence is turned into ironic or sarcastic with IK-7 . Examples:

From typeface to pronunciation

Russian orthography is essentially phonological, but some sound sequences are written according to the graphic principle and some morphemes according to the historical- etymological principle. The inventory of at least 37 phonemes is represented by 33 letters of the Cyrillic alphabet .

An important principle is that the palatalization of a consonant is usually indicated by the following vowel letter.

Although there are only six vowel sounds in Russian, the Russian alphabet has ten separate vowel letters; There is a separate letter for [⁠ ɨ ⁠] , an allophone of / ⁠ i ⁠ / , which is not used consistently.

Vowel letters

Letter Phonemes Occurrence Examples
а / ⁠ a ⁠ /
е / each / initially ехать / ˈjexatʲ / "drive"
after other vowel letters клиент / klʲiˈjent / "customer"
after ъ and ь карьера / karʲˈjera / "career"
разъезд / razˈjesd / "departure"
/ ⁠ e ⁠ / after ж , ш , щ and ч женщина / ˈʒenʃʲʃʲina / "woman"
шесть / ʃestʲ / "six"
щепка / ˈʃʲʃʲepka / "
kindling " цепь / ʦepʲ / "chain"
чек / ʧʲek / "check"
between two consonants in numerous loanwords отель / oˈtelʲ / "Hotel"
/ ʲe / * in other cases петь / pʲetʲ / "sing"
ё ** / jo / initially ёлка / ˈjolka / "fir tree"
after other vowel letters паёк / paˈjok / "ration"
after ъ and ь пьёт / pʲjot / "drinks"
объём / obˈjom / "circumference"
/ ⁠ o ⁠ / after ж , ш , ( щ ) and ч жёлтый / ˈʒoltij / "yellow"
шёлк / ʃolk / "silk"
щёлкать / ˈʃʲʃʲolkatʲ / "crack"
чёлка / ˈʧʲolka / "pony"
/ ʲo / * in other cases тётя / ˈtʲotʲa / "aunt"
орёл / oˈrʲol / "eagle"
и / ⁠ i ⁠ / initially имя / ˈimʲa / " Surname , first name"
after other vowel letters свои / svoˈi / "his"
after ж , ш , щ and ч жизнь / ʒiznʲ / "life"
шило / ˈʃilo / "awl"
щи / ʃʲʃʲi / " Stschi "
чисто / ˈʧʲisto / "clean"
цифра / ˈʦifra / "digit"
/ ji / after ь воробьи / vorobʲˈji / "sparrows"
/ ʲi / * in other cases пить / pʲitʲ / "drink"
о / ⁠ o ⁠ /
у / ⁠ u ⁠ /
ы / ⁠ i ⁠ /
э / ⁠ e ⁠ /
ю / ju / initially юг / juɡ / "south"
after other vowel letters убаюкивать / ubaˈjukʲivatʲ / " lull to sleep"
after ъ and ь подъюбник / podˈjubnʲik / "
petticoat " вьюга / ˈvʲjuɡa / "snowstorm"
/ ⁠ u ⁠ / after ш in the words парашют / paraˈʃut / "parachute" and брошюра / broˈʃura / "information document"
/ ʲu / * in other cases верблюд / vʲerˈblʲud / "camel"
я / yes / initially яблоко / ˈjabloko / "apple"
after other vowel letters заявка / zaˈjavka / "requirement"
after ъ and ь бурьян / burʲˈjan / "weeds"
объять / obˈjatʲ / "to hug"
/ ʲa / * in other cases земля / zʲemˈlʲa / "earth"

* That means the preceding consonant is palatalized.

** The letter ё is mostly replaced by е .

Consonant letters

б / ⁠ b ⁠ / , в / ⁠ v ⁠ / , г / ⁠ ɡ ⁠ / , д / ⁠ d ⁠ / , ж / ⁠ ʒ ⁠ / , з / ⁠ z ⁠ / , й / ⁠ j ⁠ / , к / ⁠ k ⁠ / , л / ⁠ l ⁠ / , м / ⁠ m ⁠ / , н / ⁠ n ⁠ / , п / ⁠ p ⁠ / , р / ⁠ r ⁠ / , с / ⁠ s ⁠ / , т / ⁠ t ⁠ / , ф / ⁠ f ⁠ / , х / ⁠ x ⁠ / , ц / ⁠ ʦ ⁠ / , ч / ʧʲ / ш / ⁠ ʃ ⁠ / , щ / ʃʲʃʲ /

Hard and soft mark

The " hard sign " ( твёрдый знак , formerly: ер or еръ ) ъ occurs only in the interior of the word and means that the preceding consonant is "hard", i.e. H. is not palatalized, pronounced and preceded by a / j /:

The " soft sign " ( мягкий знак , earlier: ерь ) ь means that the preceding consonant is "soft", i.e. H. palatalized, pronounced:

In addition, the soft sign at the end of a word is written in feminine nouns after the consonants ж, ш, щ and ч . In this case it has only grammatical function:

"Irregular pronunciation"

For some words and morphemes, the spelling differs from the pronunciation, e.g. B. the genitive ending - / ovo / or - / ʲevo /, which is written -ого ‹-ogo› or -его ‹-ego›, also frozen in сегoдня / seˈvodnʲa / "today" (<"this day") . Further examples:

literature

  • Wolfgang Steinitz : Russian phonetics , Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1953
  • Рубен Иванович Аванесов: Русское литературное произношение . Просвещение, Moscow 4 1968.
  • Л.Л. Буланин: Фонетика современного русского языка , Moscow 1970
  • Kurt Gabka etc .: The Russian language of the present. Volume 1: Introduction to the Study of the Russian Language - Phonetics and Phonology . Encyclopedia, Leipzig 1974.
  • Morris Hall : The sound pattern of Russian . Mouton, The Hague 1959.
  • Edith Keunecke, Edeltraut Kölling, Gudrun Streit, Ingeborg Wolf: Russian Phonetics. An intensive course for beginners. Helmut Buske, Hamburg 3 1995.
  • Bernd Bendixen, Kersten Krüger, Horst Rothe: Russian current - Die Phonetik Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-447-05754-7 , also on DVD

Web links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Г.Е. Кедрова, В.В. Потапов, А.М. Егоров, Е.Б. Омельянова: Московское произношение .
  2. ↑ Михаил Викторович Панов: История русского литературного произношения ХVIII-ХХ вв . Едиториал УРСС, Moscow 2007;
    Г.Е. Кедрова, В.В. Потапов, Е.Б. Омельянова, А.М. Егоров: История русского литературного произношения (МГУ).
  3. ^ According to Nina Noll, Reinhard Wenk: Russian emphasis . Buske, Hamburg 2003, p. 12.
  4. ↑ Ruben I. Avanesov: The emphasis in the modern Russian literary language [Ударение в современном русском литературном языке] . Max Niemeyer, Halle / Saale 1958. Translation: Günter Rassler.
  5. ^ According to Nina Noll, Reinhard Wenk: Russian emphasis . Buske, Hamburg 2003, p. 11.
  6. ↑ Comparison with other languages ​​in John Ellery Clark, Colin Yallop, Janet Fletcher: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology . Blackwell, Malden / Oxford / Carlton 2007, p. 102.
  7. ↑ For example Anatole Lyovin: An Introduction to the Languages of the World . Oxford University Press 1997, p. 65.
  8. ^ Paul V. Cubberley: Russian. A Linguistic Introduction . Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 69;
    Roman Jakobson: Selected Writings: Phonological Studies. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin / New York ³2002, pp. 469f .;
    see. Rolf-Rainer Lamprecht: Russian Phonetics - Determination of the phoneme inventory (Institute for Slavic Studies at the University of Potsdam).
    Representatives of the so-called Leningrad Phonological School - u. a. Lew W. Stscherba (1880-1944) - had a more psychological conception of Phonembegriffs and considered [⁠ ɨ ⁠] as a separate phoneme. Press sarcastically notes that [⁠ ɨ ⁠] was made only in the classroom to a separate phoneme, when the old name of the letter - еры / jeri / [ jɪrɨˑ ] - was abandoned and instead the term " ы [ ɨˑ ]" introduced has been. (J. Ian Press: Aspects of the phonology of the Slavonic languages: The vowel y and the consonantal correlation of palatalization . AA Barentsen, BM Groen, R. Sprenger (Eds.): Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics 7; Rodopi, 1986 , P. 1 and p. 158f.) Roman Jakobson calls this phoneme, which goes back to Jan IN Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929), an “antiquated psychologism”. (Roman Jakobson: Selected Writings. Phonological Studies . Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin / New York ³2002, p. 419.). A discussion of the phoneme / i / and its allophones [i] and [ɨ] can also be found in Wolfgang Steinitz : Russische Lautlehre . Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1957, pp. 41-46.
  9. ^ A b Paul V. Cubberley: Russian. A Linguistic Introduction . Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 70ff.
  10. ↑ Article Аканье in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)http: //vorlage_gse.test/1%3D5631~2a%3D%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5~2b%3D%D0%90%D0% BA% D0% B0% D0% BD% D1% 8C% D0% B5
  11. ↑ Article Оканье in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)http: //vorlage_gse.test/1%3D83890~2a%3D%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5~2b%3D%D0%9E%D0% BA% D0% B0% D0% BD% D1% 8C% D0% B5
  12. ↑ Comparison with other languages ​​in John Ellery Clark, Colin Yallop, Janet Fletcher: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology . Blackwell, Malden / Oxford / Carlton 2007, p. 110.
  13. ↑ cf. John Ellery Clark, Colin Yallop, Janet Fletcher: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology . Blackwell, Malden / Oxford / Carlton 2007, p. 128.
  14. ^ Alan Timberlake: Russian. In: Bernard Comrie, Greville G. Corbett (Eds.): The Slavonic languages . Routledge, London 1993, p. 827ff., Here p. 830.
  15. ↑ Gabka 1974, p. 179ff.
  16. ↑ И.Л. Муханов: Интонация в русской диалогической речи . Русский язык, Moscow ²1987;
    Paul V. Cubberley: Russian. A Linguistic Introduction . Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 89ff .;
    Tamara Rathcke: Comparative Phonetics and Phonology of the Intonation Systems     of German and Russian . Herbert Utz, Munich 2009, p. 32.
  17. ^ A b c Paul V. Cubberley: Russian. A Linguistic Introduction . Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 90.
  18. ↑ Keunecke 1995, p. 44;
    Rolf-Rainer Lamprecht: Russian Phonetics IK 1 (Institute for Slavic Studies at the University of Potsdam).
  19. ↑ Keunecke 1995, p. 23;
    see. Rolf-Rainer Lamprecht: Russian Phonetics - IK 2 (Institute for Slavic Studies at the University of Potsdam).
  20. ↑ Keunecke 1995, p. 15f. ;
    Rolf-Rainer Lamprecht: Russian Phonetics - IK 3 (Institute for Slavic Studies at the University of Potsdam).
  21. ^ A b c d Paul V. Cubberley: Russian. A Linguistic Introduction . Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 91.
  22. ↑ Keunecke 1995, p. 44;
    see. Rolf-Rainer Lamprecht: Russian Phonetics IK 4 (Institute for Slavic Studies at the University of Potsdam).
  23. ↑ Keunecke 1995, p. 59
  24. ↑ Anatole Lyovin: An Introduction to the Languages of the World . Oxford University Press 1997, pp. 63f.