Orhei
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Orhei ( rum. ) Оргеев / Орхей ( Russian ) |
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 Moldova
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| Coordinates : | 47 ° 23 ' N , 28 ° 49' E | ||
| Area : | 8.5 km² | ||
| Residents : | 21,065 | ||
| Population density : | 2,478 inhabitants per km² | ||
| Mayor : | Ilan Shor | ||
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| City data | |
| Official language : | Romanian , ( Russian ) |
| Population density : | 3,941.2 inhabitants per km² |
| Time zone : | EET ( UTC + 2 ) |
Orhei [ Orhej ] ( Russian Оргеев Orgejew ; also Орхей, Orchei ; Yiddish אוריוו, Uriv ) is the capital of Raion of the same name in the center of Moldova . The city, located just under 50 kilometers north of Chișinău , has around 21,065 inhabitants according to a calculation as of January 1, 2014. Today's ninth largest city in the country developed in the 19th century as a successor to the old settlement Orheiul Vechi (Romanian, 20 kilometers southeast) . "Alt-Orhei"), which played an important role in the Middle Ages.
location
Orhei lies on the Răut River , which flows towards the Nistru in a southeastern direction . The M2 expressway runs from the state capital Chișinău to Orhei and further northwest via Florești to the Ukrainian border just after Soroca . The R20 connects Orhei with the district town of Rezina, 45 kilometers to the north, from where a bridge over the Nistru leads to Rîbnița on the Transnistrian side . The Orheiul Vechi area can be reached on the R28 secondary road, which branches off the M2, via the villages of Ivancea and Brăneşti.
The area around the city consists of flat hills with brown earth and black earth soils , which are mainly used for agriculture. In addition to cereals and sunflowers, which thrive in large parts of the country, viticulture is also practiced from the center of the country and especially in the south. The Château Vartely winery has established itself as a figurehead for high -quality viticulture , with its modern facility on a hill on the eastern outskirts of the city appealing to foreign business people. The remaining small forest islands are covered with oak , beech , ash and linden .
history
The city got its name from the old town of Orhei, which had been inhabited since the Stone Age, ancient times and the early Middle Ages, flourished in the late Middle Ages and its importance gradually declined until the 17th century. Around 1510, the fortress of the boyars (local rulers and large landowners) there was apparently destroyed by fire, while the Orthodox cave monasteries continued to exist and were not abandoned until 1816.
Ștefan cel Mare (r. 1457–1504), voivode (prince) of the Principality of Moldova , which was under the influence of the Ottoman Empire , fought against the Ottomans, the Hungarians and in the east against invading Tatars . In the village of Lipnic not far from the Nistru in northeast Moldova (near Ocnița ), the Hetefan cel Mares army defeated the Volga Ural Tatars of the Golden Horde attacking under the command of Akhmat Khan . Both sides recorded heavy losses. In the same year Ștefan cel Mare repulsed an attack near the Nistru near Orhei. Shortly afterwards, he had a fortress built at that point to secure the border at Nistru against further attacks. The fortress, together with four defensive structures located directly on the Nistru (Soroca, Bender , Hotin and Akkerman ), played an important strategic role for the principality and for the Ottoman Empire in the battles against the Russian Empire . In 1812 the Russian Empire annexed after the victory in the Russo-Turkish War the Bessarabian part of the former Principality of Moldavia mentioned. In the following years the importance of Orhei waned.
The city was in the 19th century Orgejew . Within the Russian Empire, Jews were only allowed to settle in the areas that had come to Russia with the partition of Poland in 1791 . Bessarabia also belonged to this section of settlement , to which many Jews from Poland, Ukraine and Galicia immigrated. The Jews came to the cities as craftsmen and traders from 1812 or founded an agricultural colony , as in Zgurița . In Orhei, where Jews were first mentioned in 1741, the Jewish population had grown to 3,102 by 1864. In 1897 7,144 (57.9 percent) of the 12,339 inhabitants were Jews. The proportion of Jews in Bălți and Soroca was also over 50 percent . In the 1897 census, the population in the cities consisted of 37.4 percent Jews. As elsewhere, the Jews of Orhei were mostly traders and craftsmen, with some also involved in viticulture. The community managed a loan fund, in 1925 of its 1,480 members 286 were farmers. In 1930 the population was 15,294, of which 6,408 (41.9 percent) were Jews.
After the First World War , Bessarabia became part of the Kingdom of Romania . After the Romanian government withdrew from the advancing Red Army in June 1940, Bessarabia belonged to the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR) until Romania entered the war in June 1941 . When the Soviet soldiers evacuated the Moldovan Republic when fighting began in World War II , they helped many Jews to flee. Some took the route to Ukraine via Criuleni . Those who survived illness, hunger and air strikes from German planes ended up in the Stalingrad area . As the war approached, the Jews were sent further east from there. Some Orhei Jews eventually reached Tashkent . On July 8, 1941, the first Romanian and German military units drove into the city. A welcoming delegation of Jews was immediately murdered, the rest of the Jews were taken to an assembly camp, where many were mistreated and killed. On August 6th alone, around 200 Jews were murdered and their bodies were thrown into the nest. In 1942 all of Orhei's Jews who were still alive were deported to a concentration camp in Tiraspol in Transnistria . On the way there, the young men were sorted out, mistreated and many of them killed. In Transnistria, the majority of Jews deported from Bessarabia died. Some of the Roma were also among those deported from Bessarabia . Orhei was completely destroyed during the large-scale reconquest of Bessarabia by the Soviet army in Operation Jassy-Kishinev on August 20, 1944. After the war, reconstruction began in the re-established MSSR, which existed until the country became independent in 1991.
Cityscape
In 1993 the population was calculated to be 37,887. The widespread collapse of the economy after independence led to declining populations in many places. At the 2004 census, there were 25,641 residents in Orhei. Of these, 17,745 identified themselves as Moldovans , 5,089 as Romanians , 1,398 as Russians , 920 as Ukrainians , 151 as Gypsies , 47 as Bulgarians , 37 as Jews, 32 as Gagauz and 19 as Poles . In 1999 Orhei became the capital of one of the nine districts (Romanian județ, plural: județe ). Since the administrative reform in 2003, Orhei has been the capital of the smaller administrative district of the same name ( raion , plural raione ).
The M2 runs in a north-south direction in the plain in the west past the city. On the western edge of the city, on the edge of the fields on Strada Uniri, some industrial companies have settled, which mainly process food. The large bus station is also on the western edge, on Strada Sadoveanu . To the east the area rises slightly towards the city center. A few meters above the bus station there is the market with clothing, household goods, fruit and vegetables and the cultural center ( Centrul de Cultură "Ion Suruceanu" ) at the intersection of Strada Uniri and Strada Mihai Eminescu . The main axis of the city is Strada Vasile Lupu with the city administration and a historical-ethnographic museum. It leads past an artificial lake ( Lacul Orhei ) in the north and becomes the R20 out of town.
The most important church in the city is the Biserica Sfântul Dumitru din Orhei , built between 1634 and 1640 , which is located on Strada Chișinăului , the arterial road to the M2 to Chișinău that begins in the south of the city center. The Orthodox church with a belfry added at a later point in the southwest corner is one of the oldest preserved domed churches in Bessarabia. It was inaugurated by Voivode Vasile Lupu .
Jewish Cemetery
In the north of the city center, between Strada Uniri and Strada Tudose Roman , there is the third largest Jewish cemetery in the country after the Jewish cemeteries of Chișinău and Bălți . On an area of 40 hectares there are around 15,000, according to other information 3,500 gravestones (Hebrew Mazewa ). The cemetery is surrounded by a wall and there are tall trees in the front area. The system that is still in use is regularly maintained. Many of the tombstones are overgrown with bushes in the front part, on the spacious meadow to the north behind most of the tombstones have overturned or broken. The oldest graves date from the 18th century. Due to the hillside, there is a risk of landslides; a preventive monument protection project of the public administration was ended prematurely for financial reasons. There are memorials to the victims of the Holocaust and to Jewish soldiers in the cemetery.
Sports
Orhei is home to the first division soccer club FC Milsami , which won the Moldovan soccer cup in 2012 . In the 2014/15 season, the club was Moldovan champions. The club plays its games in the Complexul Sportiv Raional Orhei stadium, which was opened in 1980 .
sons and daughters of the town
- Mihail Maculeţchi (1861–?), Romanian politician
- Moissey Kogan (1879–1943), Russian-Jewish sculptor and graphic artist
- Jacobo Fijman (1898–1970), Argentine poet
- Dovid Knut (1900–1955), Russian poet
- Sima Vaisman (1903–1997), doctor, dentist and author
- Grigori Janez (* 1948), Soviet football player
- Rodica Mahu (* 1959), Moldovan journalist
- Pasha Parfeny (* 1986), Moldovan pop singer and composer
literature
- Klaus Bochmann, Vasile Dumbrava, Dietmar Müller, Victoria Reinhardt (eds.): The Republic of Moldau. Republica Moldova. A manual. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2012, ISBN 978-3-86583-557-4
- Andrei Brezianu: Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Moldova . (European History Dictionaries, No. 37) The Scarecrow Press, Lanham (Maryland) / London 2007
- Orhei , in: Guy Miron (Ed.): The Yad Vashem encyclopedia of the ghettos during the Holocaust . Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009 ISBN 978-965-308-345-5 , pp. 552f.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Since the 2015 local elections, cf. Karl-Peter Schwarz: To Moscow! FAZ, June 15, 2015, accessed on June 26, 2015 .
- ↑ Populaţia la recensămintele din 2004 şi 2014, pe medii în profil teritorial . (XLS) Biroul Național de Statistică al Republicii Moldova (Romanian)
- ^ Wilfried Heller, Mihaela Narcisa Arambașa: Geography . In: Klaus Bochmann u. a. (Ed.): The Republic of Moldova , p. 160
- ↑ Soroca . In: Andrei Brezianu: Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Moldova , p. 331
- ↑ Orhei. In: Andrei Brezianu: Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Moldova , pp. 268f
- ↑ Yefim Kogan: History of Jews in Bessarabia in the 15th to 19th Centuries. Geography, History, Social Status. 2008, p. 13
- ↑ Orgeyev . Jewish Virtual Library
- ^ Marianne Hausleitner: Germans and Jews. The legacy of the disappearing minorities. In: Klaus Bochmann u. a. (Ed.): The Republic of Moldova , p. 221
- ↑ Vladimir Solonari: The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic during the Second World War (1941-1945). In: Klaus Bochmann u. a. (Ed.): The Republic of Moldova, p. 93
- ↑ Demographic, national, language and cultural characteristics. (Excel table in Section 7) National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldoca
- ↑ Biserica "Sfântul Dumitru" din Orhei, ctitoria domnitorului Vasile Lupu. Moldova Orthodoxă (Romanian)
- ↑ Orhei. Jewish Cemetery . Jewish Memory
- ↑ Orhei . In: Jewish Heritage Sites and Monuments in Moldova . United States Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, Washington 2010, pp. 57-59